Endocrinology and Metabolism

Review Articles

Calcium & bone metabolism
Acromegaly and Bone: An Update: Andrea Giustina; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(6):655-666. Published online December 22, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.601

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Since our discovery in 2006 that acromegaly is associated with an increased risk of vertebral fractures, many authors have confirmed this finding in both cross-sectional and prospective studies. Due to the high epidemiological and clinical impact of this newly discovered comorbidity of acromegaly, this topic has progressively become more important and prominent over the years, and the pertinent literature has been enriched by new findings on the pathophysiology and treatment. The aim of this narrative review was to discuss these novel findings, integrating them with the seminal observations, in order to give the reader an updated view of how the field of acromegaly and bone is developing, from strong clinical observations to a mechanistic understanding and possible prevention and treatment.

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Vitamin D and hip protectors in osteosarcopenia: a combined hip fracture preventing approach
Alessandro Giustina, Andrea Giustina
Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders.2025; 26(1): 1. CrossRef
Long-Term Prognosis and Systemic Impact of Acromegaly: Analyses Utilizing Korean National Health Insurance Data
Sangmo Hong, Kyungdo Han, Cheol-Young Park
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(1): 1. CrossRef
Frailty and pituitary surgery: a systematic review
Mendel Castle-Kirszbaum, Ann McCormack, Christopher Ovenden, Jeremy Kam, James King, Yi Yuen Wang, Tony Goldschlager
Pituitary.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
New insights into the vitamin D/PTH axis in endocrine-driven metabolic bone diseases
Luigi di Filippo, John P. Bilezikian, Ernesto Canalis, Umberto Terenzi, Andrea Giustina
Endocrine.2024; 85(3): 1007. CrossRef
Bone health and skeletal fragility in second- and third-line medical therapies for acromegaly: preliminary results from a pilot single center experience
Sabrina Chiloiro, Antonella Giampietro, Amato Infante, Pier Paolo Mattogno, Liverana Lauretti, Alessandro Olivi, Laura De Marinis, Alfredo Pontecorvi, Francesco Doglietto, Antonio Bianchi
Pituitary.2024; 27(3): 303. CrossRef
Standards of care for medical management of acromegaly in pituitary tumor centers of excellence (PTCOE)
Andrea Giustina, M. M. Uygur, S. Frara, A. Barkan, N. R. Biermasz, P. Chanson, P. Freda, M. Gadelha, L. Haberbosch, U. B. Kaiser, S. Lamberts, E. Laws, L. B. Nachtigall, V. Popovic, M. Reincke, A. J. van der Lely, J. A. H. Wass, S. Melmed, F. F. Casanueva
Pituitary.2024; 27(4): 381. CrossRef
Vertebral fractures in patients with non-functioning pituitary adenomas - a new frontier?
Nicholas A. Tritos
Pituitary.2024; 27(4): 311. CrossRef
Suspected silent pituitary somatotroph neuroendocrine tumor associated with acromegaly-like bone disorders: a case report
Tongxin Xiao, Xinxin Mao, Ou Wang, Yong Yao, Kan Deng, Huijuan Zhu, Lian Duan
BMC Endocrine Disorders.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Skeletal fragility in pituitary disease: how can we predict fracture risk?
Fabio Bioletto, Alessandro Maria Berton, Marco Barale, Luigi Simone Aversa, Lorenzo Sauro, Michela Presti, Francesca Mocellini, Noemi Sagone, Ezio Ghigo, Massimo Procopio, Silvia Grottoli
Pituitary.2024; 27(6): 789. CrossRef
Vitamin D in pituitary driven osteopathies
Sabrina Chiloiro, Flavia Costanza, Elena Riccardi, Antonella Giampietro, Laura De Marinis, Antonio Bianchi, Alfredo Pontecorvi, Andrea Giustina
Pituitary.2024; 27(6): 847. CrossRef
GH receptor polymorphisms guide second-line therapies to prevent acromegaly skeletal fragility: preliminary results of a pilot study
Sabrina Chiloiro, Flavia Costanza, Antonella Giampietro, Amato Infante, Pier Paolo Mattogno, Flavia Angelini, Consolato Gullì, Liverana Lauretti, Mario Rigante, Alessandro Olivi, Laura De Marinis, Francesco Doglietto, Antonio Bianchi, Alfredo Pontecorvi
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Growth hormone and bone: a basic perspective
Simona Bolamperti, Isabella Villa, Luigi di Filippo
Pituitary.2024; 27(6): 745. CrossRef
Approach to the patient with controlled acromegaly and acromegalic arthropathy: clinical diagnosis and management
Iris C. M. Pelsma, Herman M. Kroon, Cornelie D. Andela, Enrike M. J. van der Linden, Margreet Kloppenburg, Nienke R. Biermasz, Kim M. J. A. Claessen
Pituitary.2024; 27(6): 824. CrossRef
Modern approach to bone comorbidity in prolactinoma
Meliha Melin Uygur, Sara Menotti, Simona Santoro, Andrea Giustina
Pituitary.2024; 27(6): 802. CrossRef
Novel approach to bone comorbidity in resistant acromegaly
Stefano Frara, Matteo Acanfora, Vincenzo Franzese, Maria Luisa Brandi, Marco Losa, Andrea Giustina
Pituitary.2024; 27(6): 813. CrossRef

