Endocrinology and Metabolism

Original Articles

Thyroid
Study Protocol of Expanded Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study of Active Surveillance on Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma (MAeSTro-EXP): Jae Hoon Moon, Eun Kyung Lee, Wonjae Cha, Young Jun Chai, Sun Wook Cho, June Young Choi, Sung Yong Choi, A Jung Chu, Eun-Jae Chung, Yul Hwangbo, Woo-Jin Jeong, Yuh-Seog Jung, Kyungsik Kim, Min Joo Kim, Su-jin Kim, Woochul Kim, Yoo Hyung Kim, Chang Yoon Lee, Ji Ye Lee, Kyu Eun Lee, Young Ki Lee, Hunjong Lim, Do Joon Park, Sue K. Park, Chang Hwan Ryu, Junsun Ryu, Jungirl Seok, Young Shin Song, Ka Hee Yi, Hyeong Won Yu, Eleanor White, Katerina Mastrocostas, Roderick J. Clifton-Bligh, Anthony Glover, Matti L. Gild, Ji-hoon Kim, Young Joo Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2025;40(2):236-246. Published online February 18, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2136

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Active surveillance (AS) has emerged as a viable management strategy for low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), following pioneering trials at Kuma Hospital and the Cancer Institute Hospital in Japan. Numerous prospective cohort studies have since validated AS as a management option for low-risk PTMC, leading to its inclusion in thyroid cancer guidelines across various countries. From 2016 to 2020, the Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study of Active Surveillance on Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma (MAeSTro) enrolled 1,177 patients, providing comprehensive data on PTMC progression, sonographic predictors of progression, quality of life, surgical outcomes, and cost-effectiveness when comparing AS to immediate surgery. The second phase of MAeSTro (MAeSTro-EXP) expands AS to low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) tumors larger than 1 cm, driven by the hypothesis that overall risk assessment outweighs absolute tumor size in surgical decision-making.
Methods
This protocol aims to address whether limiting AS to tumors smaller than 1 cm may result in unnecessary surgeries for low-risk PTCs detected during their rapid initial growth phase. By expanding the AS criteria to include tumors up to 1.5 cm, while simultaneously refining and standardizing the criteria for risk assessment and disease progression, we aim to minimize overtreatment and maintain rigorous monitoring to improve patient outcomes.
Conclusion
This study will contribute to optimizing AS guidelines and enhance our understanding of the natural course and appropriate management of low-risk PTCs. Additionally, MAeSTro-EXP involves a multinational collaboration between South Korea and Australia. This cross-country study aims to identify cultural and racial differences in the management of low-risk PTC, thereby enriching the global understanding of AS practices and their applicability across diverse populations.

Thyroid Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Risk of Osteoporotic Fractures among Patients with Thyroid Cancer: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study: Eu Jeong Ku, Won Sang Yoo, Yu Been Hwang, Subin Jang, Jooyoung Lee, Shinje Moon, Eun Kyung Lee, Hwa Young Ahn; Endocrinol Metab. 2025;40(2):225-235. Published online January 15, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2101

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
The associations between thyroid cancer and skeletal outcomes have not been thoroughly investigated. We aimed to investigate the risk of osteoporotic fractures in patients with thyroid cancer compared to that in a matched control group.
Methods
This retrospective cohort study included 2,514 patients with thyroid cancer and 75,420 matched controls from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC, 2006–2019). The rates of osteoporotic fractures were analyzed, and associations with the levothyroxine dose were evaluated.
Results
Patients with thyroid cancer had a significantly lower risk of fracture than did the control group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69 to 0.94; P=0.006). Patients diagnosed with thyroid cancer after the age of 50 years (older cancer group) had a significantly lower risk of fracture than did those in the control group (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.6 to 0.85; P<0.001), especially those diagnosed with spinal fractures (HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.85; P=0.001). Patients in the older cancer group started osteoporosis treatment earlier than did those in the control group (65.5±7.5 years vs. 67.3±7.6 years, P<0.001). Additionally, a lower dose of levothyroxine was associated with a reduced risk of fractures.
Conclusion
In the clinical setting, the risk of fracture in women diagnosed with thyroid cancer after the age of 50 years was lower than that in the control group, which was caused by more proactive osteoporosis treatment in postmenopausal women with thyroid cancer.

Review Articles

Thyroid
Active Surveillance for Low-Risk Thyroid Cancers: A Review of Current Practice Guidelines: Min Joo Kim, Jae Hoon Moon, Eun Kyung Lee, Young Shin Song, Kyong Yeun Jung, Ji Ye Lee, Ji-hoon Kim, Kyungsik Kim, Sue K. Park, Young Joo Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(1):47-60. Published online February 15, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1937

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The indolent nature and favorable outcomes associated with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma have prompted numerous prospective studies on active surveillance (AS) and its adoption as an alternative to immediate surgery in managing low-risk thyroid cancer. This article reviews the current status of AS, as outlined in various international practice guidelines. AS is typically recommended for tumors that measure 1 cm or less in diameter and do not exhibit aggressive subtypes on cytology, extrathyroidal extension, lymph node metastasis, or distant metastasis. To determine the most appropriate candidates for AS, factors such as tumor size, location, multiplicity, and ultrasound findings are considered, along with patient characteristics like medical condition, age, and family history. Moreover, shared decision-making, which includes patient-reported outcomes such as quality of life and cost-effectiveness, is essential. During AS, patients undergo regular ultrasound examinations to monitor for signs of disease progression, including tumor growth, extrathyroidal extension, or lymph node metastasis. In conclusion, while AS is a feasible and reliable approach for managing lowrisk thyroid cancer, it requires careful patient selection, effective communication for shared decision-making, standardized follow-up protocols, and a clear definition of disease progression.

