Endocrinology and Metabolism

Original Articles

Rising Incidence and Comorbidities of Endogenous Hypothyroidism in Republic of Korea from 2004 to 2018: A Nationwide Population Study: Chae Won Chung, Hwa Young Ahn, Sun Wook Cho, Ka Hee Yi; Received March 28, 2024 Accepted July 15, 2024 Published online September 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1996 [Epub ahead of print]

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Hypothyroidism, a prevalent endocrine disorder, results from insufficient thyroid hormone production or release, affecting metabolism. However, disparities in comorbidities and treatment trajectories may exist between endogenous and exogenous hypothyroidism.
Methods
Data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service from 2004 to 2018. Endogenous hypothyroidism was defined as cases with two or more diagnostic codes for hypothyroidism coupled with a history of thyroid hormone intake exceeding 60 days. To eliminate iatrogenic hypothyroidism, individuals with diagnosis codes for thyroid cancer, treatment codes for thyroid surgery, or radiotherapy were excluded. Hypothyroidism-related comorbidities were defined as new occurrences of the corresponding diagnosis code after the diagnosis of hypothyroidism during the entire study period.
Results
The age-standardized incidence of endogenous hypothyroidism among men was 0.2 per 1,000 person-years in 2004, increasing to 0.8 in 2018. Among women, the incidence increased from 1.6 per 1,000 person-years in 2004 to 3.7 in 2018. When comparing age groups of 20s–50s and 60s–90s, both sexes in the 60s–90s demonstrated a more rapid increase in incidence than those in the 20s–50s age range. Patients with endogenous hypothyroidism demonstrated a higher incidence of mood disorders across all age groups and cerebrovascular disease in individuals ≥60 years old, regardless of sex.
Conclusion
In Republic of Korea, endogenous hypothyroidism incidence has been increased in recent years. The incidence of endogenous hypothyroidism is increasing more rapidly in men than in women, especially in the elderly. Patients with endogenous hypothyroidism seem to have a heightened risk for cerebrovascular disease and mood disorders.

Thyroid Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Prevalence, Treatment Status, and Comorbidities of Hyperthyroidism in Korea from 2003 to 2018: A Nationwide Population Study: Hwa Young Ahn, Sun Wook Cho, Mi Young Lee, Young Joo Park, Bon Seok Koo, Hang-Seok Chang, Ka Hee Yi; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(4):436-444. Published online July 12, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1684

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Background
This study aimed to investigate the changes of incidence and treatment of choice for hyperthyroidism from 2003 to 2018 and explore the treatment-related complications and concomitant comorbidities in South Korea using data from the National Health Insurance Service.
Methods
This is a retrospective observational study. Hyperthyroidism was defined as a case having two or more diagnostic codes of thyrotoxicosis, with antithyroid drug intake for more than 6 months.
Results
The average age-standardized incidence of hyperthyroidism from 2003 to 2018 was 42.23 and 105.13 per 100,000 men and women, respectively. In 2003 to 2004, hyperthyroidism was most often diagnosed in patients in their 50s, but in 2017 to 2018, people were most often diagnosed in their 60s. During the entire period, about 93.7% of hyperthyroidism patients were prescribed with antithyroid drugs, and meanwhile, the annual rates of ablation therapy decrease from 7.68% in 2008 to 4.56% in 2018. Antithyroid drug-related adverse events, mainly agranulocytosis and acute hepatitis, as well as complications of hyperthyroidism such as atrial fibrillation or flutter, osteoporosis, and fractures, occurred more often in younger patients.
Conclusion
In Korea, hyperthyroidism occurred about 2.5 times more in women than in men, and antithyroid drugs were most preferred as the first-line treatment. Compared to the general population, hyperthyroid patients may have a higher risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter, osteoporosis, and fractures at a younger age.