Calcium & bone metabolism
Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Regulation of Osteoclastogenesis and Osteoblastogenesis: Brendan F. Boyce, Jinbo Li, Zhenqiang Yao, Lianping Xing; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(5):504-521. Published online September 26, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.501

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Maintenance of skeletal integrity requires the coordinated activity of multinucleated bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts. Osteoclasts form resorption lacunae on bone surfaces in response to cytokines by fusion of precursor cells. Osteoblasts are derived from mesenchymal precursors and lay down new bone in resorption lacunae during bone remodeling. Nuclear factorkappa B (NF-κB) signaling regulates osteoclast and osteoblast formation and is activated in osteoclast precursors in response to the essential osteoclastogenic cytokine, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), which can also control osteoblast formation through RANK-RANKL reverse signaling in osteoblast precursors. RANKL and some pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), activate NF-κB signaling to positively regulate osteoclast formation and functions. However, these cytokines also limit osteoclast and osteoblast formation through NF-κB signaling molecules, including TNF receptor-associated factors (TRAFs). TRAF6 mediates RANKL-induced osteoclast formation through canonical NF-κB signaling. In contrast, TRAF3 limits RANKL- and TNF-induced osteoclast formation, and it restricts transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-induced inhibition of osteoblast formation in young and adult mice. During aging, neutrophils expressing TGFβ and C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) increase in bone marrow of mice in response to increased NF-κB-induced CC motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) expression by mesenchymal progenitor cells and injection of these neutrophils into young mice decreased bone mass. TGFβ causes degradation of TRAF3, resulting in decreased glycogen synthase kinase-3β/β-catenin-mediated osteoblast formation and age-related osteoporosis in mice. The CCR5 inhibitor, maraviroc, prevented accumulation of TGFβ+/CCR5+ neutrophils in bone marrow and increased bone mass by inhibiting bone resorption and increasing bone formation in aged mice. This paper updates current understanding of how NF-κB signaling is involved in the positive and negative regulation of cytokine-mediated osteoclast and osteoblast formation and activation with a focus on the role of TRAF3 signaling, which can be targeted therapeutically to enhance bone mass.

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The Role of Rosavin in the Pathophysiology of Bone Metabolism
Piotr Wojdasiewicz, Paweł Turczyn, Anna Lach-Gruba, Łukasz A. Poniatowski, Daryush Purrahman, Mohammad-Reza Mahmoudian-Sani, Dariusz Szukiewicz
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(4): 2117. CrossRef
The role of monocyte/macrophage chemokines in pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: A review
Hao Luo, Linfeng Li, Song Han, Tao Liu
International Journal of Immunogenetics.2024; 51(3): 130. CrossRef
The effect of low-level laser therapy on osteoclast differentiation: Clinical implications for tooth movement and bone density
Chun-Yi Huang, Huynh Hoai Thuong Le, Hsiao-Chi Tsai, Chih-Hsin Tang, Jian-Hong Yu
Journal of Dental Sciences.2024; 19(3): 1452. CrossRef
Anti-arthritic and immunomodulatory efficacy of Micromeria biflora Benth extract and its fractions in rats by restoring oxidative stress, metalloproteinases, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines network
Fakhria A. Al-Joufi, Ambreen Malik Uttra, Sumera Qasim, Urooj Iqbal, Nabeela Tabassum Sial, Noura M. Alhumaid
Inflammopharmacology.2024; 32(4): 2477. CrossRef
Evaluation of Immunohistochemical Biomarkers in Diabetic Wistar Rats with Periodontal Disease
Ioana Scrobota, Ioan Andrei Tig, Andrea Olivia Marcu, Georgiana Ioana Potra Cicalau, Liliana Sachelarie, Gilda Iova
Journal of Personalized Medicine.2024; 14(5): 527. CrossRef
The role of magnesium in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis
Lin Liu, Pan Luo, Pengfei Wen, Peng Xu
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Current Perspectives of Protein in Bone Tissue Engineering: Bone Structure, Ideal Scaffolds, Fabrication Techniques, Applications, Scopes, and Future Advances
Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan, Muhammad Azhar Aslam, Mohd Faizal Bin Abdullah, Goran M. Stojanović
ACS Applied Bio Materials.2024; 7(8): 5082. CrossRef
Effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 and osteoprotegerin-Fc in MC3T3-E1 cells: beyond challenges to success
Chang Hoon Lee
Journal of Rheumatic Diseases.2024; 31(3): 133. CrossRef
Promotion of Bone Formation in a Rat Osteoporotic Vertebral Body Defect Model via Suppression of Osteoclastogenesis by Ectopic Embryonic Calvaria Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Yerin Yu, Somin Lee, Minsung Bock, Seong Bae An, Hae Eun Shin, Jong Seop Rim, Jun-oh Kwon, Kwang-Sook Park, Inbo Han
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(15): 8174. CrossRef
Identification of novel RANKL inhibitors through in silico analysis
Yingying Jiang, Xiaogang Luo, Zhanpeng Zheng, Shun Wen, Hongwei Gao, Cheng Xu, Min Jiang, Siyuan Wang
Bioorganic Chemistry.2024; 153: 107826. CrossRef
Genetic Deficiency of the Long Pentraxin 3 Affects Osteogenesis and Osteoclastogenesis in Homeostatic and Inflammatory Conditions
Valentina Granata, Dario Strina, Maria Lucia Schiavone, Barbara Bottazzi, Alberto Mantovani, Antonio Inforzato, Cristina Sobacchi
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(23): 16648. CrossRef