Citations

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Proteomic Analysis of Tissue Proteins Related to Lateral Lymph Node Metastasis in Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma
Qiyao Zhang, Zhen Cao, Yuanyang Wang, Hao Wu, Zejian Zhang, Ziwen Liu
Journal of Proteome Research.2025; 24(1): 256. CrossRef
Association Between Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Thyroid Cancer
Sang Yi Moon, Minkook Son, Jung-Hwan Cho, Hye In Kim, Ji Min Han, Ji Cheol Bae, Sunghwan Suh
Thyroid®.2025; 35(1): 79. CrossRef
Navigating Active Surveillance for Low-Risk PTMC by Standardizing Ultrasound Evaluation: Key Takeaways from the Latest Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology Consensus Statements
Young Joo Park
Clinical Thyroidology®.2025; 37(1): 27. CrossRef
Assessing the Rise in Papillary Thyroid Cancer Incidence: A 38-Year Australian Study Investigating WHO Classification Influence
Steven Weller, Cordia Chu, Alfred King-yin Lam
Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A Personalized, Risk-Based Approach to Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer with Takeaways from Broader Oncology Practices: A Mixed Methods Review
Jeroen J. Lodder, Sebastiaan Remmers, Roderick C. N. van den Bergh, Arnoud W. Postema, Pim J. van Leeuwen, Monique J. Roobol
Journal of Personalized Medicine.2025; 15(3): 84. CrossRef
Exploration of immunocytochemical biomarkers related to central lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma
Lulu Rong, Jie Wang, Qian Wang, Yanli Zhu, Wenhao Ren
Cytojournal.2025; 22: 18. CrossRef
Study Protocol of Expanded Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study of Active Surveillance on Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma (MAeSTro-EXP)
Jae Hoon Moon, Eun Kyung Lee, Wonjae Cha, Young Jun Chai, Sun Wook Cho, June Young Choi, Sung Yong Choi, A Jung Chu, Eun-Jae Chung, Yul Hwangbo, Woo-Jin Jeong, Yuh-Seog Jung, Kyungsik Kim, Min Joo Kim, Su-jin Kim, Woochul Kim, Yoo Hyung Kim, Chang Yoon Le
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(2): 236. CrossRef
2024 International Expert Consensus on US-guided Thermal Ablation for T1N0M0 Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Zhen-long Zhao, Shu-rong Wang, Jennifer Kuo, Bülent Çekiç, Lei Liang, Hossam Arafa Ghazi, Shu-hang Xu, Gerardo Amabile, Song-song Wu, Ajit Yadav, Gang Dong, Ingo Janssen, Bo-qiang Fan, Nobuhiro Fukunari, Jun-feng He, Le Thanh Dung, Song-yuan Yu, Sum Leong
Radiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Ultrasound and gene-guided microwave ablation vs. surgery for low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma: a prospective observational cohort study
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Precision Clinical Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
2023 Update of the Korean Thyroid Association Guidelines for the Management of Thyroid Nodules
Eun Kyung Lee, Young Joo Park
Clinical Thyroidology®.2024; 36(4): 153. CrossRef
Association between exercise habits and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with thyroid cancer: nationwide population-based study
Jiyun Park, Jin-Hyung Jung, Hyunju Park, Young Shin Song, Soo-Kyung Kim, Yong-Wook Cho, Kyungdo Han, Kyung-Soo Kim
BMC Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Prediction of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Invasion in Thyroid Cancer by Ultrasound
Jin Hyang Jung, Eunji Kim, Byung Ju Kang
Journal of Surgical Ultrasound.2024; 11(1): 18. CrossRef
Advances in clinical research on ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma
Hua Xu, Jin-yan Yang, Xing Zhao, Zhe Ma
Frontiers in Oncology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Systemic therapy for differentiated thyroid cancer with distant metastasis
Eun Kyung Lee
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2024; 67(7): 484. CrossRef
Active Surveillance of Papillary Thyroid Cancer—A Feasibility Experience from a Tertiary Care Centre
Narmada Nangadda, Hetashvi Gondaliya, Deepali Bhat, Anirudh J. Shetty, Kranti S. Khadilkar, Shivaprasad Kumbenahalli Siddegowda, Basavaraj G. Sooragonda, Vijay Pillai, Vidhya Bhushan Rangappa, Vivek Shetty, Yogesh Madhav Dokhe, Trupti C. Kolur, Naveen Ban
Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Thyroid
A Narrative Review of the 2023 Korean Thyroid Association Management Guideline for Patients with Thyroid Nodules: Eun Kyung Lee, Young Joo Park, Chan Kwon Jung, Dong Gyu Na; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(1):61-72. Published online February 14, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1938

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The 2023 Korean Thyroid Association (KTA) Management Guideline for Patients with Thyroid Nodules constitute an update of the 2016 KTA guideline for thyroid nodules and cancers that focuses specifically on nodules. The 2023 guideline aim to offer updated guidance based on new evidence that reflects the changes in clinical practice since the 2016 KTA guideline. To update the 2023 guideline, a comprehensive literature search was conducted from January 2022 to May 2022. The literature search included studies, reviews, and other evidence involving human subjects that were published in English in MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, and other relevant databases. Additional significant clinical trials and research studies published up to April 2023 were also reviewed. The limitations of the current evidence are discussed, and suggestions for areas in need of further research are identified. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of the 2023 KTA guideline for the management of thyroid nodules released in May 2023 and to give a balanced insight with comparison of recent guidelines from other societies.

