Endocrinology and Metabolism

Leptin Resistance.: Yong Woon Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(5):311-316. Published online October 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.5.311

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The Effect of Auricular Acupuncture for Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Seohyun Park, Sunjoo An, Sunghwan Choi, Shinwoo Kang, Dongho Keum
Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research.2020; 20(1): 52. CrossRef
The Association Between Serum Leptin Levels and Post-Stroke Depression: A Retrospective Clinical Study
Jin Young Lee, Oh Kyung Lim, Ju Kang Lee, Yongbum Park, Cham Kim, Jin Won Yoon, Ki Deok Park
Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2015; 39(5): 786. CrossRef

Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy Up-to-date.: Ki Ok Han; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(5):317-322. Published online October 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.5.317

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Hormone Therapy Review for Perimenopausal Symptoms: Focused on Perimenopausal Women without Other Risk Factors
Young Mee Lee, Hwi-yeol Yun
Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy.2017; 27(4): 199. CrossRef

Clinical Manifestation of Polycysticv Ovary Syndrome.: Yu Bae Ahn; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(5):323-325. Published online October 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.5.323

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Phenotypic Variation of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.: Gun Woo Pyun, Young Ju Choi, Hyejin Lee, Jee Young Oh, Young Sun Hong, Yeon Ah Sung, Hye Won Chung; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(5):326-331. Published online October 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.5.326

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BACKGROUND
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common disorder in premenopausal women, but there has been little agreement on its diagnostic criteria due to its uncertain pathogenesis and the heterogeneity of symptoms. This study was performed in order to assess the differences in clinical, metabolic, and hormonal characteristics of women in the PCOS subgroups defined by ESHRE criteria. METHODS: Subjects were divided into four PCOS subgroups based on ESHRE criteria. The grouping groupings included: 1) hyperandrogenism, oligomenorrhea, and polycystic ovary morphology (HA + OM + PCO); 2) hyperandrogenism and oligomenorrhea (HA + OM); 3) hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovary morphology (HA + PCO); and 4) oligomenorrhea and polycystic ovary morphology (OM + PCO). Reproductive hormones and metabolic profiles were measured. RESULTS: Of the total number of subjects, 60 (40%) fulfilled the criteria for HA + OM + PCO, 50 (33%) for HA + OM, 11 (7%) for HA + PCO, and 30 (20%) for OM + PCO. There were no significant differences in clinical or metabolic features among the groups, except for LH, total cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol. CONCLUSION: In this population defined by ESHRE criteria, 73% of the patients met the former NIH definition for PCOS. Different phenotypes of PCOS cases were clinically or biochemically similar. Whether these women have an increased risk of infertility or metabolic complications remains to be determine.

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Epidemiology and Diagnostic Criteria of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Hyejin Lee, Yeon-Ah Sung
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2015; 16(3): 189. CrossRef
Hyperandrogenism in Women: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Yeon-Ah Sung
Hanyang Medical Reviews.2012; 32(4): 197. CrossRef
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Korean Women: Clinical Characteristics and Diagnostic Criteria
Yeon-Ah Sung
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2011; 26(3): 203. CrossRef
Clinical Manifestation of Polycysticv Ovary Syndrome
Yu-Bae Ahn
Journal of Korean Endocrine Society.2007; 22(5): 323. CrossRef

Suppression of Pathogenic Autoreactive CD4+ T Cells by CD137-mediated Expansion of CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells in Graves' Disease.: Eun Sook Kim, Hyo Won Jung, Jung Il Choi, Il Seung Nam-Goong, Soon Hyung Hong, Young Il Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(5):332-338. Published online October 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.5.332

