Fig. 1Comparison of the mitral inflow patterns in the diastolic stages between (A) the standard diet and (B) high-fat diet groups.
Fig. 2Histomorphologic images stained with (A, B, ×200) H&E and (C, D, ×3,000; scale bar 1,000 nm) transmission electron microscopic images in the myocardia in the (A, C) standard diet and (B, D) high-fat diet groups.
Fig. 3The mRNA expression levels of a subset of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) subunits (A), PGC1α (B), antioxidant enzymes (C), Col1A1 (D), and SERCA2 (E) in the myocardia in the standard diet and high-fat diet groups. S, standard diet; H, high-fat diet; NDUFB3, NADH dehydrogenase 1 β subcomplex, 3; NDUFB5, NADH dehydrogenase 1 β subcomplex, 5; NDUFV1, NADH dehydrogenase flavoprotein 1; NDUFS1, NADH dehydrogenase Fe-S protein 1; SDHB, succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit B; CYC1, cytochrome C1; SURF1, surfeit 1; PGC1α, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ, co-activator-1α; MnSOD, manganese-containing superoxide dismutase; Prdx1, peroxiredoxin 1; Prdx2, peroxiredoxin 2; Prdx5, peroxiredoxin 5; Col1A1, collagen, type I, α 1; SERCA2, sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium transport ATPase 2. aP<0.05; bP<0.01.
Fig. 4Western blot results (A) and relative expression of pAKT (B), NDUFB5 (C), and PGC1α (D) in the myocardia in the standard diet and high-fat diet groups. S, standard diet; H, high-fat diet; pAKT, phospho-Akt; AKT, a serine/threonine kinase, protein kinase B; NDUFB5, NADH dehydrogenase 1-β subcomplex 5; PGC1α, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ, co-activator-1α; GAPDH, glyceraladehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. aP<0.05.
Fig. 5Mitochondrial DNA copy number (A), optical density of reactive oxygen species damage marker 8-OHdG (B), and ATP levels (C) in the myocardia in the standard diet and high-fat diet groups. S, standard diet; H, high-fat diet; 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine; OD 450 nm, optical density of 8-OHdG as measured at 450 nm; ATP, adenosine triphosphate. aP<0.05.
Table 1Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Primer Sequences
Gene |
GenBank accession no. |
Primer strand |
Primer sequence (5'-3') |
NDUFB3 |
NM_001106912.1 |
Forward Reverse |
TGC AGA AGA AGC TTG CTG C AGC AAA CCC CCA TTT GAA TC |
NDUFB5 |
NM_001106426.1 |
Forward Reverse |
AGT GGG GAC CAT GGC AAG A AGC CTT CTG GGA TTT CTG C |
NDUFV1 |
NM_001006972.1 |
Forward Reverse |
CCT TTC CAG CAG ATG TGG G GTG CAG GGG TGG TTG ACA T |
NDUFS1 |
NM_001005550.1 |
Forward Reverse |
CAA GCA AGT GAG CTT GCC AA CCT CTA CTG CCT GAG CGC C |
SDHB |
NM_001100539.1 |
Forward Reverse |
CAG GAG GGC AAG CAA CAG TA CCC CAG GTA CTT GTC TCC GT |
CYC1 |
NM_001277194.1 |
Forward Reverse |
TGG CTC CTC CCA TCT ACA CA GCC CAT CAT CAA CAA CAT CT |
SURF1 |
AF182952.1 |
Forward Reverse |
GGC CAG TGA AGG TCA GGG G CCA GGA TGG TGA CTC CCA A |
PGC1α |
NM_031347.1 |
Forward Reverse |
TAC ACC TGT GAC GCT TTC GCT GGT GGA AGC AGG GTC AAA ATC |
MnSOD |
Y00497.1 |
Forward Reverse |
GTG GTG GAG AAC CCA AAG GAG TTG GAC TCC CAC AGA CAC AGC |
Prdx1 |
NM_057114.1 |
Forward Reverse |
CTT TTG TGT GTC CCA CGG AG GTT CAT GGG TCC CAA TCC TC |
Prdx2 |
NM_017169.1 |
Forward Reverse |
GTC CCA GAA TTA CGG CGT GT GAG CGT CCC ACA GGT AGG TC |
Prdx5 |
NM_053610.1 |
Forward Reverse |
GTC TCT CTT TGG GAA TCG TCG AGT TGT GAG AGG ATG TTG GGG |
COL1A1 |
NM_053304.1 |
Forward Reverse |
CTG ACT GGA AGA GCG GAG AGT A TTG GGC TGA TGT ACC AGT TCT T |
SERCA2 |
NM_001110139.2 |
Forward Reverse |
CTT TTA CAG GGC GAG AAT TTG A ATC TCA TCA AAG GAC TGC AGG A |
ND1 |
X07479.1 |
Forward Reverse |
CTG ACT ATT AAT CCC CGC CTG GCG TAT TCG ACG TTA AAG CCT |
β-Globin |
X06701. |
Forward Reverse |
AGG AAT TCA CCC CGT CTG C GCC CAA AGG CCT TCA TCA T |
GAPDH |
NM_017008.4 |
Forward Reverse |
CCA AAA GGG TCA TCA TCT CC CTA AGC AGT TGG TGG TGC AG |
Table 2Characteristics of Rats after 10 Weeks of a Standard Diet or a High-Fat Diet (n=6)
Characteristic |
Standard diet group |
High-fat diet group |
P value |
Initial body weight, g |
218.13±16.93 |
223.73±13.68 |
0.187 |
Body weight, g |
286.83±14.91 |
349.56±22.72 |
<0.01 |
Heart weight, g |
0.81±0.12 |
0.84±0.07 |
0.234 |
Weight of epicardial fat, g |
0.37±0.29 |
0.71±0.15 |
<0.05 |
Weight of appendage, g |
0.03±0.01 |
0.21±0.44 |
0.144 |
Weight of perigonadal fat, g |
6.96±3.02 |
13.15±6.38 |
<0.05 |
Table 3Comparison of the Echocardiographic Parameters of Rats after 10 Weeks of a Standard Diet or a High-Fat Diet (n=6)
Parameter |
Standard diet group |
High-fat diet group |
P value |
LVPWS, cm |
0.22±0.02 |
0.25±0.03 |
0.187 |
LVIDS, cm |
0.37±0.01 |
0.41±0.01 |
<0.001 |
IVSS, cm |
0.23±0.01 |
0.23±0.01 |
0.291 |
LVPWD, cm |
0.17±0.01 |
0.22±0.03 |
0.024 |
LVIDD, cm |
0.68±0.06 |
0.64±0.05 |
0.316 |
IVSD, cm |
0.16±0.01 |
0.19±0.02 |
0.087 |
EF, % |
80.43±3.45 |
70.66±8.10 |
0.022 |
E, cm/sec |
68.66±9.81 |
33.00±13.17 |
<0.001 |
A, cm/sec |
52.33±11.87 |
83.00±14.05 |
<0.001 |
E/A |
1.33±0.13 |
0.42±0.22 |
<0.001 |
DT, ms |
126.66±18.07 |
436.66±0.18 |
<0.001 |