Endocrinology and Metabolism

Original Articles

Thyroid Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Unveiling Risk Factors for Treatment Failure in Patients with Graves’ Disease: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea: Jung A Kim, Kyeong Jin Kim, Jimi Choi, Kyoung Jin Kim, Eyun Song, Ji Hee Yu, Nam Hoon Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Ji A Seo, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Sin Gon Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2025;40(1):125-134. Published online January 13, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2093

6,417 View
164 Download
3 Web of Science
3 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
Antithyroid drug (ATD) treatment is the preferred initial treatment for Graves’ disease (GD) in South Korea, despite higher treatment failure rates than radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy or thyroidectomy. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of treatment failure associated with the primary modalities for GD treatment in real-world practice.
Methods
We included 452,001 patients diagnosed with GD between 2004 and 2020 from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Health Information Database. Treatment failure was defined as switching from ATD, RAI, or thyroidectomy treatments, and for ATD specifically, inability to discontinue medication for over 2 years.
Results
Mean age was 46.2 years, with females constituting 70.8%. Initial treatments for GD included ATDs (98.0%), thyroidectomy (1.3%), and RAI (0.7%), with a noted increment in ATD application from 96.2% in 2004 to 98.8% in 2020. During a median follow- up of 8.5 years, the treatment failure rates were 58.5% for ATDs, 21.3% for RAI, and 2.1% for thyroidectomy. Multivariate analysis indicated that the hazard ratio for treatment failure with ATD was 2.81 times higher than RAI. RAI treatments ≥10 mCi had 37% lower failure rates than doses <10 mCi.
Conclusion
ATDs are the most commonly used for GD in South Korea, followed by thyroidectomy and RAI. Although the risk of treatment failure for ATD is higher than that of RAI therapy, initial RAI treatment in South Korea is relatively limited compared to that in Western countries. Further studies are required to evaluate the cause of low initial RAI treatment rates in South Korea.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Nationwide Big Data Studies of Endocrine Diseases Using the Korean National Health Information Database: Research Trends and Standardization of Operational Definitions
Sun Wook Cho, Jung Hee Kim, Kyoung Jin Kim, Beom-Jun Kim, Mee Kyoung Kim, Eun Jung Rhee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2026; 41(1): 86. CrossRef
Treatment of Graves’ Disease: Faster Remission or Longer but Safe, That Is the Question
Chan-Hee Jung
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(1): 70. CrossRef
Process to radioactive iodine treatment for Graves’ hyperthyroidism: condemned or absolved?
Luigi Bartalena, Daniela Gallo, George J. Kahaly, Eliana Piantanida, Maria Laura Tanda
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation.2025; 48(9): 1927. CrossRef

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Study Design and Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of a Triple Combination of Ezetimibe, Fenofibrate, and Moderate-Intensity Statin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors (ENSEMBLE): Nam Hoon Kim, Juneyoung Lee, Suk Chon, Jae Myung Yu, In-Kyung Jeong, Soo Lim, Won Jun Kim, Keeho Song, Ho Chan Cho, Hea Min Yu, Kyoung-Ah Kim, Sang Soo Kim, Soon Hee Lee, Chong Hwa Kim, Soo Heon Kwak, Yong‐ho Lee, Choon Hee Chung, Sihoon Lee, Heung Yong Jin, Jae Hyuk Lee, Gwanpyo Koh, Sang-Yong Kim, Jaetaek Kim, Ju Hee Lee, Tae Nyun Kim, Hyun Jeong Jeon, Ji Hyun Lee, Jae-Han Jeon, Hye Jin Yoo, Hee Kyung Kim, Hyeong-Kyu Park, Il Seong Nam-Goong, Seongbin Hong, Chul Woo Ahn, Ji Hee Yu, Jong Heon Park, Keun-Gyu Park, Chan Ho Park, Kyong Hye Joung, Ohk-Hyun Ryu, Keun Yong Park, Eun-Gyoung Hong, Bong-Soo Cha, Kyu Chang Won, Yoon-Sok Chung, Sin Gon Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(5):722-731. Published online August 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1995

14,288 View
367 Download
8 Web of Science
6 Crossref

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background
Atherogenic dyslipidemia, which is frequently associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and insulin resistance, contributes to the development of vascular complications. Statin therapy is the primary approach to dyslipidemia management in T2D, however, the role of non-statin therapy remains unclear. Ezetimibe reduces cholesterol burden by inhibiting intestinal cholesterol absorption. Fibrates lower triglyceride levels and increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels via peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor alpha agonism. Therefore, when combined, these drugs effectively lower non-HDL-C levels. Despite this, few clinical trials have specifically targeted non-HDL-C, and the efficacy of triple combination therapies, including statins, ezetimibe, and fibrates, has yet to be determined.
Methods
This is a multicenter, prospective, randomized, open-label, active-comparator controlled trial involving 3,958 eligible participants with T2D, cardiovascular risk factors, and elevated non-HDL-C (≥100 mg/dL). Participants, already on moderate-intensity statins, will be randomly assigned to either Ezefeno (ezetimibe/fenofibrate) addition or statin dose-escalation. The primary end point is the development of a composite of major adverse cardiovascular and diabetic microvascular events over 48 months.
Conclusion
This trial aims to assess whether combining statins, ezetimibe, and fenofibrate is as effective as, or possibly superior to, statin monotherapy intensification in lowering cardiovascular and microvascular disease risk for patients with T2D. This could propose a novel therapeutic approach for managing dyslipidemia in T2D.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Beyond lipids: fenofibrate in diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy
Mengying Liu, Seok Ting Lim, Weihua Song, Thomas M. Coffman, Xiaomeng Wang
Trends in Pharmacological Sciences.2026; 47(3): 325. CrossRef
Differential Pre‐ and Post‐Treatment Effects of Low‐Dose Antidyslipidemic Drugs on Gentamicin‐Induced Acute Nephrotoxicity in the Rat: A Histopathological and Biochemical Study
Pitchai Balakumar, Sultan Alshahrani, Noohu Abdulla Khan, Rajavel Varatharajan, K. M. Sundram
Journal of Applied Toxicology.2026; 46(6): 1879. CrossRef
Ezetimibe attenuates diabetic retinopathy via NRF2-mediated suppression of inflammation and oxidative stress
Lei Cheng, Shan Cheng, Ran Zhu, Guoxu Xu
Journal of Diabetes and its Complications.2026; 40(2): 109250. CrossRef
Development and Validation of Green UV Spectrophotometric Method Using Augmented Classical Least Squares for Simultaneous Quantification of Atorvastatin, Ezetimibe, and Fenofibrate in Pharmaceutical and Environmental Samples
Ahmed M. Abdelzaher, Omkulthom Al kamaly, Anwar M. Alnakhli, Mona A. Abdel Rahman
ChemistrySelect.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Current and Emerging Treatment Options for Hypertriglyceridemia: State-of-the-Art Review
Jakub Michal Zimodro, Manfredi Rizzo, Ioanna Gouni-Berthold
Pharmaceuticals.2025; 18(2): 147. CrossRef
Fenofibrate therapy and risk of heart failure outcomes in patients with Type 2 diabetes: a propensity-matched cohort study
Ji Yoon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim, Jiyoon Lee, Dong-Hoon Kim, Sin Gon Kim
European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy.2025; 11(7): 620. CrossRef