Calcium & bone metabolism
New Insights into Calorie Restriction Induced Bone Loss: Linyi Liu, Clifford J. Rosen; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(2):203-213. Published online April 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1673

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Caloric restriction (CR) is now a popular lifestyle choice due to its ability in experimental animals to improve lifespan, reduce body weight, and lessen oxidative stress. However, more and more emerging evidence suggests this treatment requires careful consideration because of its detrimental effects on the skeletal system. Experimental and clinical studies show that CR can suppress bone growth and raise the risk of fracture, but the specific mechanisms are poorly understood. Reduced mechanical loading has long been thought to be the primary cause of weight loss-induced bone loss from calorie restriction. Despite fat loss in peripheral depots with calorie restriction, bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) increases, and this may play a significant role in this pathological process. Here, we update recent advances in our understanding of the effects of CR on the skeleton, the possible pathogenic role of BMAT in CR-induced bone loss, and some strategies to mitigate any potential side effects on the skeletal system.

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Strategies for minimizing muscle loss during use of incretin‐mimetic drugs for treatment of obesity
Jeffrey I. Mechanick, W. Scott Butsch, Sandra M. Christensen, Osama Hamdy, Zhaoping Li, Carla M. Prado, Steven B. Heymsfield
Obesity Reviews.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Calorie restriction induces mandible bone loss by regulating mitochondrial function
Linyi Liu, Phuong T. Le, Victoria E. DeMambro, Tiange Feng, Hanghang Liu, Wangyang Ying, Roland Baron, Clifford J. Rosen
Bone.2025; 190: 117326. CrossRef
Obesity, diabetes and risk of bone fragility: How BMAT behavior is affected by metabolic disturbances and its influence on bone health
Gregório Corrêa Guimarães, João Bosco Costa Coelho, João Gabriel Oliveira Silva, Ana Carolina Chalfun de Sant’Ana, Cássia Alves Carrilho de Sá, Júlia Marques Moreno, Lívia Marçal Reis, Camila Souza de Oliveira Guimarães
Osteoporosis International.2024; 35(4): 575. CrossRef
Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue Is Not Required for Reconstitution of the Immune System Following Irradiation in Male Mice
Jessica A. Keune, Carmen P. Wong, Adam J. Branscum, Scott A. Menn, Urszula T. Iwaniec, Russell T. Turner
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(4): 1980. CrossRef
Dietary restriction plus exercise change gene expression of Cxcl12 abundant reticular cells in female mice
Aoi Ikedo, Yuuki Imai
Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism.2024; 42(3): 271. CrossRef
Once-weekly semaglutide versus placebo in adults with increased fracture risk: a randomised, double-blinded, two-centre, phase 2 trial
Morten S. Hansen, Eva M. Wölfel, Shakespeare Jeromdesella, Jens-Jakob K. Møller, Charlotte Ejersted, Niklas R. Jørgensen, Richard Eastell, Stinus G. Hansen, Morten Frost
eClinicalMedicine.2024; 72: 102624. CrossRef
Calorie restriction in mice impairs cortical but not trabecular peak bone mass by suppressing bone remodeling
Linyi Liu, Phuong T Le, J Patrizia Stohn, Hanghang Liu, Wangyang Ying, Roland Baron, Clifford J Rosen
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Connecting bone metastasis, adipose tissue and adipokines: How does physical activity fit?
Paola Maroni, Marta Gomarasca, Michela Signo, Giovanni Lombardi
Advanced Exercise and Health Science.2024; 1(3): 149. CrossRef

Calcium & bone metabolism
Treatment of Hypoparathyroidism by Re-Establishing the Effects of Parathyroid Hormone: Lars Rejnmark; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(2):262-266. Published online April 4, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1916

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The conventional treatment of hypoparathyroidism (HypoPT) includes active vitamin D and calcium. Despite normalization of calcium levels, the conventional treatment is associated with fluctuations in calcium levels, hypercalciuria, renal impairment, and decreased quality of life (QoL). Replacement therapy with parathyroid hormone (PTH)(1-84) is an option in some countries. However, convincing beneficial effects have not been demonstrated, which may be due to the short duration of action of this treatment. Recently, palopegteriparatide (also known as TransCon PTH) has been marketed in Europe and is expected also to be approved in other countries. Palopegteriparatide is a prodrug with sustained release of PTH(1-34) designed to provide stable physiological PTH levels for 24 hours/day. A phase 3 study demonstrated maintenance of normocalcemia in patients with chronic HypoPT, with no need for conventional therapy. Furthermore, this treatment lowers urinary calcium and improves QoL. Another long-acting PTH analog with effects on the parathyroid hormone receptor (eneboparatide) is currently being tested in a phase 3 trial. Furthermore, the treatment of autosomal dominant hypocalcemia type 1 with a calcilytic (encaleret) is also being tested. All in all, improved treatment options are on the way that will likely take the treatment of HypoPT to the next level.