Citations

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Recomendaciones de la Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición (SEEN) sobre «qué no hacer» en la práctica clínica
Juan José Díez, Emma Anda, Irene Bretón, Cintia González-Blanco, María Miguélez, Ana Zugasti, Alberto Fernández
Endocrinología, Diabetes y Nutrición.2025; 72(3): 101531. CrossRef
Association Between Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Thyroid Cancer
Sang Yi Moon, Minkook Son, Jung-Hwan Cho, Hye In Kim, Ji Min Han, Ji Cheol Bae, Sunghwan Suh
Thyroid®.2025; 35(1): 79. CrossRef
Comparison of core-needle biopsy and repeat fine-needle aspiration biopsy for thyroid nodules with initially inconclusive findings: a systematic review, diagnostic accuracy meta-analysis, and meta-regression
Hendra Zufry, Timotius Ivan Hariyanto
Journal of the American Society of Cytopathology.2025; 14(3): 159. CrossRef
Recommendations of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition (SEEN) on “what not to do” in clinical practice
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Endocrinología, Diabetes y Nutrición (English ed.).2025; 72(3): 101531. CrossRef
Enhancing recurrent laryngeal nerve localization during transoral endoscopic thyroid surgery using augmented reality: a proof-of-concept study
Moon Young Oh, Yeonjin Choi, Taesoo Jang, Eun Kyung Choe, Hyoun-Joong Kong, Young Jun Chai
Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research.2025; 108(3): 135. CrossRef
Surgical Extent of Low-to-Intermediate Thyroid Cancer: Molecular Testing and Clinical Decision-Making
Jae Won Chang
International Journal of Thyroidology.2025; 18(1): 19. CrossRef
2023 Update of the Korean Thyroid Association Guidelines for the Management of Thyroid Nodules
Eun Kyung Lee, Young Joo Park
Clinical Thyroidology®.2024; 36(4): 153. CrossRef
Systemic therapy for differentiated thyroid cancer with distant metastasis
Eun Kyung Lee
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2024; 67(7): 484. CrossRef
Educational exchange in thyroid core needle biopsy diagnosis: enhancing pathological interpretation through guideline integration and peer learning
Agnes Stephanie Harahap, Chan Kwon Jung
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2024; 58(5): 205. CrossRef
Standardized Ultrasound Evaluation for Active Surveillance of Low-Risk Thyroid Microcarcinoma in Adults: 2024 Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology Consensus Statement
Ji Ye Lee, Min Kyoung Lee, Hyun Kyung Lim, Chang Yoon Lee, Jin Yong Sung, Jung Hyun Yoon, Soo Yeon Han, Jung Hee Shin, Ji-hoon Kim, So Lyung Jung, Sae Rom Chung, Jung Hwan Baek, Dong Gyu Na
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Thermal ablation for Bethesda III and IV thyroid nodules: current diagnosis and management
Wen-Hui Chan, Pi-Ling Chiang, An-Ni Lin, Yen-Hsiang Chang, Wei-Che Lin
Ultrasonography.2024; 43(6): 395. CrossRef
Cytologic hallmarks and differential diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma subtypes
Agnes Stephanie Harahap, Chan Kwon Jung
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2024; 58(6): 265. CrossRef
Standardized Ultrasound Evaluation for Active Surveillance of Low-Risk Thyroid Microcarcinoma in Adults: 2024 Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology Consensus Statement
Ji Ye Lee, Min Kyoung Lee, Hyun Kyung Lim, Chang Yoon Lee, Jin Yong Sung, Jung Hyun Yoon, Soo Yeon Hahn, Jung Hee Shin, Ji-hoon Kim, So Lyung Jung, Sae Rom Chung, Jung Hwan Baek, Dong Gyu Na
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Original Articles

Miscellaneous
Incidence of Endocrine-Related Dysfunction in Patients Treated with New Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Meta-Analysis and Comprehensive Review: Won Sang Yoo, Eu Jeong Ku, Eun Kyung Lee, Hwa Young Ahn; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(6):750-759. Published online November 13, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1785

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Background
This study investigated the incidence of endocrine immune-related adverse events (irAEs) for recently developed immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) drugs.
Methods
We collected studies on newly developed ICI drugs using PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library from inception through January 31, 2023. Among ICI drugs, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and ipilimumab were excluded from the new ICI drugs because many papers on endocrine-related side effects have already been published.
Results
A total of 44,595 patients from 177 studies were included in this analysis. The incidence of hypothyroidism was 10.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.9% to 11.4%), thyrotoxicosis was 4.6% (95% CI, 3.8% to 5.7%), hypophysitis was 0.8% (95% CI, 0.5% to 1.1%), adrenal insufficiency was 0.9% (95% CI, 0.7% to 1.1%), and hyperglycemia was 2.3% (95% CI, 1.6% to 3.4%). Hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis occurred most frequently with programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) inhibitors (13.7% and 7.5%, respectively). The rate of endocrine side effects for the combination of a programmed death-ligand 1 inhibitor (durvalumab) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 inhibitor (tremelimumab) was higher than that of monotherapy. In a meta-analysis, the combination of tremelimumab and durvalumab had a 9- to 10-fold higher risk of pituitary and adrenal-related side effects than durvalumab alone.
Conclusion
Newly developed PD-1 inhibitors had a high incidence of thyroid-related irAEs, and combined treatment with durvalumab and tremelimumab increased the risk of pituitary- and adrenal-related irAEs. Based on these facts, it is necessary to predict the endocrine side effects corresponding to each ICI drug, diagnose and treat them appropriately, and try to reduce the morbidity and mortality of patients.

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Neoadjuvant immunotherapy plus chemotherapy in high altitude natives with resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Tibet
Xizhao Sui, Duoji Danzeng, Ping Ni, Jiayi Geng, Pingcuo Gesang, Renqing Zhaxi, Yuling Wei
Asian Journal of Surgery.2025; 48(4): 2281. CrossRef
Management, biomarkers and prognosis in people developing endocrinopathies associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors
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Immune-related adverse events with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors: insights from a real-world cohort of 2523 patients
Ting Yan, Minghui Long, Chaoyi Liu, Jiwen Zhang, Xingyu Wei, Fei Li, Dehua Liao
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Phase II Pilot Trial of Tislelizumab plus Low-Dose Nab-Paclitaxel for Extensive Very High–Risk Non–Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Yunkai Qie, Shiwang Huang, Chong Shen, Zhouliang Wu, La Da, Kaipeng Jia, Zhe Zhang, Gangjian Zhao, Lili Wang, Guoping Xu, Yang Zhao, Rui Liang, Jianing Guo, Changping Li, Hua Dong, Man Li, Hongjun Li, Houyuan Chen, Dawei Tian, Changli Wu, Wei Zhang, Zeshe
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Real-World Evaluation of Immune-Related Endocrinopathies in Metastatic NSCLC Patients Treated with ICIs in Romania
Simona Coniac, Mariana Cristina Costache-Outas, Ionuţ-Lucian Antone-Iordache, Ana-Maria Barbu, Victor Teodor Bardan, Andreea Zamfir, Andreea-Iuliana Ionescu, Corin Badiu
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Adverse drug reaction assessment of pembrolizumab in cervical cancer treatment: a real-world pharmacovigilance study using the FAERS database
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Thyroid Thyroid Cancer Screening
Survival Comparison of Incidentally Found versus Clinically Detected Thyroid Cancers: An Analysis of a Nationwide Cohort Study: Shinje Moon, Eun Kyung Lee, Hoonsung Choi, Sue K. Park, Young Joo Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(1):81-92. Published online February 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1668