Miscellaneous
AM1638, a GPR40-Full Agonist, Inhibited Palmitate- Induced ROS Production and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Enhancing HUVEC Viability in an NRF2-Dependent Manner: Hwan-Jin Hwang, Joo Won Kim, SukHwan Yun, Min Jeong Park, Eyun Song, Sooyeon Jang, Ahreum Jang, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Hye Jin Yoo; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(6):760-769. Published online November 2, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1774

7,205 View
137 Download
7 Web of Science
8 Crossref

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background
G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) is a key molecule in diabetes and fatty liver, but its role in endothelial dysfunction remains unclear. Our objective in this study was to determine whether GPR40 agonists protect endothelial cells against palmitatemediated oxidative stress.
Methods
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to investigate effects of various GPR40 agonists on vascular endothelium.
Results
In HUVECs, AM1638, a GPR40-full agonist, enhanced nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (NRF2) translocation to the nucleus and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, which blocked palmitate-induced superoxide production. Those antioxidant effects were not detected after treatment with LY2922470 or TAK875, GPR40-partial agonists, suggesting that GPR40 regulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) removal in a ligand-dependent manner. We also found that palmitate-induced CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein homologous protein expression; X-box binding protein-1 splicing, nuclear condensation, and fragmentation; and caspase-3 cleavage were all blocked in an NRF2-dependent manner after AM1638 treatment. Both LY2922470 and TAK875 also improved cell viability independent of the NRF2/ROS pathway by reducing palmitate-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress and nuclear damage. GPR40 agonists thus have beneficial effects against palmitate in HUVECs. In particular, AM1638 reduced palmitate-induced superoxide production and cytotoxicity in an NRF2/HO-1 dependent manner.
Conclusion
GPR40 could be developed as a good therapeutic target to prevent or treat cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

From oxidative stress to metabolic dysfunction: The role of TRPM2
Ying-Shuang Li, Hua-Cheng Ren, Hui Li, Man Xing, Jian-Hua Cao
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2025; 284: 138081. CrossRef
Discovery of potent free fatty acid receptor 1 full agonists with a novel scaffold bearing conjugated double bond linker
Ziwei Yang, Jun Sun, Tifei Xu, Yu Wang, Jiahui Fang, Kai Wang, Shimeng Guo, Xin Xie, Jianhua Shen
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry.2025; 123: 118158. CrossRef
GPR40-full agonist AM1638 alleviates palmitate-induced oxidative damage in H9c2 cells via an AMPK-dependent pathway
SukHwan Yun, Joo Won Kim, Min Jeong Park, Eyun Song, Soo Yeon Jang, Ahreum Jang, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Hwan-Jin Hwang, Hye Jin Yoo
BMB Reports.2025; 58(3): 133. CrossRef
HD6277 Suppresses Muscle Atrophy by Promoting Myogenic Factors and Inhibiting Proteolysis in Aged Mice
Joo Won Kim, SukHwan Yun, Min Jeong Park, Eyun Song, Sooyeon Jang, Ahreum Jang, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Hwan‐Jin Hwang, Hye Jin Yoo
Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Sarcopenic obesity: prospects of mitochondrial transplantation to combat metabolic deterioration in aging
Md Ariful Islam, Wenyi Gu, Yijie Song, Yu Xu, Hongxi Xu
Acta Materia Medica.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular mechanisms of aberrant fatty acids metabolism in driving cardiovascular diseases: key regulatory targets and dietary interventions
Rui Yang, Jiao Pang, Xue Zhong, Shuyang Pang, Xuefeng Hu, Chenfei Wei, Weiqi Yan, Xueting Chen, Rui Zhao, Baojun Xu, Zhipeng Cao
Food & Function.2025; 16(15): 5961. CrossRef
Hypoglycemic and Analgesic Effects of Benzyloxyphenylpropanoic Derivatives of Isobornylamine as FFAR‐1 Agonists
Mariya A. Elkina, Mikhail V. Khvostov, Sergey O. Kuranov, Olga A. Luzina, Natalia A. Zhukova, Yulia V. Meshkova, Tatiana G. Tolstikova, Nariman F. Salakhutdinov
Archiv der Pharmazie.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Free Fatty Acids and Free Fatty Acid Receptors: Role in Regulating Arterial Function
Fengzhi Yu, Boyi Zong, Lili Ji, Peng Sun, Dandan Jia, Ru Wang
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(14): 7853. CrossRef

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Sleep Duration and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Community-Based Cohort Study with a 16-Year Follow-up: Da Young Lee, Inha Jung, So Young Park, Ji Hee Yu, Ji A Seo, Kyeong Jin Kim, Nam Hoon Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Sin Gon Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Seung Ku Lee, Chol Shin, Nan Hee Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(1):146-155. Published online February 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1582