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Hypoparathyroidism: diagnosis, management and emerging therapies
Sarah Khan, Aliya A. Khan
Nature Reviews Endocrinology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
2024 FDA TIDES (Peptides and Oligonucleotides) Harvest
Othman Al Musaimi, Danah AlShaer, Beatriz G. de la Torre, Fernando Albericio
Pharmaceuticals.2025; 18(3): 291. CrossRef
PTH Substitution Therapy for Chronic Hypoparathyroidism: PTH 1–84 and Palopegteriparatide
Andrea Palermo, Anda Mihaela Naciu, Yu Kwang Tay Donovan, Gaia Tabacco, Guido Zavatta
Current Osteoporosis Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
La gestione terapeutica dell’ipoparatiroidismo: tra terapia convenzionale e nuove prospettive
Giulia Del Sindaco, Giovanna Mantovani
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Potential of Calcilytics as a Novel Treatment for Post-Surgical Hypoparathyroidism
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Gene expression and hormonal signaling in osteoporosis: from molecular mechanisms to clinical breakthroughs
Gurinderdeep Singh, Ronald Darwin, Krishna Chandra Panda, Shaikh Amir Afzal, Shashwat Katiyar, Ram C. Dhakar, Sangeetha Mani
Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition.2024; : 1. CrossRef

Calcium & bone metabolism
Osteocalcin: Beyond Bones: Jakub Krzysztof Nowicki, Elżbieta Jakubowska-Pietkiewicz; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(3):399-406. Published online May 28, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1895

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Apart from basic roles such as supporting the body, protecting internal organs, and storing calcium, the skeletal system also performs hormonal functions. In recent years, several reports have been published on proteins secreted by bones and their impact on the homeostasis of the entire body. These proteins include fibroblast growth factor 23, sclerostin, lipocalin 2, and osteocalcin. Osteocalcin, the most abundant non-collagenous protein in bone tissue, is routinely measured as a clinical marker for diagnosing bone metabolism disorders. Its molecule undergoes numerous transformations, with decarboxylation being the critical process. Decarboxylation occurs in the acidic environment typical of bone resorption, facilitating the release of the molecule into the bloodstream and enabling its hormonal action. Decarboxylated osteocalcin promotes insulin secretion and stimulates the proliferation of pancreatic islet β-cells. It also plays a role in reducing the accumulation of visceral fat and decreasing fat storage in the liver. Furthermore, decarboxylated osteocalcin levels are inversely correlated with fasting serum glucose levels, total body fat, visceral fat area, and body mass index. Apart from its role in energy metabolism, osteocalcin affects testosterone production and the synthesis of glucagon-like peptide-1. It is also actively involved in muscle-bone crosstalk and influences cognitive function.

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Osteocalcin: A bone protein with multiple endocrine functions
William Determe, Sabina Chaudhary Hauge, Justine Demeuse, Philippe Massonnet, Elodie Grifnée, Loreen Huyghebaert, Thomas Dubrowski, Matthieu Schoumacher, Stéphanie Peeters, Caroline Le Goff, Pieter Evenepoel, Ditte Hansen, Etienne Cavalier
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Wei-Jin Zhang, Xun-Pei Xu, Xin-Hua Song, Zhan-Rong Zhang, Xuan-Rui Zhang, Biao Yang, Zheng-Bo Tao, Zheng Zhang, Xu-Hui Zhou
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The Role of Bone-Derived Osteocalcin in Testicular Steroidogenesis: Contributing Factor to Male Fertility
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Calcium & bone metabolism
Cardiovascular Impact of Calcium and Vitamin D Supplements: A Narrative Review: Fatima Zarzour, Ahmad Didi, Mohammed Almohaya, David Kendler; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(1):56-68. Published online February 16, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1644

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Calcium and vitamin D play an important role in mineral homeostasis and the maintenance of skeletal health. Calcium and vitamin D supplements have been widely used for fracture prevention in elderly populations. Many trials have studied the effectiveness and cardiovascular safety of calcium and vitamin D supplementation, with disparate results. In this review, we summarize the most important trials and systematic reviews. There is significant heterogeneity in clinical trial design, differences in the nature of trial outcomes (self-reported vs. verified), prior calcium intake, and trial size. Inconsistent results have been reported concerning the effects of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes. Most current guidelines recommend calcium intake of up to 1,200 mg daily, preferably from the diet, without concern for cardiovascular risk. Recommendations regarding vitamin D supplementation vary widely. There is compelling evidence from well-conducted randomized trials that modest vitamin D supplementation is safe but does not confer cardiovascular benefit or cardiovascular harm.