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Background
The true benefit of thyroid cancer screening is incompletely understood. This study investigated the impact of ultrasound screening on thyroid cancer outcomes through a comparison with symptomatic thyroid cancer using data from a nationwide cohort study in Korea.
Methods
Cox regression analysis was performed to assess the hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause and thyroid cancer-specific mortality. Considering the possible bias arising from age, sex, year of thyroid cancer registration, and confounding factors for mortality (including smoking/drinking status, diabetes, and hypertension), all analyses were conducted with stabilized inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) according to the route of detection.
Results
Of 5,796 patients with thyroid cancer, 4,145 were included and 1,651 were excluded due to insufficient data. In comparison with the screening group, the clinical suspicion group was associated with large tumors (17.2±14.6 mm vs. 10.4±7.9 mm), advanced T stage (3–4) (odds ratio [OR], 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09 to 1.41), extrathyroidal extension (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.32), and advanced stage (III–IV) (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.35). In IPTW-adjusted Cox regression analysis, the clinical suspicion group had significantly higher risks of all-cause mortality (HR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.80) and thyroid cancer-specific mortality (HR, 3.07; 95% CI, 1.77 to 5.29). Mediation analysis showed that the presence of thyroid-specific symptoms was directly associated with a higher risk of cancer-specific mortality. Thyroid-specific symptoms also indirectly affected thyroid cancer-specific mortality, mediated by tumor size and advanced clinicopathologic status.
Conclusion
Our findings provide important evidence for the survival benefit of early detection of thyroid cancer compared to symptomatic thyroid cancer.

Citations

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Cost-Utility Analysis of Early Detection with Ultrasonography of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Retrospective Study on a Korean Population
Han-Sang Baek, Jeonghoon Ha, Kwangsoon Kim, Ja Seong Bae, Jeong Soo Kim, Sungju Kim, Dong-Jun Lim, Chul-Min Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(2): 310. CrossRef
Thyroid cancer-specific mortality during 2005–2018 in Korea, aftermath of the overdiagnosis issue: a nationwide population-based cohort study
Kyeong Jin Kim, Jimi Choi, Sue K. Park, Young Joo Park, Sin Gon Kim
International Journal of Surgery.2024; 110(9): 5489. CrossRef
Distinct Impacts of Clinicopathological and Mutational Profiles on Long-Term Survival and Recurrence in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
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Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(6): 877. CrossRef
Clinical Characteristics, Diagnostic Approach and Outcome of Thyroid Incidental Findings vs. Clinically Overt Thyroid Nodules: An Observational Single-Centre Study
Tom Jansen, Nike Stikkelbroeck, Annenienke van de Ven, Ilse van Engen-van Grunsven, Marcel Janssen, Han Bonenkamp, Martin Gotthardt, Romana T. Netea-Maier
Cancers.2023; 15(8): 2350. CrossRef
Lower Thyroid Cancer Mortality in Patients Detected by Screening: A Meta-Analysis
Shinje Moon, Young Shin Song, Kyong Yeun Jung, Eun Kyung Lee, Young Joo Park
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(1): 93. CrossRef
To Screen or Not to Screen?
Do Joon Park
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(1): 69. CrossRef
The 2017 United States Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation for Thyroid Cancer Screening Is No Longer the Gold Standard
Ka Hee Yi
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(1): 72. CrossRef
Thyroid Cancer Screening: How to Maximize Its Benefits and Minimize Its Harms
Jung Hwan Baek
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(1): 75. CrossRef

Thyroid Thyroid Cancer Screening
Lower Thyroid Cancer Mortality in Patients Detected by Screening: A Meta-Analysis: Shinje Moon, Young Shin Song, Kyong Yeun Jung, Eun Kyung Lee, Young Joo Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(1):93-103. Published online February 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1667

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Background
Thyroid cancer screening has contributed to the skyrocketing prevalence of thyroid cancer. However, the true benefit of thyroid cancer screening is not fully understood. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of screening on the clinical outcomes of thyroid cancer by comparing incidental thyroid cancer (ITC) with non-incidental thyroid cancer (NITC) through a meta-analysis.
Methods
PubMed and Embase were searched from inception to September 2022. We estimated and compared the prevalence of high-risk features (aggressive histology of thyroid cancer, extrathyroidal extension, metastasis to regional lymph nodes or distant organs, and advanced tumor-node-metastasis [TNM] stage), thyroid cancer-specific death, and recurrence in the ITC and NITC groups. We also calculated pooled risks and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the outcomes derived from these two groups.
Results
From 1,078 studies screened, 14 were included. In comparison to NITC, the ITC group had a lower incidence of aggressive histology (odds ratio [OR], 0.46; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.7), smaller tumors (mean difference, −7.9 mm; 95% CI, −10.2 to −5.6), lymph node metastasis (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.48 to 0.86), and distant metastasis (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.77). The risks of recurrence and thyroid cancer-specific mortality were also lower in the ITC group (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.25 to 0.71 and OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.74) than in the NITC group.
Conclusion
Our findings provide important evidence of a survival benefit from the early detection of thyroid cancer compared to symptomatic thyroid cancer.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Radioactive Iodine in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: Effect on Detection of Distant Metastases Comparing 4 Guidelines
Merel T Stegenga, W Edward Visser, Robin P Peeters, Folkert J van Kemenade, Marco Medici, Tessa M van Ginhoven, Frederik A Verburg, Evert F S van Velsen
Journal of the Endocrine Society.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Cost-Utility Analysis of Early Detection with Ultrasonography of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Retrospective Study on a Korean Population
Han-Sang Baek, Jeonghoon Ha, Kwangsoon Kim, Ja Seong Bae, Jeong Soo Kim, Sungju Kim, Dong-Jun Lim, Chul-Min Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(2): 310. CrossRef
Thyroid nodules: diagnosis and management
Giorgio Grani, Marialuisa Sponziello, Sebastiano Filetti, Cosimo Durante
Nature Reviews Endocrinology.2024; 20(12): 715. CrossRef
Thyroid cancer-specific mortality during 2005–2018 in Korea, aftermath of the overdiagnosis issue: a nationwide population-based cohort study
Kyeong Jin Kim, Jimi Choi, Sue K. Park, Young Joo Park, Sin Gon Kim
International Journal of Surgery.2024; 110(9): 5489. CrossRef
To Screen or Not to Screen?
Do Joon Park
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(1): 69. CrossRef
The 2017 United States Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation for Thyroid Cancer Screening Is No Longer the Gold Standard
Ka Hee Yi
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(1): 72. CrossRef
Thyroid Cancer Screening: How to Maximize Its Benefits and Minimize Its Harms
Jung Hwan Baek
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(1): 75. CrossRef
Delayed Surgery for and Outcomes of Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Is the Pendulum Still Swinging?
Giorgio Grani
Clinical Thyroidology.2023; 35(5): 192. CrossRef