Citations

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Long-term Effect of Thyrotropin-binding Inhibitor Immunoglobulin on Atrial Fibrillation in Euthyroid Patients
Jung-Chi Hsu, Kang-Chih Fan, Ting-Chuan Wang, Shu-Lin Chuang, Ying-Ting Chao, Ting-Tse Lin, Kuan-Chih Huang, Lian-Yu Lin, Lung-Chun Lin
Endocrine Practice.2024; 30(6): 537. CrossRef
Treatment Patterns and Preferences for Graves’ Disease in Korea: Insights from a Nationwide Cohort Study
Kyeong Jin Kim, Jimi Choi, Soo Myoung Shin, Jung A Kim, Kyoung Jin Kim, Sin Gon Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(4): 659. CrossRef
Dynamic Risk Model for the Medical Treatment of Graves’ Hyperthyroidism according to Treatment Duration
Meihua Jin, Chae A Kim, Min Ji Jeon, Won Bae Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Won Gu Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(4): 579. CrossRef
The Current Status of Hyperthyroidism in Korea
Hyemi Kwon
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(4): 392. CrossRef
Is Thyroid Dysfunction Associated with Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms? A Population-Based, Nested Case–Control Study from Korea
Hyeree Park, Sun Wook Cho, Sung Ho Lee, Kangmin Kim, Hyun-Seung Kang, Jeong Eun Kim, Aesun Shin, Won-Sang Cho
Thyroid®.2023; 33(12): 1483. CrossRef

Review Article

Thyroid
Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease during Pregnancy and Postpartum: 2023 Revised Korean Thyroid Association Guidelines: Hwa Young Ahn, Ka Hee Yi; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(3):289-294. Published online June 9, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1696

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Thyroid hormone plays a critical role in fetal growth and development, and thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy is associated with several adverse outcomes, such as miscarriage and preterm birth. In this review, we introduce and explain three major changes in the revised Korean Thyroid Association (KTA) guidelines for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy: first, the normal range of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) during pregnancy; second, the treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism; and third, the management of euthyroid pregnant women with positive thyroid autoantibodies. The revised KTA guidelines adopt 4.0 mIU/L as the upper limit of TSH in the first trimester. A TSH level between 4.0 and 10.0 mIU/L, combined with free thyroxine (T4) within the normal range, is defined as subclinical hypothyroidism, and a TSH level over 10 mIU/L is defined as overt hypothyroidism regardless of the free T4 level. Levothyroxine treatment is recommended when the TSH level is higher than 4 mIU/L in subclinical hypothyroidism, regardless of thyroid peroxidase antibody positivity. However, thyroid hormone therapy to prevent miscarriage is not recommended in thyroid autoantibody-positive women with normal thyroid function.

Citations

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Use of thyroid hormones in hypothyroid and euthyroid patients: A survey of members of the Endocrine Society of Australia
Nicole Lafontaine, Suzanne J. Brown, Petros Perros, Enrico Papini, Endre V. Nagy, Roberto Attanasio, Laszlo Hegedüs, John P. Walsh
Clinical Endocrinology.2024; 100(5): 477. CrossRef
A Prospective Clinical Trial of Radiofrequency Ablation in Patients with Low-Risk Unifocal Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma Favoring Active Surveillance Over Surgery
Ji Ye Lee, Dong Gyu Na, Jung Suk Sim, Jin Yong Sung, Sun Wook Cho, Do Joon Park, Young Joo Park, Ji-hoon Kim
Thyroid®.2024; 34(9): 1126. CrossRef
Management of Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Focus on Proven Health Effects in the 2023 Korean Thyroid Association Guidelines
Eu Jeong Ku, Won Sang Yoo, Hyun Kyung Chung
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(4): 381. CrossRef
Maternal isolated hypothyroxinemia in the first trimester is not associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, except for macrosomia: a prospective cohort study in China
Jing Du, Linong Ji, Xiaomei Zhang, Ning Yuan, Jianbin Sun, Dan Zhao
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Editorial

Thyroid Thyroid Cancer Screening
The 2017 United States Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation for Thyroid Cancer Screening Is No Longer the Gold Standard: Ka Hee Yi; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(1):72-74. Published online February 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.106

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Thyroid nodules: diagnosis and management
Giorgio Grani, Marialuisa Sponziello, Sebastiano Filetti, Cosimo Durante
Nature Reviews Endocrinology.2024; 20(12): 715. CrossRef

Original Articles

Thyroid
Clinicopathological Characteristics and Recurrence-Free Survival of Rare Variants of Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas in Korea: A Retrospective Study: Mijin Kim, Sun Wook Cho, Young Joo Park, Hwa Young Ahn, Hee Sung Kim, Yong Joon Suh, Dughyun Choi, Bu Kyung Kim, Go Eun Yang, Il-Seok Park, Ka Hee Yi, Chan Kwon Jung, Bo Hyun Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(3):619-627. Published online June 10, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.974