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Calcium Supplementation: To Do or Not to Do
Emanuella Graciela Borges Fonseca, Carlos Marques dos Santos, Felipe Freire da Silva, Ana Tereza Amoedo Martinez, Jozélio Freire de Carvalho
Journal of Bone Metabolism.2025; 32(1): 67. CrossRef
Evaluating adherence, tolerability and safety of oral calcium citrate in elderly osteopenic subjects: a real-life non-interventional, prospective, multicenter study
Mariangela Rondanelli, Salvatore Minisola, Marco Barale, Daniele Barbaro, Francesca Mansueto, Santina Battaglia, Gloria Bonaccorsi, Santina Caliri, Alessandro Cavioni, Luciano Colangelo, Sabrina Corbetta, Federica Coretti, Giorgia Dito, Valentina Gavioli,
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Association between Daily Dietary Calcium Intake and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in Postmenopausal Korean Women
Jae Kyung Lee, Thi Minh Chau Tran, Euna Choi, Jinkyung Baek, Hae-Rim Kim, Heeyon Kim, Bo Hyon Yun, Seok Kyo Seo
Nutrients.2024; 16(7): 1043. CrossRef
Calcium deficiency and its implications for cardiovascular disease and cancer: Strategies for resolution via agronomic fortification
Liping Cheng, Jiapan Lian, Yongfeng Ding, Xin Wang, Mehr Ahmed Mujtaba Munir, Shafqat Ullah, Erjiang Wang, Zhenli He, Xiaoe Yang
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Effect of Denosumab on Bone Density in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: A Comparison with and without Calcium Supplementation in Patients on Standard Diets in Korea
Chaiho Jeong, Jinyoung Kim, Jeongmin Lee, Yejee Lim, Dong-Jun Lim, Ki-Hyun Baek, Jeonghoon Ha
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Calcium & bone metabolism
Skeletal Senescence with Aging and Type 2 Diabetes: Joshua Nicholas Farr; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(3):295-301. Published online June 14, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1727

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Osteoporosis and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are common diseases that often coexist. While both of these diseases are associated with poor bone quality and increased fracture risk, their pathogenesis of increased fracture risk differs and is multifactorial. Mounting evidence now indicates that key fundamental mechanisms that are central to both aging and energy metabolism exist. Importantly, these mechanisms represent potentially modifiable therapeutic targets for interventions that could prevent or alleviate multiple complications of osteoporosis and T2D, including poor bone quality. One such mechanism that has gained increasing momentum is senescence, which is a cell fate that contributes to multiple chronic diseases. Accumulating evidence has established that numerous boneresident cell types become susceptible to cellular senescence with old age. Recent work also demonstrates that T2D causes the premature accumulation of senescent osteocytes during young adulthood, at least in mice, although it remains to be seen which other bone-resident cell types become senescent with T2D. Given that therapeutically removing senescent cells can alleviate age-related bone loss and T2D-induced metabolic dysfunction, it will be important in future studies to rigorously test whether interventions that eliminate senescent cells can also alleviate skeletal dysfunction in context of T2D, as it does with aging.

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Original Article

Calcium & bone metabolism
MicroRNA-181a-5p Curbs Osteogenic Differentiation and Bone Formation Partially Through Impairing Runx1-Dependent Inhibition of AIF-1 Transcription: Jingwei Liu, Xueying Chang, Daming Dong; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(1):156-173. Published online January 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1516

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Background
Evidence has revealed the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in modulating osteogenic differentiation, implying the promise of miRNA-based therapies for treating osteoporosis. This study investigated whether miR-181a-5p influences osteogenic differentiation and bone formation and aimed to establish the mechanisms in depth.
Methods
Clinical serum samples were obtained from osteoporosis patients, and MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with osteogenic induction medium (OIM) to induce osteogenic differentiation. miR-181a-5p-, Runt-related transcription factor 1 (Runx1)-, and/or allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1)-associated oligonucleotides or vectors were transfected into MC3T3-E1 cells to explore their function in relation to the number of calcified nodules, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and activity, expression levels of osteogenesis-related proteins, and apoptosis. Luciferase activity, RNA immunoprecipitation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were employed to validate the binding relationship between miR-181a-5p and Runx1, and the transcriptional regulatory relationship between Runx1 and AIF-1. Ovariectomy (OVX)-induced mice were injected with a miR-181a-5p antagonist for in vivo verification.
Results
miR-181a-5p was highly expressed in the serum of osteoporosis patients. OIM treatment decreased miR-181a-5p and AIF-1 expression, but promoted Runx1 expression in MC3T-E1 cells. Meanwhile, upregulated miR-181a-5p suppressed OIM-induced increases in calcified nodules, ALP content, and osteogenesis-related protein expression. Mechanically, miR-181a-5p targeted Runx1, which acted as a transcription factor to negatively modulate AIF-1 expression. Downregulated Runx1 suppressed the miR-181a-5p inhibitor-mediated promotion of osteogenic differentiation, and downregulated AIF-1 reversed the miR-181a-5p mimic-induced inhibition of osteogenic differentiation. Tail vein injection of a miR-181a-5p antagonist induced bone formation in OVX-induced osteoporotic mice.
Conclusion
In conclusion, miR-181a-5p affects osteogenic differentiation and bone formation partially via the modulation of the Runx1/AIF-1 axis.