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BACKGROUND
Graves' disease (GD) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease that is characterized by lymphocyte infiltration of the thyroid, which finally leads to follicular destruction. The CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells are important for maintaining peripheral tolerance to self-antigens and impaired activity can cause autoimmune diseases. CD137 (4-1BB), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and expressed on activated T cells, is a candidate molecule for a co-stimulatory role in autoimmune thyroid disease. In this study, we aimed to assay the frequency of CD4+CD25+ T cells in GD patients and to investigate the role of CD137-mediated costimulation in CD4+CD25+ T cells. METHODS: The frequencies of the CD4+CD25+ T cells in the peripheral blood (PB) of GD patients were determined by flow cytometric analysis. After the CD4+CD25+ T cells were isolated from PB mononuclear cells (PBMC) of the GD patients using immunomagnetic beads, the functional activity of the CD4+CD25+ T cells was characterized by use of a proliferation assay. mRNA expression of Foxp 3 in the CD4+CD25+ T cells of the GD patients was observed by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS: In this study, we found that GD patients had a low proportion of CD4+CD25+ T cells (mean +/- SD; 1.47 +/- 0.31%) in PBMC as compared with normal subjects. CD137-mediated costimulation increased the expression of CD25 and Foxp 3 in CD4+ T cells in GD patients as compared with normal subjects. Moreover, the CD137-mediated costimulation also induced the proliferation of CD4+CD25+ T cells in GD patients, and the expanded CD4+CD25+ T cells could suppress other CD4+CD25- T cells in a co-culture. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the peripheral expansion of CD4+CD25+ T cells by CD137-mediated co-stimulation can suppress effector T cells and may be a potent therapy for Graves' disease.

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Effects of Gastrodia elata Blume on Apoptotic Cell Death of Liver Cancer Cells by Expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and AMPKα
Jae Hyun Park, Min Ho Kang, Ji Woo Hong, So Hee Kim, Yoon Seon Hwang, Jae Hoon Park, Jin Woo Kim
Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science.2022; 30(5): 311. CrossRef

A Case of Central Diabetes Insipitus Combined with Septo-Optic Dysplasia and Schizencephaly in 31-year-old Woman.: Soo Kyoung Kim, Tae Sik Jung, Jong Ryeal Hahm, Sang Min Lee, Sung Won Moon, Kyeong Ju Lee, Soon Il Chung; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(5):339-343. Published online October 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.5.339

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A 31-year-old woman was referred to our hospital for evaluation and management of poorly controlled epilepsy. The patient had been taking anti-epileptic drugs for six years. An MRI imaging study showed septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) and schizencephaly. SOD is a syndrome characterized by agenesis of the septum pellucidum or corpus callosum, optic nerve dysplasia and congenital hypothalamic-pituitary insufficiency. The patient was referred to the endocrine clinic for exclusion of any pituitary hormonal deficiencies. In a systemic review, the patient complained of polydipsia and polyuria for 20 years. In laboratory tests, measurements showed a serum osmolarity of 281 mOsm/kg, a serum sodium concentration of 144.7 mmol/L, a spot urine osmolarity of 183 mOsm/kg and a spot urine sodium concentration of 32 mmol/L. The patient underwent a water deprivation test, and was diagnosed with central diabetes insipidus. We report a case of central diabetes insipitus combined with SOD, schizencephaly and epilepsy.

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A Case of Septo-Optic Dysplasia Resulting in Central Diabetes Insipidus and Nonobstructive Bilateral Hydronephrosis
Jong Hyun Kim, Kwang Bok Lee, Jeonghun Lee, Soo Min Nam, Kang-Woo Lee, Eu Gene Hwang, Geon Gil
Korean Journal of Medicine.2014; 87(2): 209. CrossRef
A Case of Septo-optic Dysplasia Associated with Anterior Pituitary Hormone Abnormalities
Jin-Woo Lee, Eui-Kyung Hwang, Tae-Ho Kim, Hyung-Young Yoon, Jae Ho Jung, Yong Won Choi, Suk-Woo Yong, Jae-Hong Ahn, Sun-Yong Kim, Ho Sung Kim, Yoon-Sok Chung
Journal of Korean Endocrine Society.2009; 24(1): 33. CrossRef