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Background
We aimed to evaluate the clinicopathological features and biological behaviors of Korean thyroid cancer patients with rare variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) to address the ambiguity regarding the prognostic consequences of these variants.
Methods
We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 5,496 patients who underwent thyroid surgery for PTC, between January and December 2012, in nine tertiary hospitals. Rare PTC variants included tall cell (TCV), columnar cell (CCV), diffuse sclerosing (DSV), cribriform-morular (CMV), solid (SV), hobnail, and Warthin-like variants. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) was defined as the time from the date of thyroidectomy until recurrence.
Results
Rare variants accounted for 1.1% (n=63) of the PTC patients; with 0.9% TCV, 0.02% CCV, 0.1% DSV, 0.1% CMV, and 0.1% SV. The mean age of patients and primary tumor size were 42.1±13.1 years and 1.3±0.9 cm, respectively. Extrathyroidal extension and cervical lymph node metastasis were observed in 38 (60.3%) and 37 (58.7%) patients, respectively. Ultrasonographic findings revealed typical malignant features in most cases. During a median follow-up of 7 years, 6.3% of patients experienced a locoregional recurrence. The 5-year RFS rates were 71.4% in patients with DSV or SV, 95.9% for TCV, or CCV, and 100% for other variants. DSV emerged an independent risk factor associated with shorter RFS.
Conclusion
In this multicenter Korean cohort, rare variants accounted for 1.1% of all PTC cases, with TCV being the most frequent subtype. DSV emerged as a significant prognostic factor for RFS.

Citations

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Nomogram predicts cervical lymph node metastasis of pathological subtypes of papillary thyroid carcinoma
Ziyu Luo, Wenhan Li, Binliang Huo, Jianhui Li
Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Serum thyroglobulin testing after thyroid lobectomy in patients with 1–4 cm papillary thyroid carcinoma
Ahreum Jang, Meihua Jin, Chae A Kim, Min Ji Jeon, Yu-Mi Lee, Tae-Yon Sung, Tae Yong Kim, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Gu Kim
Endocrine.2023; 81(2): 290. CrossRef
Do Histologically Aggressive Subtypes of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma have Worse Clinical Outcome than Non-Aggressive Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma Subtypes? A Multicenter Cohort Study
Sayid Shafi Zuhur, Hunkar Aggul, Ugur Avci, Selvinaz Erol, Mazhar Müslüm Tuna, Serhat Uysal, Gulhan Akbaba, Faruk Kilinç, Merve Catak, Sakin Tekin, Ogun Irem Bilen, Beyza Olcay Öztürk, Ecem Bilgehan Erden, Gulsah Elbuken, Halise Cinar Yavuz, Pinar Kadiogl
Hormone and Metabolic Research.2023; 55(05): 323. CrossRef
The Warthin-like variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas: a clinicopathologic analysis report of two cases
Xing Zhao, Yijia Zhang, Pengyu Hao, Mingzhen Zhao, Xingbin Shen
Oncologie.2023; 25(5): 581. CrossRef
A Retrospective Cohort Study with Validation of Predictors of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Outcomes
Ayanthi Wijewardene, Anthony J. Gill, Matti Gild, Diana L. Learoyd, Anthony Robert Glover, Mark Sywak, Stan Sidhu, Paul Roach, Geoffrey Schembri, Jeremy Hoang, Bruce Robinson, Lyndal Tacon, Roderick Clifton-Bligh
Thyroid.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinicopathological Implications of the BRAFV600E Mutation in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma of Ukrainian Patients Exposed to the Chernobyl Radiation in Childhood: A Study for 30 Years After the Accident
Liudmyla Zurnadzhy, Tetiana Bogdanova, Tatiana I. Rogounovitch, Masahiro Ito, Mykola Tronko, Shunichi Yamashita, Norisato Mitsutake, Michael Bolgov, Serhii Chernyshov, Sergii Masiuk, Vladimir A. Saenko
Frontiers in Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Thyroid
Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Thyroid Cancer: Meta-Analysis: Joon-Hyop Lee, Young Jun Chai, Ka Hee Yi; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(3):590-598. Published online May 26, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.954