14,820 View
364 Download
18 Web of Science
23 Crossref

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background
We aimed to investigate the moderating effects of obesity, age, and sex on the association between sleep duration and the development of diabetes in Asians.
Methods
We analyzed data from a cohort of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study conducted from 2001 to 2020. After excluding shift workers and those with diabetes at baseline, 7,407 participants were stratified into three groups according to sleep duration: ≤5 hours/night, >5 to 7 hours/night (reference), and >7 hours/night. The Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Subgroup analyses were performed according to obesity, age, and sex.
Results
During 16 years of follow-up, 2,024 cases of T2DM were identified. Individuals who slept ≤5 h/night had a higher risk of incident diabetes than the reference group (HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.33). The subgroup analysis observed a valid interaction with sleep duration only for obesity. A higher risk of T2DM was observed in the ≤5 hours/night group in non-obese individuals, men, and those aged <60 years, and in the >7 hours/night group in obese individuals (HRs were 1.34 [95% CI, 1.11 to 1.61], 1.22 [95% CI, 1 to 1.49], and 1.18 [95% CI, 1.01 to 1.39], respectively).
Conclusion
This study confirmed the effect of sleep deprivation on the risk of T2DM throughout the 16-year follow-up period. This impact was confined to non-obese or young individuals and men. We observed a significant interaction between sleep duration and obesity.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Glucose homeostasis during recurrent periods of sleep restriction and recovery in healthy young adults
Yuki Y Y Cheung, Torance Y L Tan, Tiffany B Koa, Chin Meng Khoo, June C Lo
SLEEPJ.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Mobile Phone Addiction and Sleep Quality Among Children and Adolescents: Unraveling the Health Consequences
Ghizal Fatima, Vani Shukla, Aminat Magomedova, Rasul Magomedov
Cureus.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Association of daytime circadian-aligned activity with glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: Insights from continuous glucose monitoring and wearable data
Da Young Lee, Jung-Been Lee, Inha Jung, So Young Park, Ji Hee Yu, Ji A Seo, Heon-Jeong Lee, Nan Hee Kim
Metabolism.2026; 179: 156570. CrossRef
The Role of Circadian Rhythm Dysregulation, Abnormal Sleep Patterns, and Sleep Disorders on the Development of Diabetes
Hulya Merie, Bashair M. Mussa, Salah Abusnana
Clocks & Sleep.2026; 8(2): 22. CrossRef
Body-weight-specific and shared metabolomic responses to acute sleep loss in young adults
Linnéa Good, Luiz Eduardo Mateus Brandão, Lieve Thecla van Egmond, Payam Emami Khoonsari, Ida Erngren, Henrik Carlsson, Robert Fredriksson, Kim Kultima, Christian Benedict, Jonathan Cedernaes
Journal of Translational Medicine.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Association Between Sleep Duration and Glycemic Levels in Adults With Prediabetes: A Population-based Study
Zhongqing Mou, Yan Zhou, Zaiquan Dong
Canadian Journal of Diabetes.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Sleep features and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Hongyi Liu, Hui Zhu, Qinkang Lu, Wen Ye, Tao Huang, Yuqiong Li, Bingqi Li, Yingxin Wu, Penghao Wang, Tao Chen, Jin Xu, Lindan Ji
Annals of Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The potential impact of habitual sleep quality on glycaemic control and inflammation: A study on geriatric patients recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
Nadia Hussain, Amal Hussain Ibrahim Al Haddad, Saima Abbass, Zina Alfahl
Sleep Medicine: X.2025; 9: 100139. CrossRef
The link between sleep duration and stroke risk
Yu Cheng, Yuchuan Ding, Ahmed Elmadhoun, Xunming Ji, Xiaokun Geng
Brain Circulation.2025; 11(1): 1. CrossRef
Association between obstructive sleep apnea risk and atherosclerosis: A nationwide cross-sectional study in the Korean population
Il Rae Park, Yong Geun Chung, Seung Min Chung, Jun Sung Moon, Ji Sung Yoon, Kyu Chang Won, Qian Wu
PLOS One.2025; 20(5): e0322897. CrossRef
Case Report on the Improvement of Uncontrolled Blood Glucose with Shihogayonggolmoryo-tang, Yeonggyechulgam-tang, and Korean Medicine Complex Therapy
Nahyun Cho, Chul-woo Ahn, Hyungsun Jun, Hyun-jong Jung, Dasol Park, Jungtae Leem
The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine.2025; 46(3): 511. CrossRef
The relationship between sleep patterns and the risk of edentulism: evidence from the CHARLS
Hong-Yu Zhao, Peng-Lu Jia, Ping Ma, Wu-Long Jin, Hua-Jiao Yu
Postgraduate Medical Journal.2025; 102(1203): 48. CrossRef
Impact of Technological Advances on Type 2 Diabetes and Its Effect on Mental Health: A Perspective
Varun Damle, Ankit Halder, Tanvi Damle
Annals of Indian Psychiatry.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Reinterpreting Yangsaeng in Physiology on Korean Medicine for Geriatric Care: A Personalized Self-Care Model for Future Medicine
Su Jin Lee, Young-Kyu Kwon
Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine.2025; 39(6): 271. CrossRef
Attention to Innate Circadian Rhythm and the Impact of Its Disruption on Diabetes
Da Young Lee, Inha Jung, So Young Park, Ji Hee Yu, Ji A Seo, Kyeong Jin Kim, Nam Hoon Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Sin Gon Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Nan Hee Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(1): 37. CrossRef
Role of Sleep and Sleep Disorders in Cardiometabolic Risk: a Review and Update
Shaden O. Qasrawi, Ahmed S. BaHammam
Current Sleep Medicine Reports.2024; 10(1): 34. CrossRef
Evaluating reliability in wearable devices for sleep staging
Vera Birrer, Mohamed Elgendi, Olivier Lambercy, Carlo Menon
npj Digital Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Replication Study of Genome Wide Association Study of Sleep Duration in Korean Association Resources Cohort
Seok-Ho Cho, Seon-Ah Kim, Hyun-Seok Jin, Hong Sung Kim
Biomedical Science Letters.2024; 30(2): 86. CrossRef
Insights into optimal BMI from the GlasVEGAS study
Chun-Kwan O, Juliana C. N. Chan
Nature Metabolism.2024; 6(8): 1435. CrossRef
Mechanisms, consequences and role of interventions for sleep deprivation: Focus on mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease in elderly
Upasana Mukherjee, Ujala Sehar, Malcolm Brownell, P. Hemachandra Reddy
Ageing Research Reviews.2024; 100: 102457. CrossRef
The Relationship Between the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Insomnia Severity and Sleep Duration in Academicians
Tuğba Bilgehan, Esra Çalık Var
Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Dergisi.2024; 6(3): 203. CrossRef
All That Glitters Is Not Gold: The Same Sleep Time, but Different Diabetogenic Outcomes
Bohye Kim, Obin Kwon
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(1): 78. CrossRef
The Link Between Sleeping and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review
Ali Darraj
Cureus.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Brief Report

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Sestrin2 Regulates Beneficial β3-Adrenergic Receptor-Mediated Effects Observed in Inguinal White Adipose Tissue and Soleus Muscle: Min Jeong Park, Joo Won Kim, Eun Roh, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Hwan-Jin Hwang, Hye Jin Yoo; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(3):552-557. Published online June 29, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1421

6,231 View
139 Download
5 Web of Science
5 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Sestrin2, a well-known adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulator, plays a protective role against metabolic stress. The β3-adrenergic receptor (β3AR) induces fat browning and inhibits muscle atrophy in an AMPK-dependent manner. However, no prior research has examined the relationship of sestrin2 with β3AR in body composition changes. In this study, CL 316,243 (CL), a β3AR agonist, was administered to wild-type and sestrin2-knockout (KO) mice for 2 weeks, and fat and muscle tissues were harvested. CL induced AMPK phosphorylation, expression of brown-fat markers, and mitochondrial biogenesis, which resulted in the reduction of lipid droplet size in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT). These effects were not observed in sestrin2-KO mice. In CL-treated soleus muscle, sestrin2-KO was related to decreased myogenic gene expression and increased levels of muscle atrophy-related molecules. Our results suggest that sestrin2 is associated with beneficial β3AR-mediated changes in body composition, especially in iWAT and in the soleus.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The role of sestrin2 in skeletal muscle regeneration after injury
Chae Young Hwang, Sang-Min Park, Hoyeon Lee, Seung-Min Lee, Jeong Yi Choi, Su-Jin Baek, Taeyoung Kim, Yong Ryoul Yang, Ki-Sun Kwon
The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology.2026; 30(1): 19. CrossRef
Sesn2 is Associated with Attenuated Muscle Atrophy and Altered Expression of Key Myogenic and Autophagy Markers in Mdx Mice
Zubiao Song, Qing Lin, Jiahui Liang, Juanjuan He, Weixi Zhang
Journal of Molecular Neuroscience.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Age-related changes in adrenergic regulation of contractility and redox status of glycolytic and oxidative skeletal muscles
Julia G. Odnoshivkina, Guzel V. Sibgatullina, Svetlana A. Dmitrieva, Anastasia A. Ponomareva, Venera F. Khuzakhmetova, Ellya A. Bukharaeva, Alexey M. Petrov
GeroScience.2025; 48(4): 5957. CrossRef
Sestrin2 levels in patients with anxiety and depression myocardial infarction was up-regulated and suppressed inflammation and ferroptosis by LKB1-mediated AMPK activation
Yufeng Qian, Lian Chen, Beibei Gao, Xianhua Ye
Clinical and Experimental Hypertension.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Sestrin2 in diabetes and diabetic complications
Xiaodan Zhang, Zirui Luo, Jiahong Li, Yaxuan Lin, Yu Li, Wangen Li
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Articles