A Case of Parathyroid Carcinoma Underwent Radiation Therapy on the Metastatic Bone Lesions.: Jun Ho Lee, Young Min Kim, Dae Seong Hwang, Young Tae Hwang, Jun Bum Eum, Jung Min Seo, Dae Hwa Choi, Byeong Seong Kang, Young Ju Noh, Il Seong Nam-Goong, Young Il Kim, Eun Sook Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(5):344-352. Published online October 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.5.344

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Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare malignancy that is responsible for only 0.5 to 4% of all cases of primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery is the only curative treatment. We report a case of a 46-year-old woman referred for a severe osteoporosis with frequent bone fracture associated with hypercalcemia. Initially, though she had multiple osteolytic lesions, we thought that the lesions were brown tumors resulting from hyperparathyroidism. The patient underwent surgery and was diagnosed with parathyroid carcinoma. After surgery, her intact PTH level normalized for brief period of time, but it was again elevated at 6 weeks after surgery. We suggest that the multiple osteolytic lesions were metastases because there was no evidence of local recurrence of parathyroid carcinoma, and the lesions looked like metastases on CT and PET-CT. The patient was treated with radiation therapy on the lumbar vertebra, one a site of the metastatic lesions. After radiotherapy, her serum intact PTH was decreased.

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Successful Localization of Distant Metastasis in Parathyroid Carcinoma Using Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Assay
Ho Cheol Hong, Sun Won Kim, Tae Hyung Kim, In Hye Cha, Jae Hee Ahn, Hye Jin Yoo, Hee Young Kim, Ji A Seo, Hyun Koo Kim, Sin Gon Kim, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Jae Bok Lee, Sei Hyun Baik, Dong Seop Choi
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2011; 26(1): 92. CrossRef
Nonfunctional Parathyroid Carcinoma: A Case Report
Sang Gyu Choi
The Journal of the Korean Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.2010; 28(2): 111. CrossRef

A Case of Parathyroid Adenoma Manifested as Acute Pancreatitis Accompanied Subclinical Cushing's Syndrome due to an Adrenal Adenoma.: Sang Hoon Leigh, Dong Sik Jo, Si Woo Kim, Yu Jin Jo, Sung Chul Cha, Jung Kwon Kim, Sun Hee Park, Hang Ji Kang; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(5):353-358. Published online October 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.5.353

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Abstract PDF: The manifestation of primary hyperparathyroidism by acute pancreatitis is a rare event. Furthermore, an asymptomatic adrenal mass may incidentally be detected by abdominal computed tomography. A mass that autonomously secretes glucocorticoid without any symptom is called subclinical Cushing's syndrome. In this study, we report a rare case of a parathyroid adenoma manifested as acute pancreatitis accompanied with subclinical Cushing's syndrome due to an incidental adrenal mass. A 47-year-old female patient presented with acute pancreatitis and hypercalcemia had a parathyroid mass detected by neck ultrasonography and a Tc(99m)-sestamibi scan. An abdominal computed tomography revealed a 3.1 x 4.3 cm mass which was detected in the left adrenal gland. The hormonal levels showed a high serum cortisol level, low ACTH level, and a high 24 h urine free cortisol level. The low and high dose dexamethasone suppression test showed no suppression. The parathyroid and adrenal masses were resected and the laboratory findings were normalized.

A Case of Ectopic ACTH Syndrome Associated with Small Cell Lung Cancer Presented with Hypokalemia.: Hong Jun Yang, Hea Jung Sung, Ji Eun Kim, Hyo Jin Lee, Jin Min Park, Chan Kwon Park, Eun Suk Roh, Jae Hyung Cho, Seung Hyun Ko, Ki Ho Song, Yu Bai Ahn; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(5):359-364. Published online October 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.5.359