Editorial

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
You Can’t Avoid Shift Work? Then Focus on Body Fat Rather than Weight: Eun Kyung Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(5):756-758. Published online October 25, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.501

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Original Articles

Thyroid
Seaweed and Iodine Intakes and SLC5A5 rs77277498 in Relation to Thyroid Cancer: Tung Hoang, Eun Kyung Lee, Jeonghee Lee, Yul Hwangbo, Jeongseon Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(3):513-523. Published online May 24, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1306

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Background
This study aims to elucidate the associations among dietary seaweed (gim and miyeok/dashima) and iodine intakes, the rs77277498 polymorphism of the SLC5A5 gene codifying the sodium/iodine symporter, and thyroid cancer risk in a Korean population.
Methods
We conducted a case-control study of 117 thyroid cancer cases and 173 controls who participated in the Cancer Screenee Cohort between 2002 and 2014 at the National Cancer Center, Korea. The amount of seaweed and iodine consumption (g/day) was estimated using the residual energy adjustment method. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a multivariable logistic regression model for the separate and combined effect of dietary iodine-based intake and SLC5A5 polymorphism (rs77277498, C>G) on thyroid cancer.
Results
Dietary gim and iodine intakes were inversely associated with thyroid cancer, with ORs of 0.50 (95% CI, 0.30 to 0.83) and 0.57 (95% CI, 0.35 to 0.95), respectively, whereas the associations for dietary miyeok/dashima and total seaweed intakes were not significant. However, compared with individuals carrying the C/C genotype of the rs77277498 polymorphism with a low intake of all dietary factors, those carrying the G allele with a high intake had a lower risk of thyroid cancer, with ORs of 0.25 (95% CI, 0.10 to 0.56), 0.31 (95% CI, 0.12 to 0.77), 0.26 (95% CI, 0.10 to 0.62), and 0.30 (95% CI, 0.12 to 0.73) for the consumption of gim, miyeok/dashima, total seaweed, and iodine, respectively.
Conclusion
In summary, our results supported the evidence of the protective effects of dietary gim and iodine intake against thyroid cancer risk, and this association can be strengthened by SLC5A5 rs77277498 genotypes.

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Effects of Trace Elements on Endocrine Function and Pathogenesis of Thyroid Diseases—A Literature Review
Łukasz Bryliński, Katarzyna Kostelecka, Filip Woliński, Olga Komar, Agata Miłosz, Justyna Michalczyk, Jan Biłogras, Anna Machrowska, Robert Karpiński, Marcin Maciejewski, Ryszard Maciejewski, Gabriella Garruti, Jolanta Flieger, Jacek Baj
Nutrients.2025; 17(3): 398. CrossRef
The influence of nutrition in nodular thyroid pathology: a systematic review
Vanessa Neto, Catarina Leitão, Marta Estrela, Margarida Fardilha, Maria Teresa Herdeiro, Alexandra Nunes
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition.2024; : 1. CrossRef
Evaluation of the Bioavailability of Iodine and Arsenic in Raw and Cooked Saccharina japonica Based on Simulated Digestion/Caco-2 Cell Model
Na Li, Zhaomeng Geng, Yingying Guo, Xinyue Dai, Wenjia Zhu, Lin Yao, Yanhua Jiang, Xiaojuan Wang, Hao Dong, Huijie Wang, Lianzhu Wang
Foods.2024; 13(18): 2864. CrossRef
Iodine nutrition and papillary thyroid cancer
Xueqi Zhang, Fan Zhang, Qiuxian Li, Chuyao Feng, Weiping Teng
Frontiers in Nutrition.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Thyroid
A Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Trial for Assessing the Usefulness of Suppressing Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Target Levels after Thyroid Lobectomy in Low to Intermediate Risk Thyroid Cancer Patients (MASTER): A Study Protocol: Eun Kyung Lee, Yea Eun Kang, Young Joo Park, Bon Seok Koo, Ki-Wook Chung, Eu Jeong Ku, Ho-Ryun Won, Won Sang Yoo, Eonju Jeon, Se Hyun Paek, Yong Sang Lee, Dong Mee Lim, Yong Joon Suh, Ha Kyoung Park, Hyo-Jeong Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, Mijin Kim, Sun Wook Kim, Ka Hee Yi, Sue K. Park, Eun-Jae Jung, June Young Choi, Ja Seong Bae, Joon Hwa Hong, Kee-Hyun Nam, Young Ki Lee, Hyeong Won Yu, Sujeong Go, Young Mi Kang, MASTER study group; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(3):574-581. Published online May 26, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.943

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Background
Postoperative thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) suppression therapy is recommended for patients with intermediate- and high-risk differentiated thyroid cancer to prevent the recurrence of thyroid cancer. With the recent increase in small thyroid cancer cases, the extent of resection during surgery has generally decreased. Therefore, questions have been raised about the efficacy and long-term side effects of TSH suppression therapy in patients who have undergone a lobectomy.
Methods
This is a multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial in which 2,986 patients with papillary thyroid cancer are randomized into a high-TSH group (intervention) and a low-TSH group (control) after having undergone a lobectomy. The principle of treatment includes a TSH-lowering regimen aimed at TSH levels between 0.3 and 1.99 μIU/mL in the low-TSH group. The high-TSH group targets TSH levels between 2.0 and 7.99 μIU/mL. The dose of levothyroxine will be adjusted at each visit to maintain the target TSH level. The primary outcome is recurrence-free survival, as assessed by neck ultrasound every 6 to 12 months. Secondary endpoints include disease-free survival, overall survival, success rate in reaching the TSH target range, the proportion of patients with major cardiovascular diseases or bone metabolic disease, the quality of life, and medical costs. The follow-up period is 5 years.
Conclusion
The results of this trial will contribute to establishing the optimal indication for TSH suppression therapy in low-risk papillary thyroid cancer patients by evaluating the benefit and harm of lowering TSH levels in terms of recurrence, metabolic complications, costs, and quality of life.