Thyroid Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Risk of Diabetes in Patients with Long-Standing Graves’ Disease: A Longitudinal Study: Eyun Song, Min Ji Koo, Eunjin Noh, Soon Young Hwang, Min Jeong Park, Jung A Kim, Eun Roh, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Geum Joon Cho, Hye Jin Yoo; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(6):1277-1286. Published online December 16, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1251

14,175 View
227 Download
15 Web of Science
16 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
The detrimental effects of excessive thyroid hormone on glucose metabolism have been widely investigated. However, the risk of diabetes in patients with long-standing hyperthyroidism, especially according to treatment modality, remains uncertain, with few longitudinal studies.
Methods
The risk of diabetes in patients with Graves’ disease treated with antithyroid drugs (ATDs) for longer than the conventional duration (≥2 years) was compared with that in age-and sex-matched controls. The risk was further compared according to subsequent treatment modalities after a 24-month course of ATD: continuation of ATD (ATD group) vs. radioactive iodine ablation (RIA) group.
Results
A total of 4,593 patients were included. Diabetes was diagnosed in 751 (16.3%) patients over a follow-up of 7.3 years. The hazard ratio (HR) for diabetes, after adjusting for various known risk factors, was 1.18 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10 to 1.28) in patients with hyperthyroidism. Among the treatment modality groups, the RIA group (n=102) had a higher risk of diabetes than the ATD group (n=4,491) with HR of 1.56 (95% CI, 1.01 to 2.42). Further, the risk of diabetes increased with an increase in the ATD treatment duration (P for trend=0.019).
Conclusion
The risk of diabetes was significantly higher in patients with long-standing Graves’ disease than in the general population, especially in patients who underwent RIA and prolonged ATD treatment. Special attention to hyperglycemia during follow-up along with effective control of hyperthyroidism may be necessary to reduce the risk of diabetes in these patients.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Graves’ disease: review of disease characteristics, burden, and treatments
Lesley-Ann Miller-Wilson, Erin Mandal, Kylle M. Tollefsen, Sarah Ronnebaum, Sofie Norregaard, Julie Chen
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Graves’ Disease and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Korean Population-Based Study
Yoon Young Cho, Bongseong Kim, Sang-Man Jin, Chan-Hee Jung, Ji Oh Mok, Sun Wook Kim, Jae Hoon Chung, Kyung-Do Han, Tae Hyuk Kim
Thyroid®.2025; 35(1): 60. CrossRef
Diabetes mellitus secondary to endocrine diseases: a position statement of the working group of the club of the Italian society of endocrinology (SIE)-Nutrition hormones and metabolism
Luigi Barrea, Massimiliano Caprio, Sebastio Perrini, Elisabetta Camajani, Andrea Crafa, Elena Gangitano, Stefania Gorini, Laura Sciacca, Ludovica Verde, Manuela Albertelli, Diego Ferone, Francesco Giorgino, Annamaria Colao, Gianluca Aimaretti, Giovanna Mu
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation.2025; 48(8): 1739. CrossRef
The Effect of Metformin on Prolactin Concentration in Women with Hyperprolactinemia and Subclinical Hyperthyroidism
Robert Krysiak, Karolina Kowalcze, Bogusław Okopień
Neuroendocrinology.2025; 115(6-7): 553. CrossRef
Increased risk of multisystem comorbidities and disease trajectories following hyperthyroidism: evidence from the 0.5 million UK Biobank population
Qiuyuan Chen, Doudou Chen, Xinpan Wang, Yunhao Zheng, Longyao Zhang, Zaiming Li, Xiaoyu Wu, Qin Chen, Ruyang Zhang, Feng Chen, Tao Yang, Xuqin Zheng, Yongyue Wei
Endocrine Connections.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Safety of non-standard regimen of systemic steroid therapy in patients with Graves’ orbitopathy: a single-centre experience
Nadia Sawicka-Gutaj, Dawid Gruszczyński, Natalia Zawalna, Kacper Nijakowski, Agnieszka Skiba, Mateusz Pochylski, Jerzy Sowiński, Marek Ruchała
Pharmacological Reports.2024; 76(1): 185. CrossRef
Increased risk of diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer
Hwa Young Ahn, Jooyoung Lee, Jinmo Kang, Eun Kyung Lee
European Journal of Endocrinology.2024; 190(3): 248. CrossRef
Evaluation of the Dysregulation of Cholesterol and Glucose Levels in Graves' Disease Using Clinical Data Analysis
Zainab Razaq Kareem, Fatin Fadhel Al-Kazazz, Ahmed Mahdi Rheima, Ameer Radhi Sultan
Reports of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.2024; 13(2): 159. CrossRef
Prevalencia de diabetes en personas con disfunción tiroidea
Juan J. Díez, Pedro Iglesias
Medicina Clínica.2023; 160(8): 333. CrossRef
Control of Thyroid Dysfunction in Spanish Population Registered in the Primary Care Clinical Database: An Analysis of the Proportion of Patients with Thyrotropin Values Outside the Reference Range
Juan J. Díez, Pedro Iglesias
Hormone and Metabolic Research.2023; 55(03): 184. CrossRef
Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and its relationship to income level and employment status: a nationwide population-based study in Spain
Juan J. Díez, Pedro Iglesias
Hormones.2023; 22(2): 243. CrossRef
Prevalence of diabetes in people with thyroid dysfunction
Juan J. Díez, Pedro Iglesias
Medicina Clínica (English Edition).2023; 160(8): 333. CrossRef
Diabetes Mellitus Secondary to Endocrine Diseases: An Update of Diagnostic and Treatment Particularities
Mihaela Simona Popoviciu, Lorena Paduraru, Raluca Marinela Nutas, Alexandra Maria Ujoc, Galal Yahya, Kamel Metwally, Simona Cavalu
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(16): 12676. CrossRef
Thyroid Eye Disease and Its Association With Diabetes Mellitus: A Major Review
Roshmi Gupta, Pramila Kalra, Lakshmi B. Ramamurthy, Suryasnata Rath
Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery.2023; 39(6S): S51. CrossRef
Metabolite Changes during the Transition from Hyperthyroidism to Euthyroidism in Patients with Graves’ Disease
Ho Yeop Lee, Byeong Chang Sim, Ha Thi Nga, Ji Sun Moon, Jingwen Tian, Nguyen Thi Linh, Sang Hyeon Ju, Dong Wook Choi, Daiki Setoyama, Hyon-Seung Yi
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2022; 37(6): 891. CrossRef
Diabetes and Hyperthyroidism: Is There a Causal Link?
Sang Yong Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(6): 1175. CrossRef

Clinical Study
Gender-Dependent Reference Range of Serum Calcitonin Levels in Healthy Korean Adults: Eyun Song, Min Ji Jeon, Hye Jin Yoo, Sung Jin Bae, Tae Yong Kim, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Hong-Kyu Kim, Won Gu Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):365-373. Published online April 7, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.939