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Background
Although smoking is generally carcinogenic, its effect on thyroid cancers is still subject to controversy. The purpose of this study was to summarize the role of smoking in relation to thyroid cancer occurrence.
Methods
We performed a meta-analysis of 24 eligible studies: 21 case-control studies and three prospective cohort studies. The summary odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of all studies were acquired based on random effect model. Further subgroup analyses were conducted according to gender, histological type of thyroid cancer, and smoking status of patients for the case-control studies.
Results
The summary effect size indicated a negative association of smoking for thyroid cancer (OR, 0.798; 95% CI, 0.681 to 0.935). From the subgroup analyses for the case-control studies, reduced risk of thyroid cancer was observed in both men (OR, 0.734; 95% CI, 0.553 to 0.974) and women (OR, 0.792; 95% CI, 0.700 to 0.897). The protective effect of smoking was observed in studies in which thyroid cancer was limited to differentiated thyroid cancers (DTCs) (OR, 0.798; 95% CI, 0.706 to 0.902).
Conclusion
Our results suggests that smoking may have a protective effect on thyroid cancer, especially on DTCs. Further studies with larger sample sizes should be conducted in elucidating the dose and time dependent effect of smoking on thyroid cancer with specific focus on the types of thyroid cancers.

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Tobacco smoking, e-cigarette and thyroid: what are the risks of thyroid disorders
I. M. Belovalova, E. S. Shugurova, M. O. Korchagina, T. N. Borkhoeva, M. S. Sheremeta
Clinical and experimental thyroidology.2024; 19(2): 11. CrossRef
Evaluation of Risk Factors Associated with Recurrence and Death in Patients with Thyroid Cancer From 2008 to 2023 in the West of Iran
Salman Khazaei, Soheil Abdollahi Yeganeh, Seyed Ahmad Raza Salim Bahrami, Shiva Borzouei
Journal of Research in Health Sciences.2024; 24(4): e00632. CrossRef
Effect of electronic smoking (Vaping) on thyroid hormones level and lipid profile in men
N. Hasan, N. A. Nasser, A. D. Hussein, O. A. Mohsein
The Ukrainian Biochemical Journal.2024; 96(5): 55. CrossRef
Association of dietary manganese intake and the IL1R1 rs3917225 polymorphism with thyroid cancer risk: a prospective cohort study in Korea
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Thyroid
A Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Trial for Assessing the Usefulness of Suppressing Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Target Levels after Thyroid Lobectomy in Low to Intermediate Risk Thyroid Cancer Patients (MASTER): A Study Protocol: Eun Kyung Lee, Yea Eun Kang, Young Joo Park, Bon Seok Koo, Ki-Wook Chung, Eu Jeong Ku, Ho-Ryun Won, Won Sang Yoo, Eonju Jeon, Se Hyun Paek, Yong Sang Lee, Dong Mee Lim, Yong Joon Suh, Ha Kyoung Park, Hyo-Jeong Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, Mijin Kim, Sun Wook Kim, Ka Hee Yi, Sue K. Park, Eun-Jae Jung, June Young Choi, Ja Seong Bae, Joon Hwa Hong, Kee-Hyun Nam, Young Ki Lee, Hyeong Won Yu, Sujeong Go, Young Mi Kang, MASTER study group; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(3):574-581. Published online May 26, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.943

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Background
Postoperative thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) suppression therapy is recommended for patients with intermediate- and high-risk differentiated thyroid cancer to prevent the recurrence of thyroid cancer. With the recent increase in small thyroid cancer cases, the extent of resection during surgery has generally decreased. Therefore, questions have been raised about the efficacy and long-term side effects of TSH suppression therapy in patients who have undergone a lobectomy.
Methods
This is a multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial in which 2,986 patients with papillary thyroid cancer are randomized into a high-TSH group (intervention) and a low-TSH group (control) after having undergone a lobectomy. The principle of treatment includes a TSH-lowering regimen aimed at TSH levels between 0.3 and 1.99 μIU/mL in the low-TSH group. The high-TSH group targets TSH levels between 2.0 and 7.99 μIU/mL. The dose of levothyroxine will be adjusted at each visit to maintain the target TSH level. The primary outcome is recurrence-free survival, as assessed by neck ultrasound every 6 to 12 months. Secondary endpoints include disease-free survival, overall survival, success rate in reaching the TSH target range, the proportion of patients with major cardiovascular diseases or bone metabolic disease, the quality of life, and medical costs. The follow-up period is 5 years.
Conclusion
The results of this trial will contribute to establishing the optimal indication for TSH suppression therapy in low-risk papillary thyroid cancer patients by evaluating the benefit and harm of lowering TSH levels in terms of recurrence, metabolic complications, costs, and quality of life.

