Advances in medical sciences and evidence-based medicine have led to momentous changes in classification and management of thyroid neoplasms. Much progress has been made toward avoiding overdiagnosis and overtreatment of thyroid cancers. The new 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of thyroid neoplasms updated the diagnostic criteria and molecular and genetic characteristics reflecting the biology and behavior of the tumors, and newly introduced the category of borderline malignancy or uncertain malignant potential. Some neoplasms were subclassified, renamed, or redefined as a specific entity. This review introduces changes in the fourth edition WHO classification of thyroid tumors and updates the contemporary diagnosis and classification of thyroid tumors. We also discuss several challenges with the proposal of new diagnostic entities, since they have unique histopathologic and molecular features and clinical relevance.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Canine thyroid carcinomas: A review with emphasis on comparing the compact subtype of follicular thyroid carcinomas and medullary thyroid carcinomas Jillian M. Athey, Miranda D. Vieson, Keith Bailey, Dan Rudmann, Wes A. Baumgartner, Kim A. Selting Veterinary Pathology.2024; 61(1): 7. CrossRef
Accuracy and diagnostic performance of the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology in a tertiary endocrine surgical referral center in Belgium Sam Kinet, Hendrik Cornette, Klaas Van Den Heede, Nele Brusselaers, Sam Van Slycke World Journal of Surgery.2024; 48(2): 386. CrossRef
Retrospective study of BRAFV600E mutation and CT features of papillary thyroid carcinoma Xiaoquan Hong, Juxiang Li, Shaoyin Duan, Youkuang You PeerJ.2024; 12: e16810. CrossRef
“Examining the link between tooth agenesis and papillary thyroid cancer: is there a risk factor?” Observational study Željana Matošić, Luka Šimunović, Tomislav Jukić, Roko Granić, Senka Meštrović Progress in Orthodontics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Research Progress of Tg and TgAb in Lymph Node Metastasis of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma 月 高 Advances in Clinical Medicine.2024; 14(03): 499. CrossRef
A patient with a rare co‐occurrence of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas Vijayvardhan Kamalumpundi, Erin Meyers, Maisoon Torfah, Marcelo Lima de Gusmão Correia Clinical Case Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Genetic analysis and clinicopathologic features of locally advanced papillary thyroid cancers: a prospective observational study Zheng Ding, Xuanbin Tao, Xianzhao Deng, Bomin Guo, Jie Kang, Bo Wu, Zhili Yang, Chunyan Chen, Ping Liu, Yingchao Zhang, Youben Fan, Zhiyan Liu Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology.2023; 149(9): 6303. CrossRef
Intrathyroid thymic carcinoma: clinicopathological features and whole exome sequencing analysis Jiayu Li, Run Xiang, Yunzhu Li, Qiong Liao, Yang Liu Virchows Archiv.2023; 482(5): 813. CrossRef
Lenvatinib as a Promising Treatment Option for Unresectable Hürthle Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report Parth S Shirode, Anil D'cruz, Sataksi Chatterjee, Swayambhu Bhandarkar Cureus.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Histological Variants of Papillary Thyroid Cancer in Relation to Clinical and Morphological Parameters and Prognosis A. A. Ivanov, M. A. Bakarev, E. L. Lushnikova Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine.2023; 174(5): 647. CrossRef
Molecular profile of follicular tumors of the thyroid gland D. D. Dolidze, A. V. Shabunin, S. D. Сovantsev, Z. A. Bagateliya, Yu. N. Kobzev, D. L. Rotin, K. A. Mulaeva, M. V. Kovaleva Head and Neck Tumors (HNT).2023; 13(1): 102. CrossRef