11,883 View
178 Download
8 Web of Science
9 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
Serum calcitonin measurement contains various clinical and methodological aspects. Its reference level is wide and unclear despite sensitive calcitonin kits are available. This study aimed to identify the specific reference range in the healthy Korean adults.
Methods
Subjects were ≥20 years with available calcitonin (measured by a two-site immunoradiometric assay) data by a routine health checkup. Three groups were defined as all eligible subjects (group 1, n=10,566); subjects without self or family history of thyroid disease (group 2, n=5,152); and subjects without chronic kidney disease, autoimmune thyroid disease, medication of proton pump inhibitor/H2 blocker/steroid, or other malignancies (group 3, n=4,638).
Results
This study included 6,341 male and 4,225 female subjects. Males had higher mean calcitonin than females (2.3 pg/mL vs. 1.9 pg/mL, P<0.001) in group 1. This gender difference remained similar in groups 2 and 3. Calcitonin according to age or body mass index was not significant in both genders. Higher calcitonin in smoking than nonsmoking men was observed but not in women. Sixty-nine subjects had calcitonin higher than the upper reference limit (10 pg/mL) and 64 of them had factors associated with hypercalcitoninemia besides medullary thyroid cancer. Our study suggests the reference intervals for men who were non, ex-, current smokers, and women (irrespective of smoking status) as <5.7, <7.1, <7.9, and <3.6 pg/mL, respectively.
Conclusion
Specific calcitonin reference range should be provided considering for sex and smoking status. Taking account for several factors known to induce hypercalcitoninemia can help interpret the gray zone of moderately elevated calcitonin.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The Pitfalls of Calcitonin as a Tumor Marker: Real-Life Data of Patients with Elevated Basal Calcitonin Levels but Without Evidence of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Ann-Kathrin Lederer, Constantin-Leonard Jacob Kessler, Nabila Bouzakri, Oana Lozan, Florian Wild, Katharina Theresa Rauschkolb-Olk, Heidi Rossmann, Hauke Lang, Thomas J. Musholt
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2026; 15(7): 2500. CrossRef
Laboratory diagnostics and follow-up of medullary thyroid cancer
Luca Giovanella, Federica D’Aurizio, Petra Petranović Ovčariček, Jacquelien J Hillebrand
Journal of Molecular Endocrinology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Circulating Biomarkers in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: Bridging Laboratory Complexities and Clinical Application Through Algorithm Design
Luca Giovanella, Federica D’Aurizio, Petra Petranović Ovčariček
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(16): 5645. CrossRef
Determinants of circulating calcitonin value: analysis of thyroid features, demographic data, anthropometric characteristics, comorbidities, medications, and smoking habits in a population with histological full exclusion of medullary thyroid carcinoma
Pierpaolo Trimboli, Giuseppe Peloni, Dorotea Confalonieri, Elena Gamarra, Tommaso Piticchio, Francesco Frasca, Petra Makovac, Arnoldo Piccardo, Lorenzo Ruinelli
Frontiers in Oncology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Surgical treatment of solid variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: Fifteen-year experience of a tertiary center
Katarina Tausanović, Marina Stojanović, Milan Jovanović, Boban Stepanović, Jovan Ilić, Sara Ivaniš, Vladan Živaljević
Medicinska istrazivanja.2024; 57(1): 121. CrossRef
Impact of dietary, lifestyle and sociodemographic factors on calcitonin levels in a healthy population
Ivana Gunjača, Mirjana Babić Leko, Nikolina Pleić, Ante Jurić, Dubravka Brdar, Vesela Torlak, Marko Vuletić, Ante Punda, Ozren Polašek, Caroline Hayward, Tatijana Zemunik
Bone.2024; 187: 117214. CrossRef
Some genetic differences in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Hosam M. Ahmad, Zaki M. Zaki, Asmaa S. Mohamed, Amr E. Ahmed
BMC Research Notes.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Presence or severity of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis does not influence basal calcitonin levels: observations from CROHT biobank
M. Cvek, A. Punda, M. Brekalo, M. Plosnić, A. Barić, D. Kaličanin, L. Brčić, M. Vuletić, I. Gunjača, V. Torlak Lovrić, V. Škrabić, V. Boraska Perica
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation.2022; 45(3): 597. CrossRef
Environmental Factors That Affect Parathyroid Hormone and Calcitonin Levels
Mirjana Babić Leko, Nikolina Pleić, Ivana Gunjača, Tatijana Zemunik
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 23(1): 44. CrossRef

Clinical Study
Impact of the Dynamic Change of Metabolic Health Status on the Incident Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study: Jung A Kim, Da Hye Kim, Seon Mee Kim, Yong Gyu Park, Nan Hee Kim, Sei Hyun Baik, Kyung Mook Choi, Kyungdo Han, Hye Jin Yoo; Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(4):406-414. Published online December 23, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.4.406

11,634 View
100 Download
23 Web of Science
27 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Metabolically healthy obese (MHO) is regarded as a transient concept. We examined the effect of the dynamic change of metabolic health status on the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) both in obese and normal weight individuals.

Methods

We analyzed 3,479,514 metabolically healthy subjects aged over 20 years from the Korean National Health Screening Program, who underwent health examination between 2009 and 2010, with a follow-up after 4 years. The relative risk for T2DM incidence until the December 2017 was compared among the four groups: stable metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW), unstable MHNW, stable MHO, and unstable MHO.

Results

During the 4 years, 11.1% of subjects in the MHNW group, and 31.5% in the MHO group converted to a metabolically unhealthy phenotype. In the multivariate adjusted model, the unstable MHO group showed the highest risk of T2DM (hazard ratio [HR], 4.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.58 to 4.77). The unstable MHNW group had a higher risk of T2DM than stable MHO group ([HR, 3.23; 95% CI, 3.16 to 3.30] vs. [HR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.76 to 1.85]). The stable MHO group showed a higher risk of T2DM than the stable MHNW group. The influence of the transition into a metabolically unhealthy phenotype on T2DM incidence was greater in subjects with aged <65 years, women, and those with weight gain.