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Interruption of mitochondrial symbiosis is associated with the development of osteoporosis
Haoling Zhang, Rui Zhao, Xuemei Wang, Yaqian Qi, Doblin Sandai, Wei Wang, Zhijing Song, Qiudong Liang
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Metformin acts on miR-181a-5p/PAI-1 axis in stem cells providing new strategies for improving age-related osteogenic differentiation decline
Guanhao Hong, Yulan Zhou, Shukai Yang, Shouquan Yan, Jiaxu Lu, Bo Xu, Zeyu Zhan, Huasheng Jiang, Bo Wei, Jiafeng Wang
Stem Cells.2024; 42(12): 1055. CrossRef
Overexpression of RUNX1 mitigates dexamethasone-induced impairment of osteogenic differentiation and oxidative stress injury in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by promoting alpha-2 macroglobulin transcription
QINGJIAN HE, HUIXIN ZHU, SHANHONG FANG
BIOCELL.2024; 48(2): 205. CrossRef

Review Articles

Calcium & bone metabolism
Acquired Forms of Fibroblast Growth Factor 23-Related Hypophosphatemic Osteomalacia: Nobuaki Ito, Naoko Hidaka, Hajime Kato; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(2):255-261. Published online March 11, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1908

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Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a pivotal humoral factor for the regulation of serum phosphate levels and was first identified in patients with autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets and tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO), the most common form of acquired FGF23-related hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia (FGF23rHR). After the identification of FGF23, many other inherited and acquired forms of FGF23rHR were reported. In this review article, the detailed features of each acquired FGF23rHR are discussed, including TIO, ectopic FGF23 syndrome with malignancy, fibrous dysplasia/McCune-Albright syndrome, Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims syndrome/cutaneous skeletal hypophosphatemia syndrome, intravenous iron preparation-induced FGF23rHR, alcohol consumption-induced FGF23rHR, and post-kidney transplantation hypophosphatemia. Then, an approach for the differential diagnosis and therapeutic options for each disorder are concisely introduced. Currently, the majority of endocrinologists might only consider TIO when encountering patients with acquired FGF23rHR; an adequate differential diagnosis can reduce medical costs and invasive procedures such as positron emission tomography/computed tomography and venous sampling to identify FGF23-producing tumors. Furthermore, some acquired FGF23rHRs, such as intravenous iron preparation/alcohol consumption-induced FGF23rHR, require only cessation of drugs or alcohol to achieve full recovery from osteomalacia.

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Paraneoplastic endocrine syndromes: a contemporary overview
Juan Eduardo Quiroz-Aldave, Jacsel Suarez-Rojas, Elman Rolando Gamarra-Osorio, Katia Rivera-Fabián, María Del Carmen Durand-Vásquez, Luis Alberto Concepción-Urteaga, José Paz-Ibarra, Marcio José Concepción-Zavaleta
Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism.2025; 20(1): 51. CrossRef
Excess fibroblast growth factor 23 in alcoholic osteomalacia is derived from the bone
Naoko Hidaka, Yuko Oyama, Minae Koga, Naoki Kondo, Yoichi Yasunaga, Taketoshi Shimakura, Noriaki Yamamoto, Hideaki E Takahashi, Yoichi Iwafuchi, So Watanabe, Soichiro Kimura, Yoshitomo Hoshino, Hajime Kato, Yuka Kinoshita, Hiroshi Kobayashi, Takeyuki Tana
JBMR Plus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Acquired hypophosphatemic osteomalacia: case series from a Peruvian referral center (1999–2023)
José Paz-Ibarra, Sofía Sáenz-Bustamante, Manuel Inostroza-Fernández, Paola Sifuentes Hermenegildo, Liliana Ancajima Lescano, Marcio Concepción-Zavaleta, Alejandro Román-González, Alfredo Adolfo Reza-Albarrán
Archives of Osteoporosis.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Calcium & bone metabolism
Roles of Parathyroid Hormone and Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease: Yosuke Nakagawa, Hirotaka Komaba; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(3):407-415. Published online May 16, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1978

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Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) each play a central role in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD)-mineral and bone disorder. Levels of both hormones increase progressively in advanced CKD and can lead to damage in multiple organs. Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT), characterized by parathyroid hyperplasia with increased PTH secretion, is associated with fractures and mortality. Emerging evidence suggests that these associations may be partially explained by PTH-induced browning of adipose tissue and increased energy expenditure. Observational studies suggest a survival benefit of PTHlowering therapy, and a recent study comparing parathyroidectomy and calcimimetics further suggests the importance of intensive PTH control. The mechanisms underlying the regulation of FGF23 secretion by osteocytes in response to phosphate load have been unclear, but recent experimental studies have identified glycerol-3-phosphate, a byproduct of glycolysis released by the kidney, as a key regulator of FGF23 production. Elevated FGF23 levels have been shown to be associated with mortality, and experimental data suggest off-target adverse effects of FGF23. However, the causal role of FGF23 in adverse outcomes in CKD patients remains to be established. Further studies are needed to determine whether intensive SHPT control improves clinical outcomes and whether treatment targeting FGF23 can improve patient outcomes.

