Endocrinology and Metabolism

Review Article

Update on Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Diagnosis, Cardiovascular Risk, and Novel Therapeutics: Sang-Hak Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(1):36-40. Published online January 19, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.1.36

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In recent studies, the reported prevalence of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) has been higher than in previous reports. Although cascade genetic screening is a good option for efficient identification of affected patients, diagnosis using only clinical criteria is more common in real clinical practice. Cardiovascular risk is much higher in FH patients due to longstanding low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) burden and is also influenced by other risk factors. Although guidelines emphasize aggressive LDL-C reduction, the majority of patients cannot reach the LDL-C goal by conventional pharmacotherapy. Novel therapeutics such as proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors have shown strong lipid lowering efficacy and are expected to improve treatment results in FH patients.

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Original Article

Obesity and Metabolism
Sex Factors in the Metabolic Syndrome as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease: Sunghwan Suh, Jongha Baek, Ji Cheol Bae, Kyoung-Nyoun Kim, Mi Kyoung Park, Duk Kyu Kim, Nam H. Cho, Moon-Kyu Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2014;29(4):522-529. Published online December 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2014.29.4.522

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Background

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a condition characterized by a cluster of metabolic disorders and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study analyzed data from the Korean Health and Genome Study to examine the impact of MetS on CVD.

Methods

A total of 8,898 subjects (4,241 males and 4,657 females), 40 to 69 years of age, were enrolled and evaluated for the development of new onset CVD from 2001 to 2012 (median 8.1 years of follow-up).

Results

The prevalence of MetS at baseline was 22.0% (932/4,241) and 29.7% (1,383/4,657) in males and females, respectively. MetS was associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD; hazard ratio [HR], 1.818; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.312 to 2.520 in males; HR, 1.789; 95% CI, 1.332 to 2.404 in females) and CVD (HR, 1.689; 95% CI, 1.295 to 2.204 in males; HR, 1.686; 95% CI, 1.007 to 2.192 in females). Specifically, MetS was associated with risk of future stroke in females only (HR, 1.486; 95% CI, 1.007 to 2.192). Among MetS components, abdominal obesity and hypertension were independent predictors of both CHD and CVD. In addition, a higher number of MetS components correlated with higher CVD risk.

Conclusion

MetS is a significant risk factor for the development of CVD although its impact varies between sexes.

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