Citations

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Effects of 131I and TSH suppression therapy on METTL3, METTL14 levels and recurrence in thyroid cancer
Li-Guo Yang
American Journal of Cancer Research.2025; 15(1): 42. CrossRef
Effect of thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression on quality of life in thyroid lobectomy patients: interim analysis of a multicenter, randomized controlled trial in low- to intermediate-risk thyroid cancer patients (MASTER study)
Ja Kyung Lee, Eu Jeong Ku, Su-jin Kim, Woochul Kim, Jae Won Cho, Kyong Yeun Jung, Hyeong Won Yu, Yea Eun Kang, Mijin Kim, Hee Kyung Kim, Junsun Ryu, June Young Choi
Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research.2024; 106(1): 19. CrossRef
Clinical impact of coexistent chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis on central lymph node metastasis in low- to intermediate-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma: The MASTER study
Da Beom Heo, Ho-Ryun Won, Kyung Tae, Yea Eun Kang, Eonju Jeon, Yong Bae Ji, Jae Won Chang, June Young Choi, Hyeong Won Yu, Eu Jeong Ku, Eun Kyung Lee, Mijin Kim, Jun-Ho Choe, Bon Seok Koo
Surgery.2024; 175(4): 1049. CrossRef
Dynamic Changes in Treatment Response af-ter ¹³¹I in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer and Their Relationship with Recurrence Risk Stratification and TNM Staging
璐狄
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Korean Thyroid Association Guidelines on the Management of Differentiated Thyroid Cancers; Part II. Follow-up Surveillance after Initial Treatment 2024
Mijin Kim, Ji-In Bang, Ho-Cheol Kang, Sun Wook Kim, Dong Gyu Na, Young Joo Park, Youngduk Seo, Young Shin Song, So Won Oh, Sang-Woo Lee, Eun Kyung Lee, Ji Ye Lee, Dong-Jun Lim, Ari Chong, Yun Jae Chung, Chae Moon Hong, Min Kyoung Lee, Bo Hyun Kim
International Journal of Thyroidology.2024; 17(1): 115. CrossRef
Levothyroxine Dosage and the Increased Risk of Second Primary Malignancy in Thyroid Cancer Survivors
Young Joo Park
Clinical Thyroidology®.2024; 36(7): 258. CrossRef
Thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression in low-risk papillary thyroid cancer: a large-scale retrospective analysis of real-world data
Xiao Shi, Haitao Tang, Tingting Zhang, Yunjun Wang, Cenkai Shen, Yan Zhang, Yuxin Du, Wenjun Wei, Zimeng Li, Chuqiao Liu, Xiaoqi Mao, Shaoyan Liu, Qinghai Ji, Jie Liu, Yu Wang
eClinicalMedicine.2024; 77: 102912. CrossRef
Prognostic Implications of Maintaining the Target Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Status Based on the 2015 American Thyroid Association Guidelines in Patients with Low-Risk Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma after Lobectomy: A 5-Year Landmark Analysis
Ye Won Jeon, Young Jin Suh, Seung Taek Lim
Cancers.2024; 16(19): 3253. CrossRef
Associations of gestational thyrotropin levels with disease progression among pregnant women with differentiated thyroid cancer: a retrospective cohort study
Xin Li, Peng Fu, Wu-Cai Xiao, Fang Mei, Fan Zhang, Shanghang Zhang, Jing Chen, Rui Shan, Bang-Kai Sun, Shi-Bing Song, Chun-Hui Yuan, Zheng Liu
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
ASO Author Reflections: Active Surveillance may be Possible in Patients with T1b Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Over 55 Years of Age Without High-Risk Features on Preoperative Examinations
Ho-Ryun Won, Eonju Jeon, Da Beom Heo, Jae Won Chang, Minho Shong, Je Ryong Kim, Hyemi Ko, Yea Eun Kang, Hyon-Seung Yi, Ju Hee Lee, Kyong Hye Joung, Ji Min Kim, Younju Lee, Sung-Woo Kim, Young Ju Jeong, Yong Bae Ji, Kyung Tae, Bon Seok Koo
Annals of Surgical Oncology.2023; 30(4): 2254. CrossRef
Outcomes and Trends of Treatments in High‐Risk Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Arash Abiri, Khodayar Goshtasbi, Sina J. Torabi, Edward C. Kuan, William B. Armstrong, Tjoson Tjoa, Yarah M. Haidar
Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery.2023; 168(4): 745. CrossRef
Current Controversies in Low-Risk Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: Reducing Overtreatment in an Era of Overdiagnosis
Timothy M Ullmann, Maria Papaleontiou, Julie Ann Sosa
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2023; 108(2): 271. CrossRef
Age-Dependent Clinicopathological Characteristics of Patients with T1b Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Implications for the Possibility of Active Surveillance
Ho-Ryun Won, Eonju Jeon, Da Beom Heo, Jae Won Chang, Minho Shong, Je Ryong Kim, Hyemi Ko, Yea Eun Kang, Hyon-Seung Yi, Ju Hee Lee, Kyong Hye Joung, Ji Min Kim, Younju Lee, Sung-Woo Kim, Young Ju Jeong, Yong Bae Ji, Kyung Tae, Bon Seok Koo
Annals of Surgical Oncology.2023; 30(4): 2246. CrossRef
Potential impact of obesity on the aggressiveness of low- to intermediate-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma: results from a MASTER cohort study
Mijin Kim, Yae Eun Kang, Young Joo Park, Bon Seok Koo, Eu Jeong Ku, June Young Choi, Eun Kyung Lee, Bo Hyun Kim
Endocrine.2023; 82(1): 134. CrossRef
Differentiated thyroid cancer: a focus on post-operative thyroid hormone replacement and thyrotropin suppression therapy
Benjamin J. Gigliotti, Sina Jasim
Endocrine.2023; 83(2): 251. CrossRef
Thyroid stimulating hormone suppression and recurrence after thyroid lobectomy for papillary thyroid carcinoma
Mi Rye Bae, Sung Hoon Nam, Jong-Lyel Roh, Seung-Ho Choi, Soon Yuhl Nam, Sang Yoon Kim
Endocrine.2022; 75(2): 487. CrossRef
The Concept of Economic Evaluation and Its Application in Thyroid Cancer Research
Kyungsik Kim, Mijin Kim, Woojin Lim, Bo Hyun Kim, Sue K. Park
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(4): 725. CrossRef

Review Article

Thyroid
Best Achievements in Clinical Thyroidology in 2020: Eun Kyung Lee, Young Joo Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(1):30-35. Published online February 24, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.103

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This review highlights the most interesting research in thyroidology conducted in 2020. The publications of interest discussed below dealt with the following topics: thyroid dysfunction, risk of thyroid cancer, molecular diagnostics and new therapeutics for thyroid cancer, and thyroid disease in the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic era.