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Correlation linking fibroblast growth factor 23 in circulation (FGF-23) and serum aldosterone levels in different stages of chronic kidney disease
Amira Hassan Elsaid Dohuim, Medhat Abd El Megeid Ghazy, Nahla Abdel Aziz Nosair, Amr Khalifa Hussien
The Egyptian Journal of Internal Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Gene expression and hormonal signaling in osteoporosis: from molecular mechanisms to clinical breakthroughs
Gurinderdeep Singh, Ronald Darwin, Krishna Chandra Panda, Shaikh Amir Afzal, Shashwat Katiyar, Ram C. Dhakar, Sangeetha Mani
Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition.2024; : 1. CrossRef

Calcium & bone metabolism
Bone Loss after Solid Organ Transplantation: A Review of Organ-Specific Considerations: Kyoung Jin Kim, Jeonghoon Ha, Sang Wan Kim, Jung-Eun Kim, Sihoon Lee, Han Seok Choi, Namki Hong, Sung Hye Kong, Seong Hee Ahn, So Young Park, Ki-Hyun Baek, on Behalf of Metabolic Bone Disease Study Group of Korean Endocrine Society; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(2):267-282. Published online April 25, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1939

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This review article investigates solid organ transplantation-induced osteoporosis, a critical yet often overlooked issue, emphasizing its significance in post-transplant care. The initial sections provide a comprehensive understanding of the prevalence and multifactorial pathogenesis of transplantation osteoporosis, including factors such as deteriorating post-transplantation health, hormonal changes, and the impact of immunosuppressive medications. Furthermore, the review is dedicated to organ-specific considerations in transplantation osteoporosis, with separate analyses for kidney, liver, heart, and lung transplantations. Each section elucidates the unique challenges and management strategies pertinent to transplantation osteoporosis in relation to each organ type, highlighting the necessity of an organ-specific approach to fully understand the diverse manifestations and implications of transplantation osteoporosis. This review underscores the importance of this topic in transplant medicine, aiming to enhance awareness and knowledge among clinicians and researchers. By comprehensively examining transplantation osteoporosis, this study contributes to the development of improved management and care strategies, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes in this vulnerable group. This detailed review serves as an essential resource for those involved in the complex multidisciplinary care of transplant recipients.

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Romosozumab as Treatment for Severe Osteoporosis in Heart and Lung Transplant Recipients
Lisa M. Raven, Jacqueline R. Center, Christopher A. Muir
Endocrines.2025; 6(1): 2. CrossRef
Side Effects of Immunosuppressant Drugs After Liver Transplant
Filippo Gabrielli, Elisa Bernasconi, Arianna Toscano, Alessandra Avossa, Alessia Cavicchioli, Pietro Andreone, Stefano Gitto
Pharmaceuticals.2025; 18(3): 342. CrossRef

Original Articles

Calcium & bone metabolism Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Increased Risk of Hip Fracture in Patients with Acromegaly: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea: Jiwon Kim, Namki Hong, Jimi Choi, Ju Hyung Moon, Eui Hyun Kim, Eun Jig Lee, Sin Gon Kim, Cheol Ryong Ku; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(6):690-700. Published online October 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1782

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Background
Acromegaly leads to various skeletal complications, and fragility fractures are emerging as a new concern in patients with acromegaly. Therefore, this study investigated the risk of fractures in Korean patients with acromegaly.
Methods
We used the Korean nationwide claims database from 2009 to 2019. A total of 931 patients with acromegaly who had never used an osteoporosis drug before and were treated with surgery alone were selected as study participants, and a 1:29 ratio of 26,999 age- and sex-matched osteoporosis drug-naïve controls without acromegaly were randomly selected from the database.
Results
The mean age was 46.2 years, and 50.0% were male. During a median follow-up of 54.1 months, there was no difference in the risks of all, vertebral, and non-vertebral fractures between the acromegaly and control groups. However, hip fracture risk was significantly higher (hazard ratio [HR], 2.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.32 to 5.65), and non-hip and non-vertebral fractures risk was significantly lower (HR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.17 to 0.98) in patients with acromegaly than in controls; these results remained robust even after adjustment for socioeconomic status and baseline comorbidities. Age, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardio-cerebrovascular disease, fracture history, recent use of acid-suppressant medication, psychotropic medication, and opioids were risk factors for all fractures in patients with acromegaly (all P<0.05).
Conclusion
Compared with controls, patients surgically treated for acromegaly had a higher risk of hip fractures. The risk factors for fracture in patients with acromegaly were consistent with widely accepted risk factors in the general population.

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Long-Term Prognosis and Systemic Impact of Acromegaly: Analyses Utilizing Korean National Health Insurance Data
Sangmo Hong, Kyungdo Han, Cheol-Young Park
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(1): 1. CrossRef
Novel approach to bone comorbidity in resistant acromegaly
Stefano Frara, Matteo Acanfora, Vincenzo Franzese, Maria Luisa Brandi, Marco Losa, Andrea Giustina
Pituitary.2024; 27(6): 813. CrossRef

Calcium & bone metabolism
End-to-End Semi-Supervised Opportunistic Osteoporosis Screening Using Computed Tomography: Jieun Oh, Boah Kim, Gyutaek Oh, Yul Hwangbo, Jong Chul Ye; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(3):500-510. Published online May 9, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1860