Citations

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Effect of thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression on quality of life in thyroid lobectomy patients: interim analysis of a multicenter, randomized controlled trial in low- to intermediate-risk thyroid cancer patients (MASTER study)
Ja Kyung Lee, Eu Jeong Ku, Su-jin Kim, Woochul Kim, Jae Won Cho, Kyong Yeun Jung, Hyeong Won Yu, Yea Eun Kang, Mijin Kim, Hee Kyung Kim, Junsun Ryu, June Young Choi
Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research.2024; 106(1): 19. CrossRef
Clinical impact of coexistent chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis on central lymph node metastasis in low- to intermediate-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma: The MASTER study
Da Beom Heo, Ho-Ryun Won, Kyung Tae, Yea Eun Kang, Eonju Jeon, Yong Bae Ji, Jae Won Chang, June Young Choi, Hyeong Won Yu, Eu Jeong Ku, Eun Kyung Lee, Mijin Kim, Jun-Ho Choe, Bon Seok Koo
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Dynamic Changes in Treatment Response af-ter ¹³¹I in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer and Their Relationship with Recurrence Risk Stratification and TNM Staging
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Korean Thyroid Association Guidelines on the Management of Differentiated Thyroid Cancers; Part II. Follow-up Surveillance after Initial Treatment 2024
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International Journal of Thyroidology.2024; 17(1): 115. CrossRef
Levothyroxine Dosage and the Increased Risk of Second Primary Malignancy in Thyroid Cancer Survivors
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Xiao Shi, Haitao Tang, Tingting Zhang, Yunjun Wang, Cenkai Shen, Yan Zhang, Yuxin Du, Wenjun Wei, Zimeng Li, Chuqiao Liu, Xiaoqi Mao, Shaoyan Liu, Qinghai Ji, Jie Liu, Yu Wang
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Prognostic Implications of Maintaining the Target Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Status Based on the 2015 American Thyroid Association Guidelines in Patients with Low-Risk Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma after Lobectomy: A 5-Year Landmark Analysis
Ye Won Jeon, Young Jin Suh, Seung Taek Lim
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ASO Author Reflections: Active Surveillance may be Possible in Patients with T1b Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Over 55 Years of Age Without High-Risk Features on Preoperative Examinations
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Clinical Study
A Phase II Multi-Center, Non-Randomized, Parallel Group, Non-Inferiority Study to Compare the Efficacy of No Radioactive Iodine Remnant Ablation to Remnant Ablation Treatment in Low- to Intermediate-Risk of Papillary Thyroid Cancer: The MOREthyroid Trial Protocol: Eun Kyung Lee, You Jin Lee, Young Joo Park, Jae Hoon Moon, Ka Hee Yi, Koon Soon Kim, Joo Hee Lee, Sun Wook Cho, Jungnam Joo, Yul Hwangbo, Sujeong Go, Do Joon Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(3):571-577. Published online September 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.681

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Background
Radioactive iodine (RAI) remnant ablation is recommended in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and extrathyroidal extension or central lymph node metastasis. However, there exists little evidence about the necessity of remnant ablation in PTC patients with low- to intermediate-risk, those have been increasing in recent decades.
Methods
This multicenter, prospective, non-randomized, parallel group clinical trial will enroll 310 eligible patients with low- to intermediate-risk of thyroid cancer. Inclusion criteria are patients who recently underwent total thyroidectomy for PTC with 3 or less tumors of size 1≤ to ≤2 cm with no microscopic extension and N0/x, or size ≤2 cm with microscopic extension and/or N1a (number of lymph node ≤3, size of tumor foci ≤0.2 cm, and lymph node ratio <0.4). Patients choose to undergo RAI ablation (¹³¹I, dose 1.1 GBq) or diagnostic whole-body scan (DxWBS) (¹³¹I or ¹²³I, dose 0.074 to 0.222 GBq), followed by subsequent measurement of stimulated thyroglobulin (sTg) within 1 year. Survey for quality of life (QOL) will be performed at baseline and at 1 year after follow-up. The total enrollment period is 5 years, and patients will be followed up for 1 year. The primary endpoint is the non-inferiority of surgery alone to surgery with ablation in terms of biochemical remission (BCR) rate (sTg ≤2 ng/mL) without evidence of structural recurrence. The secondary endpoint was the difference of QOL.
Conclusion
This study will evaluate whether surgery alone achieves similar BCR and improved QOL compared to RAI ablation in patients with low- to intermediate-risk PTC within 1 year.