Conclusion

Metabolically healthy phenotype was transient both in normal weight and obese individuals. Maintaining metabolic health was critical for the prevention of T2DM, irrespective of their baseline body mass index.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Association between albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) score and metabolically healthy obesity among US adults: findings from NHANES 2005–2018
Chenyi Ji, Fang Liu
BMC Endocrine Disorders.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Metabolic health phenotypes and cardiovascular disease among U.S. adults with central obesity: Evidence from NHANES 2011– March 2020
David Kweku Aseda Donkor, Emmanuel Amoako Agyei, Samuel Prince Osei, Frederick Frimpong Opuni, Evelyn Gyau-Boakye, Maxwell Emmie, Adwoa Benyiwah Amoah, Sandra Agyenim Boateng, Dennis Dela Tsagli, Eunice Akomaning
Obesity Pillars.2026; 18: 100267. CrossRef
Dynamic Changes in Metabolic Syndrome Severity Score and Its Components with Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Insights from Joint Longitudinal and Survival Modeling
Safdar Masoumi, Ebrahim Hajizadeh, Farzad Eskandari, Davood Khalili
Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders.2026; 24(6): 258. CrossRef
Sex-stratified associations of TyG index and HOMA-IR changes with incident type 2 diabetes
Sojin Kim, Sujeong Shin, Yoosoo Chang, Eunju Sung, Jae-Heon Kang
Scientific Reports.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Association of obesity phenotypes with risk of cardiovascular disease mortality: a prospective cohort study
Ruixue Song, Yanfeng Jiang, Jiaojiao Pang, Shuo Wu, Jingjing Ma, Ping Li, Xiaohui Wu, Feng Xu, Jiali Wang, Xingdong Chen, Yuguo Chen
BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Dynamic Changes in Metabolic Status Are Associated With Risk of Ocular Motor Cranial Nerve Palsies
Daye Diana Choi, Kyung-Ah Park, Kyungdo Han, Sei Yeul Oh
Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology.2024; 44(3): 386. CrossRef
Metabolically healthy obese individuals are still at high risk for diabetes: Application of the marginal structural model
Hye Ah Lee, Hyesook Park
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2024; 26(2): 431. CrossRef
The prevalence of metabolically healthy obesity and its transition into the unhealthy state: A 5‐year follow‐up study
Amir Baniasad, Mohammad Javad Najafzadeh, Hamid Najafipour, Mohammad Hossein Gozashti
Clinical Obesity.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
When Being Lean Is Not Enough: The Metabolically Unhealthy Normal Weight Phenotype and Cardiometabolic Disease
Dahyun Park, Min-Jeong Shin, Faidon Magkos
CardioMetabolic Syndrome Journal.2024; 4(2): 57. CrossRef
Association of anthropometric parameters as a risk factor for development of diabetic retinopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus
Aditya Verma, Ashok Jha, Ahmed Roshdy Alagorie, Rishi Sharma
Eye.2023; 37(2): 303. CrossRef
From Metabolic Syndrome to Type 2 Diabetes in Youth
Dario Iafusco, Roberto Franceschi, Alice Maguolo, Salvatore Guercio Nuzio, Antonino Crinò, Maurizio Delvecchio, Lorenzo Iughetti, Claudio Maffeis, Valeria Calcaterra, Melania Manco
Children.2023; 10(3): 516. CrossRef
Assessment of Metabolic Syndrome Risk Based on Body Size Phenotype in Korean Adults: Analysis of Community-based Cohort Data
Ji Young Kim, Youngran Yang
Research in Community and Public Health Nursing.2023; 34: 158. CrossRef
Prevalence and factors related to the metabolically obese normalweight (MONW) phenotype: a review
Edyta Suliga, Martyna Głuszek-Osuch, Stanisław Głuszek
Medical Studies.2023; 39(1): 73. CrossRef
New metabolic health definition might not be a reliable predictor for diabetes in the nonobese Chinese population
Liying Li, Ziqiong Wang, Haiyan Ruan, Muxin Zhang, Linxia Zhou, Xin Wei, Ye Zhu, Jiafu Wei, Xiaoping Chen, Sen He
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2022; 184: 109213. CrossRef
Metabolically healthy obesity: Is it really healthy for type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Qi Wu, Ming-Feng Xia, Xin Gao
World Journal of Diabetes.2022; 13(2): 70. CrossRef
Metabolically obese phenotype and its dynamic change are associated with increased carotid intima-media thickness: Results from a cohort study
Liping Yang, Xue Li, Li Wang, Shan Xu, Yanmei Lou, Fulan Hu
Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases.2022; 32(9): 2238. CrossRef
Obesity Metabolic Phenotype, Changes in Time and Risk of Diabetes Mellitus in an Observational Prospective Study on General Population
Chan Yang, Xiaowei Liu, Yuanyuan Dang, Juan Li, Jingyun Jing, Di Tian, Jiangwei Qiu, Jiaxing Zhang, Ni Yan, Xiuying Liu, Yi Zhao, Yuhong Zhang
International Journal of Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Implications of metabolic health status and obesity on the risk of kidney cancer: A nationwide population-based cohort study
Yun Kyung Cho, Hwi Seung Kim, Joong-Yeol Park, Woo Je Lee, Ye-Jee Kim, Chang Hee Jung
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Metabolic health is a determining factor for incident colorectal cancer in the obese population: A nationwide population‐based cohort study
Yun Kyung Cho, Jiwoo Lee, Hwi Seung Kim, Joong‐Yeol Park, Woo Je Lee, Ye‐Jee Kim, Chang Hee Jung
Cancer Medicine.2021; 10(1): 220. CrossRef
Cumulative Exposure to Metabolic Syndrome Components and the Risk of Dementia: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
Yunjung Cho, Kyungdo Han, Da Hye Kim, Yong-Moon Park, Kun-Ho Yoon, Mee Kyoung Kim, Seung-Hwan Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(2): 424. CrossRef
Excessive Intake of High-Fructose Corn Syrup Drinks Induces Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Hidemi Hattori, Yuma Hanai, Yuto Oshima, Hiroaki Kataoka, Nozomu Eto
Biomedicines.2021; 9(5): 541. CrossRef
The risk of Alzheimer’s disease according to dynamic changes in metabolic health and obesity: a nationwide population-based cohort study
Yun Kyung Cho, Jiwoo Lee, Hwi Seung Kim, Joong-Yeol Park, Woo Je Lee, Ye-Jee Kim, Chang Hee Jung
Aging.2021; 13(13): 16974. CrossRef
Metabolically healthy obesity: predictors of transformation to unhealthy phenotype in St Petersburg population (according to the ESSE-RF study)
M. A. Boyarinova, O. P. Rotar, A. M. Erina, N. A. Paskar, A. S. Alieva, E. V. Moguchaia, E. P. Kolesova, A. O. Konradi
"Arterial’naya Gipertenziya" ("Arterial Hypertension").2021; 27(3): 279. CrossRef
Physiological and Lifestyle Traits of Metabolic Dysfunction in the Absence of Obesity
Hanna Bjørk Klitgaard, Jesper Hoffmann Kilbak, Erica Arhnung Nozawa, Ann V. Seidel, Faidon Magkos
Current Diabetes Reports.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Exploring Therapeutic Targets to Reverse or Prevent the Transition from Metabolically Healthy to Unhealthy Obesity
Tenzin D. Dagpo, Christopher J. Nolan, Viviane Delghingaro-Augusto
Cells.2020; 9(7): 1596. CrossRef
Prepregnancy smoking and the risk of gestational diabetes requiring insulin therapy
Mee Kyoung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Sang Youn You, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Kun-Ho Yoon, Seung-Hwan Lee
Scientific Reports.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Obesity with and without type 2 diabetes: are there differences in obesity history, lifestyle factors or concomitant pathology?
E. A. Shestakova, Yu. I. Yashkov, O. Yu. Rebrova, M. V. Kats, M. D. Samsonova, I. I. Dedov
Obesity and metabolism.2020; 17(4): 332. CrossRef

Case Report

A Case of Multiple Osteoporotic Compression Fractures in Young Man with Budd-Chiari Syndrome.: Sun Hwa Kim, Tae Un Yang, Byeong Kwang Choi, Hye Jin Yoo, Ji A Seo, Kyung Mook Choi, Nan Hee Kim, Sin Gon Kim, Sei Hyun Baik, Dong Seop Choi, Hae Yoon Choi; Endocrinol Metab. 2012;27(4):334-339. Published online December 20, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2012.27.4.334

3,367 View
31 Download

Abstract PDF: Osteoporosis in young men is extremely rare. In this report, we demonstrate a rare case of multiple vertebral fractures discovered in a young man with Budd-Chiari syndrome without prior history of trauma. A 29-year-old man was diagnosed as Budd-Chiari syndrome 12 years ago and underwent a mesocaval shunt to relieve the hepatic vein obstruction and was on warfarin therapy. He suffered from low back pain and it was not relieved by analgesics. A T-L spine X-ray revealed multiple compression fractures and the z-score at lumbar spine was -3.7 which is below the expected range for that age. The patient was treated with calcium, vitamin D and bisphosphonate, and showed clinical improvement. This case highlights the importance of the investigation for secondary osteoporosis in young adults with an underlying disease that alters bone metabolism.