Citations

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Compensation for iodine deficiency conditions with drugs based on duckweed substrate
M. Kh. Sadulaev, M. I. Usmanova, T. T. Tataev, A. M. Inderbiev, A. S.-A. Zhamalullayla, A. Salamova
BIO Web of Conferences.2023; 76: 03002. CrossRef
Use of long non-coding RNAs for the molecular diagnosis of papillary thyroid cancer
Daham Kim, Juyeon Yu, Jiwon Kim, Yoon-a Hwang, Jin Kyong Kim, Cheol Ryong Ku, Jung Hyun Yoon, Jin Young Kwak, Kee-Hyun Nam, Eun Jig Lee
Frontiers in Oncology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration with or without Negative Pressure for Different Types of Thyroid Nodules
Qi Zhou, Wenjun Wu, Fang Wang, Xiaohua Gong, Xiaojun Chen
International Journal of General Medicine.2021; Volume 14: 5475. CrossRef

Original Article

Clinical Study
A Phase II Multi-Center, Non-Randomized, Parallel Group, Non-Inferiority Study to Compare the Efficacy of No Radioactive Iodine Remnant Ablation to Remnant Ablation Treatment in Low- to Intermediate-Risk of Papillary Thyroid Cancer: The MOREthyroid Trial Protocol: Eun Kyung Lee, You Jin Lee, Young Joo Park, Jae Hoon Moon, Ka Hee Yi, Koon Soon Kim, Joo Hee Lee, Sun Wook Cho, Jungnam Joo, Yul Hwangbo, Sujeong Go, Do Joon Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(3):571-577. Published online September 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.681

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Background
Radioactive iodine (RAI) remnant ablation is recommended in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and extrathyroidal extension or central lymph node metastasis. However, there exists little evidence about the necessity of remnant ablation in PTC patients with low- to intermediate-risk, those have been increasing in recent decades.
Methods
This multicenter, prospective, non-randomized, parallel group clinical trial will enroll 310 eligible patients with low- to intermediate-risk of thyroid cancer. Inclusion criteria are patients who recently underwent total thyroidectomy for PTC with 3 or less tumors of size 1≤ to ≤2 cm with no microscopic extension and N0/x, or size ≤2 cm with microscopic extension and/or N1a (number of lymph node ≤3, size of tumor foci ≤0.2 cm, and lymph node ratio <0.4). Patients choose to undergo RAI ablation (¹³¹I, dose 1.1 GBq) or diagnostic whole-body scan (DxWBS) (¹³¹I or ¹²³I, dose 0.074 to 0.222 GBq), followed by subsequent measurement of stimulated thyroglobulin (sTg) within 1 year. Survey for quality of life (QOL) will be performed at baseline and at 1 year after follow-up. The total enrollment period is 5 years, and patients will be followed up for 1 year. The primary endpoint is the non-inferiority of surgery alone to surgery with ablation in terms of biochemical remission (BCR) rate (sTg ≤2 ng/mL) without evidence of structural recurrence. The secondary endpoint was the difference of QOL.
Conclusion
This study will evaluate whether surgery alone achieves similar BCR and improved QOL compared to RAI ablation in patients with low- to intermediate-risk PTC within 1 year.

Citations

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Radioactive Iodine Therapy in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: Summary of the Korean Thyroid Association Guidelines 2024 from Nuclear Medicine Perspective, Part-II
So Won Oh, Sohyun Park, Ari Chong, Keunyoung Kim, Ji-In Bang, Youngduk Seo, Chae Moon Hong, Sang-Woo Lee
Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.2025; 59(1): 8. CrossRef
Korean Thyroid Association Guidelines on the Management of Differentiated Thyroid Cancers; Part I. Initial Management of Differentiated Thyroid Cancers - Chapter 6. Radioactive Iodine Treatment after Thyroidectomy 2024
Sohyun Park, Ari Chong, Ho-Cheol Kang, Keunyoung Kim, Sun Wook Kim, Dong Gyu Na, Young Joo Park, Ji-In Bang, Youngduk Seo, Young Shin Song, So Won Oh, Eun Kyung Lee, Dong-Jun Lim, Yun Jae Chung, Chae Moon Hong, Sang-Woo Lee
International Journal of Thyroidology.2024; 17(1): 97. CrossRef

Review Article

Thyroid
Natural Killer Cells and Thyroid Diseases: Eun Kyung Lee, John B. Sunwoo; Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(2):132-137. Published online June 24, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.2.132

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Abnormal production of thyroid hormone is one of the common endocrine disorders, and thyroid hormone production declines with age. The aging process also negatively affects the immune system. An interaction between endocrine system and the immune system has been proposed to be bidirectional. Emerging evidence suggests an interaction between a lymphocyte population, called natural killer (NK) cells and thyroid gland function. Here, we review the relationship between NK cells and thyroid function and disease.