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We report a case of a 73-year-old female patient who was diagnosed with ectopic ACTH syndrome caused by small cell lung cancer. We initially presumed that the patient was in a state of mineralocorticoid excess, because she had hypertension and hypokalemic alkalosis. This was however excluded because her plasma renin activity was not suppressed and her plasma aldosterone/plasma renin activity ratio was below 25. Moreover, her 24 hour urine free cortisol level was elevated and her serum cortisol levels after a low dose dexamethasone suppression test, were not suppressed. Furthermore, her basal plasma ACTH and serum cortisol levels increased and her serum cortisol level after a high dose dexamethasone suppression test was not suppressed. We performed studies to identify the source of ectopic ACTH syndrome and found a 3 cm-sized mass in the patient's right lower lobe of her lung, which was eventually diagnosed as small cell lung cancer following a bronchoscopic biopsy. In conclusion, Cushing's syndrome, and in particular ectopic ACTH syndrome, must be considered in the differential diagnosis of mineralocorticoid-induced hypertension. The excessive cortisol saturates the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11beta-HSD2) activity, which in turn, inactivates the conversion of cortisol to cortisone in the renal tubules. Moreover, excessive cortisol causes binding to the mineralocorticoid receptors, causing mineralocorticoid hypertension, characterized by severe hypercortisolism.

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Emergencia hipertensiva como debut de síndrome de Cushing paraneoplásico
E. Rubio González, M. de Valdenebro Recio, M.I. Galán Fernández
Hipertensión y Riesgo Vascular.2024; 41(2): 135. CrossRef
Management of small cell lung cancer complicated with paraneoplastic Cushing’s syndrome: a systematic literature review
Yanlong Li, Caiyu Li, Xiangjun Qi, Ling Yu, Lizhu Lin
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Ectopic Cushing Syndrome in Adenocarcinoma of the Lung: Case Report and Literature Review
Rana Al-Zakhari, Safa Aljammali, Basma Ataallah, Svetoslav Bardarov, Philip Otterbeck
Cureus.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
A Case of Ectopic Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Syndrome in Small Cell Lung Cancer
Chaiho Jeong, Jinhee Lee, Seongyul Ryu, Hwa Young Lee, Ah Young Shin, Ju Sang Kim, Joong Hyun Ahn, Hye Seon Kang
Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases.2015; 78(4): 436. CrossRef

A Case of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Combined with a Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumor and Adrenal Incidentaloma.: Gyu Rang Cho, Hee Won Chueh, Jung Pyo Kim, Jin A Jung, Jae Ho Yoo, Sung Kook Yoon, Kyu Geun Hwang; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(5):365-370. Published online October 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.5.365

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The fundamental defect among patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylse deficiency is the inability to synthesize cortisol and aldosterone adequately. Ineffective cortisol synthesis signals the hypothalamus and pituitary to increase the production of corticotropin releasing hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone, respectively. Consequently, the adrenal glands become hyperplastic. It is well known that an adrenal adenoma can develop from hyperplastic tissue under increased corticotropin stimulation of the adrenal cortex in patients that are suffering with CAH. The etiologic mechanism of adrenal incidentaloma remains uncertain, but several hypotheses have been suggested. A testicular adrenal rest tumor has been reported to form in association with the excessive secretion of adrenal androgen by inadequate control after adolescence in CAH. We present a case of poorly controlled salt-losing CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency combined with a testicular adrenal rest tumor and adrenal incidentaloma.

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A new compound heterozygous mutation in a female with 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, and adrenal myelolipoma
Fan Yang, Yongting Zhao, Jie Lv, Xia Sheng, Lihong Wang
Gynecological Endocrinology.2019; 35(5): 385. CrossRef
A case of testicular adrenal rest tumor in a male child with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Joo Hwa Kim, Kyong Ah Yun, Choong Ho Shin, Sei Won Yang
Korean Journal of Pediatrics.2008; 51(9): 1018. CrossRef

A Case of Adrenal Angiomyolipoma.: Sung Kyun Kim, Woo Seok Lee, Gwi Hong Jeong, Hee Kyung Kim, Dae Sung Myung, Jin Ook Chung, Dong Jin Chung, Min Young Chung, Ho Cheol Kang; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(5):371-375. Published online October 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.5.371