Original Article

Thyroid Dysfunction of North Korean Women Living in South Korea, Focusing on Subclinical Hypothyroidism.: Joo Hyung Kim, Sol Ah Park, Nam Hoon Kim, Jae Hee Ahn, Yoon Jung Kim, Myongjin Cho, Yoon Jung Lee, Hye Jin Yoo, Hee Young Kim, Ji A Seo, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Dong Seop Choi, Sin Gon Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2012;27(3):200-207. Published online September 19, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2012.27.3.200

10,162 View
32 Download
2 Crossref

Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Thyroid function depends on ethnic and environmental factors. North Korean refugees have the same genetic background as South Koreans, but they have been exposed to different environments. This study examines the prevalence and pattern of thyroid disorders in North Korean women living in South Korea, focusing on subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). METHODS: The intended sample was a total of 327 North Korean women residing in Seoul. Health questionnaires and medical examinations, including serum thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH), free thyroxine, and thyroid autoantibodies, were conducted. RESULTS: The prevalence of SCH was 9.4%. In logistic regression analysis, smoking, menopause, length of stay in South Korea, body mass index, history of thyroid disease, and metabolic syndrome were not associated with the risk of SCH. Whereas, the positivity of autoantibodies were associated with a high risk for SCH (odds ratio [OR], 4.840; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.80-13.017; P = 0.002), and age was associated with a low risk for SCH (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.888-0.994; P = 0.031). The serum TSH levels also decreased with increasing age, and in particular, there was significant difference between 30-39 years, and over 60 years (2.33 +/- 1.51 microIU/mL vs. 1.54 +/- 0.73 microIU/mL, P = 0.028). CONCLUSION: In North Korean women, the positivity of autoantibodies was associated with a high risk for SCH. But interestingly, a younger age was associated with a high risk for SCH. Considering that they suffered from severe famine at the period of growth, and this led to malnutrition, their thyroid dysfunction might be associated with the peculiar environment that they experienced.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Systematic review of evidence on public health in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
John J Park, Ah-Young Lim, Hyung-Soon Ahn, Andrew I Kim, Soyoung Choi, David HW Oh, Owen Lee-Park, Sharon Y Kim, Sun Jae Jung, Jesse B Bump, Rifat Atun, Hee Young Shin, Kee B Park
BMJ Global Health.2019; 4(2): e001133. CrossRef
Environmental Factors and Thyroid Dysfunction
Hyun-Kyung Chung
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2012; 27(3): 191. CrossRef

Editorial

Impact of the Serum Adiponectin Concentration on the Progression of Carotid Atherosclerosis in Patient with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.: Hye Jin Yoo, Kyung Mook Choi; Endocrinol Metab. 2012;27(1):28-30. Published online March 1, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2012.27.1.28

2,829 View
20 Download

Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

Case Reports

Hyperprolactinemia-Associated Breast Uptake of Radioiodine Following 131I Postablation Scan in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.: Jae Hee Ahn, Sun Young Kim, Ye Ji Kim, Suk Young Lee, Jae Hyoung Lee, Seung Hun Kang, Ho Cheol Hong, Sae Jeong Yang, Hye Jin Yoo, Ji A Seo, Sin Gon Kim, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Dong Seop Choi, Hae Yoon Choi; Endocrinol Metab. 2011;26(4):345-347. Published online December 1, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2011.26.4.345

6,205 View
23 Download
1 Crossref

Abstract PDF

Scanning with whole-body 131I scintigraphy after surgery has been a valuable diagnostic modality in the surveillance of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Radioiodine uptake is rarely observed in non-lactating breast tissue, which mimics thyroid cancer metastasis. We now report a case of a 45-year-old female thyroid cancer patient who underwent radioiodine therapy, and in whom breast uptake of radioiodine was observed on a post-therapy whole body scan. Her serum prolactin level was elevated to 328 ng/mL at the time of the radioiodine uptake, and the hyperprolactinemia was induced by her antipsychotic medications. Six months after she discontinued that medication, her serum prolactin level was normalized to 12.6 ng/mL and breast uptake of iodine was no longer present in a follow-up whole body scan.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Incidental Findings of Intense Radioiodine Uptake in Struma Ovarii and Bilateral Nonlactating Breasts Simultaneously on Postablation 131I SPECT/CT for Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Hye-kyung Shim, Mi Ra Kim
Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.2016; 50(4): 353. CrossRef

Successful Localization of Distant Metastasis in Parathyroid Carcinoma Using Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Assay.: Ho Cheol Hong, Sun Won Kim, Tae Hyung Kim, In Hye Cha, Jae Hee Ahn, Hye Jin Yoo, Hee Young Kim, Ji A Seo, Hyun Koo Kim, Sin Gon Kim, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Jae Bok Lee, Sei Hyun Baik, Dong Seop Choi; Endocrinol Metab. 2011;26(1):92-96. Published online March 1, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2011.26.1.92

3,791 View
24 Download
1 Crossref

Abstract PDF

Intra-operative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) assay is a useful tool to confirm complete excision of all hyper-functioning parathyroid gland tissue. In this report, we describe a case with successful localization of distant metastasis in a patient with parathyroid carcinoma using the IOPTH assay. A 53-year-old man presented to our clinic with a serum calcium level of 11.8 mg/dL and an intact PTH level of 233.3 pg/mL. He had been treated for parathyroid carcinoma eleven years ago. Two suspected metastatic lesions were detected on the chest computed tomography. Due to the vastly different surgical field necessary to excise each lesion, we preferentially removed only one lesion and we monitored the other remaining suspected lesion without resection via IOPTH assay. Six months later, the patient's serum calcium and intact PTH levels remained within their normal ranges. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case to effectively utilize IOPTH assay for the management of metastatic parathyroid carcinoma.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The association of abdominal obesity, obesity and parathyroid hormone in Korean adults (aged≥50 years): The Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey, 2011
Kyu Su Lee, Yo Sang Yoon, Hyun Yoon
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2015; 16(6): 3882. CrossRef

Two Cases of Acromegaly with Empty Sella Syndrome Treated by Long-Acting Release Octreotide.: Dong Jin Kim, Young Jin Seo, Nam Hoon Kim, Hye Soo Chung, Chai Ryoung Eun, Hye Jung Choi, Hye Sook Kim, Sae Jeong Yang, Juri Park, Hye Jin Yoo, Soo Yeon Park, Yun Jeong Lee, Ohk Hyun Ryu, Kye Won Lee, Hee Young Kim, Ji A Seo, Sin Gon Kim, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Dong Seop Choi; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(2):135-141. Published online April 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.2.135

3,678 View
37 Download

Abstract PDF: Two cases of typical acromegaly with empty sella syndrome presented to our institution. In the natural course of untreated pituitary adenoma, empty sella syndrome may result from necrosis by infarction or from hemorrhage of the pituitary gland. In our patients, the secretion of growth hormone continued in spite of the existence of empty sella syndrome. In one case, we confirmed the hypersecretion of growth hormone from sella by jugular vein sampling. Medical therapy with somatostatin analogue was attempted because there was no obvious mass in the sella. After 6~12 months of treatment with long-acting release octreotide, clinical features in our patients were improved, and the level of growth hormone and IGF-1 were also normalized.