The predictive models based on multimodality ultrasonography for the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules smaller than 10 mm Gang Li, Sai Ma, Fan Zhang, Chao Jia, Long Liu, Feng Gao, Qiusheng Shi, Rong Wu, Lianfang Du, Fan Li The British Journal of Radiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
The Warthin-like variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas: a clinicopathologic analysis report of two cases Xing Zhao, Yijia Zhang, Pengyu Hao, Mingzhen Zhao, Xingbin Shen Oncologie.2023; 25(5): 581. CrossRef
Giant Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma of Sarcomatoid Type with Obstructive Symptoms: A Case Report Gustavo D Saenz-Poma, Shirley N Cisneros-Chumacero, Juan D Millan-Landeo, Nayra Quispe-Yauri, Alba S Zevallos World Journal of Endocrine Surgery.2023; 15(1): 18. CrossRef
Differentiating Benign from Malignant Thyroid Tumors by Kinase Activity Profiling and Dabrafenib BRAF V600E Targeting Riet Hilhorst, Adrienne van den Berg, Piet Boender, Tom van Wezel, Tim Kievits, Rik de Wijn, Rob Ruijtenbeek, Willem E. Corver, Hans Morreau Cancers.2023; 15(18): 4477. CrossRef
Agrin is a novel oncogenic protein in thyroid cancer Anna Adamiok‑Ostrowska, Małgorzata Grzanka, Barbara Czarnocka Oncology Letters.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
The Asian Thyroid Working Group, from 2017 to 2023 Kennichi Kakudo, Chan Kwon Jung, Zhiyan Liu, Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa, Andrey Bychkov, Huy Gia Vuong, Somboon Keelawat, Radhika Srinivasan, Jen-Fan Hang, Chiung-Ru Lai Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2023; 57(6): 289. CrossRef
Drug-induced inhibition of HMGA and EZH2 activity as a possible therapy for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma Marco De Martino, Simona Pellecchia, Myriam Decaussin-Petrucci, Domenico Testa, Nathalia Meireles Da Costa, Pierlorenzo Pallante, Paolo Chieffi, Alfredo Fusco, Francesco Esposito Cell Cycle.2023; 22(23-24): 2552. CrossRef
RESULTS OF A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE THYROID GLAND IN PATIENTS WITH AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS F. G. Sadikhov World of Medicine and Biology.2023; 19(86): 137. CrossRef
Anaplastik Tiroid Karsinomu Tanısında Morfolojik ve İmmünohistokimyasal Bulguların Yeri: 10 Yıllık Seri Özlem SARAYDAROĞLU, Rabia DÖLEK, Özen ÖZ GÜL, Ercüment GÜRLÜLER Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi.2023; 49(3): 411. CrossRef
The Efficacy of ACR TI-RADS in the Management of Suspected Thyroid Nodules and Its Correlation With the Bethesda Scoring System Emrah Karatay, Mirkhalig Javadov, Kinyas Kartal Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography.2022; 38(4): 309. CrossRef
Systematic evaluation of the anti-tumor effect of Phellinus linteus polysaccharide in thyroid carcinoma in vitro Kun Yu, Zhuo Tan, Ying Xin Molecular Biology Reports.2022; 49(4): 2785. CrossRef
Clinical Significance of Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) and Survivin on Predicting Prognosis in Thyroid Cancer Patients Xun Weng, YangYang, Yujiao Cai, Fu Wang Disease Markers.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef
Identification of DPP4/CTNNB1/MET as a Theranostic Signature of Thyroid Cancer and Evaluation of the Therapeutic Potential of Sitagliptin Sheng-Yao Cheng, Alexander T. H. Wu, Gaber El-Saber Batiha, Ching-Liang Ho, Jih-Chin Lee, Halimat Yusuf Lukman, Mohammed Alorabi, Abdullah N. AlRasheedi, Jia-Hong Chen Biology.2022; 11(2): 324. CrossRef
Retrospective evaluation of radioactive iodine ablation therapy in the Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-Like Nuclear Features (NIFTP) and Thyroid tumors with uncertain malignity potential Mehmet Refik GÖKTUĞ, Özen ÖZ GÜL, Soner CANDER Turkish Journal of Internal Medicine.2022; 4: 88. CrossRef