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Abstract PDF: An angiomyolipoma is a benign mesenchymal neoplasm that typically occurs in the kidney of patients with tuberous sclerosis. Extrarenal angiomyolipomas are uncommon, and the adrenal gland is an extremely rare site for the tumor. An incidental adrenal mass is the usual presentation of an adrenal angiomyolipoma, as most of the tumors are hormonally inactive. Recently we experienced one case of a right adrenal angiomyolipoma that presented with an adrenal incidentaloma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of an adrenal angiomyolipoma described in the Korean medical literature. We report the case with a special emphasis on the differential imaging findings of fat-containing adrenal tumors.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis in a Patient with Long-term Clozapine Therapy.: Youn Joo Jeon, Seung Hwan Lee, Se Na Jang, Eun Sun Kim, Jeong Yo Min, Ji Hyun Kim, Soon Hwa Hong, Jae Hyoung Cho, Hyuk Sang Kwon, Kun Ho Yoon, Bong Yun Cha, Ho Young Son; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(5):376-380. Published online October 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.5.376

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With the broad use of atypical anti-psychotics, altered glucose metabolism has become an item of concern to clinicians and patients. Among the atypical anti-psychotics, clozapine and olanzapine are associated with a relatively high incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis and newly developed diabetes. We report a case of diabetic ketoacidosis in a patient with long-term clozapine therapy. A 35-year-old male with schizophrenia, treated with clozapine for 9 years was admitted into hospital because of comatous mentality. Although never diagnosed with diabetes before, his clinical features were consistent with diabetic ketoacidosis and shock. The patient's serum amylase and lipase levels were elevated and an abdominal computed tomography showed peripancreatic fat infiltration, suggesting the possibility of acute pancreatitis. The patient's serum glucose levels normalized shortly after clozapine treatment. Moreover, the patient ceased all glucose lowering agents upon hospital discharge, and maintained normal blood glucose levels thereafter. As observed in this case, clinicians should carefully screen and monitor blood glucose levels and other clinical parameters in patients treated with atypical anti-psychotics.

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Two Cases of Diabetic Ketoacidosis Associated with Paliperidone Treatment in Schizophrenia
Hyun Ho Kim, Hae Kyung Yang, Hyoju Ham, Ho Wook Jeon, Joon Yub Lee, Sea Won Hwang, Bo Hyun Jang, Gi June Min, Jeong Min Lee, Seung-Hwan Lee
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2014; 15(3): 178. CrossRef
Olanzapine-Induced Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome with Rhabdomyolysis: A Case Report
Young Kyoung Sa, Hyeon Yang, Hee Kyoung Jung, Jang Won Son, Seong Su Lee, Seong Rae Kim, Bong Yeon Cha, Ho Young Son, Chi-Un Pae, Soon Jib Yoo
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2013; 28(1): 70. CrossRef

A Case of Acute Pancreatitis and Severe Hypertriglyceridemia Associated with Clozapine.: Hye Kyeong Park, Hye Jin Won, Hyo Seung Ahn, Ban Suk Lee, Seung Gu Kim, Woo Je Lee, Kyung Soo Ko, Byoung Doo Rhee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(5):381-385. Published online October 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.5.381

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Abstract PDF: Clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic agent, has been linked to several cases of acute pancreatitis and hypertriglyceridemia. However, neither acute pancreatitis nor hypertriglyceridemia associated with clozapine has yet been reported in the Republic of Korea. Based on recent experience, we report on a case of severe hypertriglyceridemia and acute pancreatitis associated with clozapine. A 37-year-old schizophrenic woman in good physical condition presented with abdominal pain of acute onset. She had been taking clozapine for 20 months to control her schizophrenia. On admission, her serum triglyceride level was 6,670 mg/dL. Elevated serum amylase and lipase levels, as well as abdominal computed tomography findings, were compatible with acute pancreatitis. After discontinuing the use of clozapine, the serum triglyceride level was normalized and acute pancreatitis resolved.

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