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Xiaoqiong Li, Kejiang Wang, Jiaxin Liu, Yan Li
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Daniela Gallo, Eliana Piantanida, Raffaella Bombelli, Silvia Lepanto, Antonino Bruno, Matteo Gallazzi, Giorgia Bilato, Marina Borgese, Denisa Baci, Lorenzo Mortara, Maria Laura Tanda
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Machine learning in lymphocyte and immune biomarker analysis for childhood thyroid diseases in China
Ruizhe Yang, Wei Li, Qing Niu, WenTao Yang, Wei Gu, Xu Wang
BMC Pediatrics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Research Progress on the Immunological Correlation Between Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Digui Fang, Limei Zhou, Biao Zheng, Ran Wang
Journal of Immunology Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Tumor microenvironment in thyroid cancer: Immune cells, patterns, and novel treatments
Beatriz Febrero, Juan José Ruiz‐Manzanera, Inmaculada Ros‐Madrid, Antonio Miguel Hernández, Esteban Orenes‐Piñero, José Manuel Rodríguez
Head & Neck.2024; 46(6): 1486. CrossRef
Impact of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis on the tumor microenvironment in papillary thyroid cancer: insights from single-cell analysis
Hongzhe Ma, Guoqi Li, Diwei Huo, Yangguang Su, Qing Jin, Yangxu Lu, Yanyan Sun, Denan Zhang, Xiujie Chen
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Autoimmune Thyroid Disease and Pregnancy: The Interaction Between Genetics, Epigenetics and Environmental Factors
Tatjana Bogović Crnčić, Božena Ćurko-Cofek, Lara Batičić, Neva Girotto, Maja Ilić Tomaš, Antea Kršek, Ines Krištofić, Tea Štimac, Ivona Perić, Vlatka Sotošek, Sanja Klobučar
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 14(1): 190. CrossRef
Thyroid hormones and minerals in immunocorrection of disorders in autoimmune thyroid diseases
Viktor Kravchenko, Tamara Zakharchenko
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
New Insights into Immune Cells and Immunotherapy for Thyroid Cancer
Yujia Tao, Peng Li, Chao Feng, Yuan Cao
Immunological Investigations.2023; 52(8): 1039. CrossRef
Innate Immunity in Autoimmune Thyroid Disease during Pregnancy
Tatjana Bogović Crnčić, Neva Girotto, Maja Ilić Tomaš, Ines Krištofić, Sanja Klobučar, Lara Batičić, Božena Ćurko-Cofek, Vlatka Sotošek
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(20): 15442. CrossRef
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Endocrines.2022; 3(4): 703. CrossRef
HS3ST3A1 and CAPN8 Serve as Immune-Related Biomarkers for Predicting the Prognosis in Thyroid Cancer
Zhao-Hui Chen, Hao-Ran Yue, Jun-Hui Li, Ruo-Yu Jiang, Xiao-Ning Wang, Xue-Jie Zhou, Yue Yu, Xu-Chen Cao, Rengyun Liu
Journal of Oncology.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef
Construction of an Expression Classifier Based on an Immune-related Ten-gene Panel for Rapid Diagnosis of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Risks
Jingxue Sun, Jingjing Li, Yaguang Zhang, Jun Han, Jiaxing Wei, Yanmeizhi Wu, Bing Liu, Hongyu Han, Hong Qiao
Current Bioinformatics.2022; 17(10): 924. CrossRef
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Landscape and Its Immunological Link With Hashimoto Thyroiditis at Single-Cell Resolution
Jun Pan, Fang Ye, Chengxuan Yu, Qinsheng Zhu, Jiaqi Li, Yaohui Zhang, Hedi Tian, Yunjin Yao, Minjie Zhu, Yibin Shen, Feng Zhu, Yingying Wang, Xinhui Zhou, Guoji Guo, Yijun Wu
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The Intriguing Thyroid Hormones–Lung Cancer Association as Exemplification of the Thyroid Hormones–Cancer Association: Three Decades of Evolving Research
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Mass Cytometry Studies of Patients With Autoimmune Endocrine Diseases Reveal Distinct Disease-Specific Alterations in Immune Cell Subsets
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Reduced proportion and activity of natural killer cells in patients with Graves’ disease
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Immunological Drivers in Graves' Disease: NK Cells as a Master Switcher
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Immune Cell Confrontation in the Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Microenvironment
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Immune and Inflammatory Cells in Thyroid Cancer Microenvironment
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International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2019; 20(18): 4413. CrossRef

Corrigendum

Miscellaneous
Corrigendum: Author's Name Correction. Study Protocol of Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study of Active Surveillance on Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma (MAeSTro): Jae Hoon Moon, Ji-hoon Kim, Eun Kyung Lee, Kyu Eun Lee, Sung Hye Kong, Yeo Koon Kim, Woo-Jin Jeong, Chang Yoon Lee, Roh-Eul Yoo, Yul Hwangbo, Young Shin Song, Min Joo Kim, Sun Wook Cho, Su-jin Kim, Eun-Jae Chung, June Young Choi, Chang Hwan Ryu, You Jin Lee, Jeong Hun Hah, Yuh-Seog Jung, Junsun Ryu, Yunji Hwang, Sue K. Park, Ho Kyung Sung, Ka Hee Yi, Do Joon Park, Young Joo Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(3):427. Published online August 14, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.3.427

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Citations

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Invasiveness and Metastatic Aggressiveness in Small Differentiated Thyroid Cancers: Demography of Small Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas in the Swedish Population
Haytham Bayadsi, Martin Bergman, Malin Sund, Joakim Hennings
World Journal of Surgery.2020; 44(2): 461. CrossRef
Clinical and pathologic predictors of lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinomas
Ling Zhao, Xiaoya Sun, Yukun Luo, Fulin Wang, Zhaohui Lyu
Annals of Diagnostic Pathology.2020; 49: 151647. CrossRef

Original Article

Thyroid
Study Protocol of Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study of Active Surveillance on Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma (MAeSTro): Jae Hoon Moon, Ji-hoon Kim, Eun Kyung Lee, Kyu Eun Lee, Sung Hye Kong, Yeo Koon Kim, Woo-jin Jung, Chang Yoon Lee, Roh-Eul Yoo, Yul Hwangbo, Young Shin Song, Min Joo Kim, Sun Wook Cho, Su-jin Kim, Eun Jae Jung, June Young Choi, Chang Hwan Ryu, You Jin Lee, Jeong Hun Hah, Yuh-Seog Jung, Junsun Ryu, Yunji Hwang, Sue K. Park, Ho Kyung Sung, Ka Hee Yi, Do Joon Park, Young Joo Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(2):278-286. Published online June 21, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.2.278

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Background

The ongoing Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study of Active Surveillance on Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma (MAeSTro) aims to observe the natural course of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), develop a protocol for active surveillance (AS), and compare the long-term prognosis, quality of life, and medical costs between the AS and immediate surgery groups.

Methods

This multicenter prospective cohort study of PTMC started in June 2016. The inclusion criteria were suspicious of malignancy or malignancy based on fine needle aspiration or core needle biopsy, age of ≥18 years, and a maximum diameter of ≤1 cm. If there was no major organ involvement, no lymph node/distant metastasis, and no variants with poor prognosis, the patients were explained of the pros and cons of immediate surgery and AS before selecting AS or immediate surgery. Follow-up visits (physical examination, ultrasonography, thyroid function, and questionnaires) are scheduled every 6 months during the first 2 years, and then every 1 year thereafter. Progression was defined as a maximum diameter increase of ≥3, ≥2 mm in two dimensions, suspected organ involvement, or lymph node/distant metastasis.

Results

Among 439 enrolled patients, 290 patients (66.1%) chose AS and 149 patients (33.9%) chose immediate surgery. The median follow-up was 6.7 months (range, 0.2 to 11.9). The immediate surgery group had a larger maximum tumor diameter, compared to the AS group (7.1±1.9 mm vs. 6.6±2.0 mm, respectively; P=0.014).

Conclusion

The results will be useful for developing an appropriate PTMC treatment policy based on its natural course and risk factors for progression.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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