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Background
Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease and can cause fragility fractures. Despite this, screening utilization rates for osteoporosis remain low among populations at risk. Automated bone mineral density (BMD) estimation using computed tomography (CT) can help bridge this gap and serve as an alternative screening method to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).
Methods
The feasibility of an opportunistic and population agnostic screening method for osteoporosis using abdominal CT scans without bone densitometry phantom-based calibration was investigated in this retrospective study. A total of 268 abdominal CT-DXA pairs and 99 abdominal CT studies without DXA scores were obtained from an oncology specialty clinic in the Republic of Korea. The center axial CT slices from the L1, L2, L3, and L4 lumbar vertebrae were annotated with the CT slice level and spine segmentation labels for each subject. Deep learning models were trained to localize the center axial slice from the CT scan of the torso, segment the vertebral bone, and estimate BMD for the top four lumbar vertebrae.
Results
Automated vertebra-level DXA measurements showed a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.079, Pearson’s r of 0.852 (P<0.001), and R² of 0.714. Subject-level predictions on the held-out test set had a MAE of 0.066, Pearson’s r of 0.907 (P<0.001), and R² of 0.781.
Conclusion
CT scans collected during routine examinations without bone densitometry calibration can be used to generate DXA BMD predictions.

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Phantomless estimation of bone mineral density on computed tomography: a scoping review
Aleena Waqar, Alberto Bazzocchi, Maria Pilar Aparisi Gómez
RöFo - Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Röntgenstrahlen und der bildgebenden Verfahren.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Unaccounted Variations Can Surreptitiously Spoil the Validity of “Good” Biostatistical Models
Abhaya Indrayan
Journal of the Epidemiology Foundation of India.2024; 2(4): 205. CrossRef

Review Article

Calcium & bone metabolism
Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals on Bone Health: So Young Park, Sung Hye Kong, Kyoung Jin Kim, Seong Hee Ahn, Namki Hong, Jeonghoon Ha, Sihoon Lee, Han Seok Choi, Ki-Hyun Baek, Jung-Eun Kim, Sang Wan Kim, on Behalf of Metabolic Bone Disease Study Group of Korean Endocrine Society; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(4):539-551. Published online July 17, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1963

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This comprehensive review critically examines the detrimental impacts of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on bone health, with a specific focus on substances such as bisphenol A (BPA), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), phthalates, and dioxins. These EDCs, by interfering with the endocrine system’s normal functioning, pose a significant risk to bone metabolism, potentially leading to a heightened susceptibility to bone-related disorders and diseases. Notably, BPA has been shown to inhibit the differentiation of osteoblasts and promote the apoptosis of osteoblasts, which results in altered bone turnover status. PFASs, known for their environmental persistence and ability to bioaccumulate in the human body, have been linked to an increased osteoporosis risk. Similarly, phthalates, which are widely used in the production of plastics, have been associated with adverse bone health outcomes, showing an inverse relationship between phthalate exposure and bone mineral density. Dioxins present a more complex picture, with research findings suggesting both potential benefits and adverse effects on bone structure and density, depending on factors such as the timing and level of exposure. This review underscores the urgent need for further research to better understand the specific pathways through which EDCs affect bone health and to develop targeted strategies for mitigating their potentially harmful impacts.

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Elucidating the mechanism of phthalates induced osteoporosis through network toxicology and molecular docking
Xiao Zhang, Xi Zhu, Wenbo Gu, Xusheng Li, Tenyao Niu, Pengcheng Mao, Haifeng Yuan
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.2025; 291: 117820. CrossRef

Original Article

Calcium & bone metabolism
Persistence with Denosumab in Male Osteoporosis Patients: A Real-World, Non-Interventional Multicenter Study: Chaiho Jeong, Jeongmin Lee, Jinyoung Kim, Jeonghoon Ha, Kwanhoon Jo, Yejee Lim, Mee Kyoung Kim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Tae-Seo Sohn, Ki-Ho Song, Moo Il Kang, Ki-Hyun Baek; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(2):260-268. Published online April 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1663

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Background
Persistence with denosumab in male patients has not been adequately investigated, although poor denosumab persistence is associated with a significant risk of rebound vertebral fractures.
Methods
We retrospectively evaluated 294 Korean male osteoporosis patients treated with denosumab at three medical centers and examined their persistence with four doses of denosumab injection over 24 months of treatment. Persistence was defined as the extent to which a patient adhered to denosumab treatment in terms of the prescribed interval and dose, with a permissible gap of 8 weeks. For patients who missed their scheduled treatment appointment(s) during the follow-up period (i.e., no-shows), Cox proportional regression analysis was conducted to explore the factors associated with poor adherence. Several factors were considered, such as age, prior anti-osteoporotic drug use, the treatment provider’s medical specialty, the proximity to the medical center, and financial burdens of treatment.
Results
Out of 294 male patients, 77 (26.2%) completed all four sequential rounds of the denosumab treatment. Out of 217 patients who did not complete the denosumab treatment, 138 (63.6%) missed the scheduled treatment(s). Missing treatment was significantly associated with age (odds ratio [OR], 1.03), prior bisphosphonate use (OR, 0.76), and prescription by non-endocrinologists (OR, 2.24). Denosumab was stopped in 44 (20.3%) patients due to medical errors, in 24 (11.1%) patients due to a T-score improvement over –2.5, and in five (2.3%) patients due to expected dental procedures.
Conclusion
Our study showed that only one-fourth of Korean male osteoporosis patients were fully adherent to 24 months of denosumab treatment.

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Denosumab

Reactions Weekly.2023; 1963(1): 206. CrossRef

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