Extracellular Vesicles as Signal Carriers in Malignant Thyroid Tumors? Małgorzata Grzanka, Anna Stachurska-Skrodzka, Anna Adamiok-Ostrowska, Ewa Gajda, Barbara Czarnocka International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(6): 3262. CrossRef
Thyroid Cancer Detection in a Routine Clinical Setting: Performance of ACR TI-RADS, FNAC, and Molecular Testing in Prospective Cohort Study Tereza Grimmichova, Petra Pacesova, Martin Hill, Barbora Pekova, Marketa Vankova, Jitka Moravcova, Jana Vrbikova, Zdenek Novak, Karolina Mastnikova, Eliska Vaclavikova, Josef Vcelak, Bela Bendlova, Jana Drozenova, Vlasta Sykorova Biomedicines.2022; 10(5): 954. CrossRef
Advantages of Small Incision Surgery in Thyroid Tumors Wen Feng, Yuan Feng, Qixian Diao, Jian Zhou, Zhaoqi Dong Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef
Radioactive Iodine Therapy Does not Improve Cancer-specific Survival in Hürthle Cell Carcinoma of the Thyroid Xiaofei Wang, Xun Zheng, Jingqiang Zhu, Zhihui Li, Tao Wei The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2022; 107(11): 3144. CrossRef
Latency Trend Analysis as a Guide to Screening Malignancy Survivors for Second Primary Thyroid Cancer Mohammad Hussein, Lauren Mueller, Peter P. Issa, Muhib Haidari, Lily Trinh, Eman Toraih, Emad Kandil Biomedicines.2022; 10(8): 1984. CrossRef
Ultrasonographic characteristics of Hürthle cell neoplasms: prediction of malignancy Min Je Kim, Jung Hee Shin, Soo Yeon Hahn, Young Lyun Oh, Sun Wook Kim, Tae Hyuk Kim, Yaeji Lim, Sanghyuk Lee Ultrasonography.2022; 41(4): 689. CrossRef
Update from the 2022 World Health Organization Classification of Thyroid Tumors: A Standardized Diagnostic Approach Chan Kwon Jung, Andrey Bychkov, Kennichi Kakudo Endocrinology and Metabolism.2022; 37(5): 703. CrossRef
A Matched-Pair Analysis of Nuclear Morphologic Features Between Core Needle Biopsy and Surgical Specimen in Thyroid Tumors Using a Deep Learning Model Faridul Haq, Andrey Bychkov, Chan Kwon Jung Endocrine Pathology.2022; 33(4): 472. CrossRef
Clinicopathological features and prognostic factors analysis of multiple synchronous distinct subtypes of primary thyroid carcinoma Quanwei Dai, Xinghao Fu, Yalei Ding, Qi He, Xinguang Qiu Endocrine.2022; 79(3): 491. CrossRef
Best Achievements in Clinical Thyroidology in 2020 Eun Kyung Lee, Young Joo Park Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(1): 30. CrossRef
High Prevalence of DICER1 Mutations and Low Frequency of Gene Fusions in Pediatric Follicular-Patterned Tumors of the Thyroid Ja-Seong Bae, Seung-Hyun Jung, Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa, Andrey Bychkov, Akira Miyauchi, Sohee Lee, Yeun-Jun Chung, Chan Kwon Jung Endocrine Pathology.2021; 32(3): 336. CrossRef
Deep Learning Fast Screening Approach on Cytological Whole Slides for Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis Yi-Jia Lin, Tai-Kuang Chao, Muhammad-Adil Khalil, Yu-Ching Lee, Ding-Zhi Hong, Jia-Jhen Wu, Ching-Wei Wang Cancers.2021; 13(15): 3891. CrossRef
How to identify indolent thyroid tumors unlikely to recur and cause cancer death immediately after surgery—Risk stratification of papillary thyroid carcinoma in young patients— Kennichi Kakudo, Zhiyan Liu, Yanhua Bai, Yaqiong Li, Naomi Kitayama, Shinya Satoh, Masahiro Nakashima, Chan Kwon Jung Endocrine Journal.2021; 68(8): 871. CrossRef
Papillary Thyroid Cancer Prognosis: An Evolving Field Salvatore Ulisse, Enke Baldini, Augusto Lauro, Daniele Pironi, Domenico Tripodi, Eleonora Lori, Iulia Catalina Ferent, Maria Ida Amabile, Antonio Catania, Filippo Maria Di Matteo, Flavio Forte, Alberto Santoro, Piergaspare Palumbo, Vito D’Andrea, Salvator Cancers.2021; 13(21): 5567. CrossRef
Intrasalivary Thymic Carcinoma: A Case Report and Literature Review Michał Kunc, Alexandra Kamieniecki, Grzegorz Walczak, Tomasz Nowicki, Bartosz Wasąg, Bogusław Mikaszewski, Dominik Stodulski, Wojciech Biernat Head and Neck Pathology.2021; 16(3): 857. CrossRef