Original Article

Comparison of Target Organ Damages between Primary Aldosteronism and Essential Hypertension.: Juri Park, Dong Jin Kim, Sae Jeong Yang, Sook Hae Kim, Soo Yeon Park, Hye Jin Yoo, Yun Jeong Lee, Hee Young Kim, Ohk Hyun Ryu, Kye Won Lee, Ji A Seo, Sin Gon Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Dong Seop Choi; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(1):11-18. Published online February 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.1.11

3,983 View
21 Download
3 Crossref

Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
A number of recent clinical studies have reported marked target organ damages in patients with primary aldosteronism. The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of target organ damages in patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) and essential hypertension (EHT). METHODS: The clinical records of 41 PA patients, over a 20-year period, were retrospectively analyzed. The clinical characteristics and incidence of target organ damages of 33 of the patients in this group were compared with those of 66 patients with essential hypertension, directly matched for age, gender and mean blood pressure. 8 of the PA patients could not be matched with EHT patients for age, gender and mean blood pressure, so were excluded from the comparison. The patients with essential hypertension were sampled from patients who visited for the evaluation of hypertension. RESULTS: Ischemic heart diseases were found in 18.2 and 10.6% of patients with PA and EHT, respectively (P = 0.22). From echocardiograms, left ventricular hypertrophy was found in 93.3% and 61.4% of patients with PA and EHT, respectively (P = 0.017). The degrees of left ventricular hypertrophy were correlated with the levels of serum aldosterone, with an r value of 0.490 (P < 0.005). Cerebrovascular attack was found in 18.2% and 1.5% of patients with PA and EHT, respectively (P = 0.005). Hypertensive retinopathy was found in 50% and 33.3% of patients with PA and EHT (P = 0.255), and nephropathy was found in 42.4% and 25.8% of patients with PA and EHT, respectively (P = 0.074). CONCLUSION: Patients with primary aldosteronism had target organ damages more frequently than with those with essential hypertension, which was independent of blood pressure.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Changes in the clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism
Sun Hwa Kim, Jae Hee Ahn, Ho Cheol Hong, Hae Yoon Choi, Yoon Jung Kim, Nam Hoon Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Hee Young Kim, Ji A Seo, Nan Hee Kim, Sin Gon Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Dong Seop Choi
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2014; 29(2): 217. CrossRef
Comparing the Prevalence of Primary Aldosteronism in Hypertensive Diabetic and Non-diabetic Patients
Yi Sun Jang, Koon Soon Kim, Hye Soo Kim
Journal of Korean Endocrine Society.2009; 24(4): 254. CrossRef
Aldosterone as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor
Soon Jib Yoo
Journal of Korean Endocrine Society.2007; 22(1): 8. CrossRef

Case Reports

A Case of Sheehan's Syndrome Presenting Central Diabetes Insipidus.: Dong Jin Kim, Nan Hee Kim, Ju Ri Park, Sae Jeong Yang, Hye Suk Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Soo Yeon Park, Ohk Hyun Ryu, Kye Won Lee, Hee Young Kim, Ji A Seo, Sin Gon Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Dong Seop Choi; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(4):333-337. Published online August 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.4.333

3,612 View
30 Download

Abstract PDF: Sheehan's syndrome occurs as a result of ischemic pituitary necrosis due to severe postpartum hemorrhage. The manifestations of this clinical syndrome are most often caused by a deficiency in the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland, whereas the neurohypophysis is usually preserved but can be involved in severe cases that manifest as diabetes insipidus. This is a report of Sheehan's syndrome that manifested with diabetes insipidus as presenting symptom 2 month's after delivery. The patient suffered massive bleeding, so received a blood transfusion. A combined pituitary stimulation and water deprivation test revealed deficiencies of not only anterior pituitary hormones, such as growth hormone and prolactin, but also of anti-diuretic hormone. We report this case, with a review of the literature.

A Case of Primary Hyperparathyroidism Caused by Cystic Parathyroid Adenoma, Diagnosed during Intra-Operative PTH Monitoring.: Hye Jin Yoo, Nan Hee Kim, Soo Yeon Park, Dong Jin Kim, Sae Jeung Yang, Ju Ri Park, Hee Young Kim, Ji A Seo, Kye Won Lee, Sin Gon Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Jae Bok Lee, Young Seok Lee, Sei Hyun Baik, Dong Seop Choi; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2005;20(3):278-282. Published online June 1, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2005.20.3.278

2,872 View
27 Download

Abstract PDF: Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most frequent cause of hypercalcemia, and its prevalence is increasing due to the routine examination of serum calcium levels. Primary hyperparathyroidims is most commonly caused by an adenoma or hyperplasia of the parathyroid gland. A cystic parathyroid adenoma is an extremely rare cause of primary hyperparathyroidism. In our case, a-79-year old female presented with lower back pain and constipation. Her serum calcium, phosphate and immunoreactive parathyroid homone levels were 15.6, 1.8mg/dL and 371.8pg/mL, respectively. Neck CT revealed a cystic mass and a contour bulging heterogeneous mass in the left inferior right thyroid gland, respectively. These mass lesions were removed, and the intra-operative parathyroid hormone levels monitored, to confirm the complete resection. After removing the left cystic mass to the inferior thyroid, the serum calcium and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone levels quickly returned to normal. We report a case of primary hyperparathyroidism, caused by a cystic parathyroid adenoma, with a brief review of the literature

A Case of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 11beta-Hydroxylase Deficiency.: Ohk Hyun Ryu, Hye Jin Yoo, Soo Yeon Park, Soon Beom Kwon, Sang Soo Park, Hee Young Kim, Kye Won Lee, Ji A Seo, Jeong Heon Oh, Sin Gon Kim, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Dong Seop Choi; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2004;19(1):58-63. Published online February 1, 2004

2,339 View
49 Download

Abstract PDF: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia refers to a group of autosomal recessive disorders that is defective in the synthesis of cortisol. The enzymes most often affected are 21-hydroxylase and 11beta hydroxylase. The low levels of cortisol stimulate the pituitary gland to release ACTH. Chronic elevation of the ACTH level causes bilateral adrenal hyperplasia and a secondary increase in androgen formation. We examined a 19 year-old woman presented with clitoral hypertrophy and vaginal spotting. The subjects basal level of serum cortisol was low, but the serum levels of ACTH, 17a-hydroxyprogesterone, deoxy-corticosterone were elevated. The urinary excretions of 17-ketosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids were also increased. The karyotyping study and transrectal ultrasonography showed normal findings. The patient underwent clitoris reduction surgery and received hydrocortisone. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of 11beta-Hydroxylase deficiency in Korea.

First
Prev
Page of 1
Next
Last

Search