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Sohyun Park, Ari Chong, Ho-Cheol Kang, Keunyoung Kim, Sun Wook Kim, Dong Gyu Na, Young Joo Park, Ji-In Bang, Youngduk Seo, Young Shin Song, So Won Oh, Eun Kyung Lee, Dong-Jun Lim, Yun Jae Chung, Chae Moon Hong, Sang-Woo Lee
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Assay of Thyrotropin Receptor Antibodies with Recombinant Human Thyrotropin Receptor Expressed on Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells.: Bo Youn Cho, Hong Kyu Lee, Chang Soon Koh, Jae Hoon Chung, Ka Hee Yi, Kyung Soo Ko, Won Bae Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1995;10(4):347-361. Published online November 7, 2019

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Abstract PDF: Thyroid stimulating antibody which results in the development of hyperthyroidism and goiter in Graves' patients used to be measured by using rat thyroid cells, FRTL-5. However, this assay has disadvantages: decreased sensitivity due to differences in species, and fastidious culture conditions for FRTL-5 cells. Thus, we recently created stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary(CHO) cells containing the human TSH receptor(hTSHR-CHO) and developed optimal conditions for the measurement of thyroid stimulating antibody using hTSHR-CHO cells. In this study, to evaluate the clinical relevance of thyroid stimulating antibody measurement using hTSHR-CHO cells, we measured thyroid stimulating antibody activities of IgGs from Graves' disease and other thyroid disease using hTSHR-CHO cells, and compared to those of thyroid stimulating antibody assays using FRTL-5 cells. 1) The cut off value of positive thyroid stimulating antibody activity measured in hTSHR-CHO cells was 145%(above the mean +2SD) which was lower than 165% in FRTL-5 cells. The intra-assay and inter-assay variances were 3.9% to 9.0% and 12.7% to 1.6%, respectively. 2) Thyroid stimulating antibody activity was detected in 90% of patients with untreated Graves' disease when patients initially presented. Further, in patients seen initially but already under therapy, 75% had positive values if they were hyperthyroid but only 43% had IgGs with activity if they were euthyroid. Patients in clinical remission after therapy showed positive values in 23% of cases. Only 2 of 25 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis showed weak thyroid stimulating antibody activity, none of 18 patients with nodular nontoxie goiter, 1 of 15 patients with primary myxedema, and 2 of 33 control patients with no thyroid disease. Thus, the detection frequency and specificity of the assay with hTSHR-CHO cells was excellent for this type bioassay.3) The detection frequency of thyroid stimulating antibody activity by hTSHR-CHO cells assay system(90%) was higher than that by FRTL-5 cells assay system(66%) in untreated Graves' patients. Those two activities were positively correlated with each other(r=0.52, p<0.001). However, some IgGs showed discrepancy of the thyroid stimulating antibody activity measured in hTSHR-CHO cells and in FRTL-5 cells; 56 of 87 patients were positive in both cells system, 8 of 87 were negative in both cells system, 1 of 87 was only positive in FRTL-5 cells and 22 of 87 were only positive in hTSHR-CHO cell system. Thus, 73%(22/30) of IgGs showing negative values of thyroid stimulating antibody activities in FRTL-5 cells were detected its activities in hTSHR-CHO cells system.In summary, thyroid stimulating antibody assay with hTSHR-CHO cells exhibited so excellent sensitivity and specificity that this technique should be used for clinical practice as well as basic research.

Thyroid Stimulating Antibody Assay with Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Expressing Human Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Receptor; Optimization of Assay Condition.: Bo Youn Cho, Hong Kyu Lee, Young Kee Shong, Chang Soon Koh, Ka Hee Yi, Yeon Sahng Oh, Won Bae Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1995;10(4):333-346. Published online November 7, 2019

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Abstract PDF: We investigated the optimal condition of thyroid stimulating antibody(TSAb) assay using Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with cDNA of human TSH receptor(TSHr-CHO) stably expressing functional TSH receptors. The extracellular cAMP responses of TSHr-CHO cells to the stimulation of bTSH or Graves' IgG were observed in three different incubation media. Stimulation indices of extracellular cAMP were higher when sucrose containing NaCl-free isotonic Hank's balanced salt solution(HBSS)(media A)was used as incubation media than those of NaCl-free hypotonic HBSS(media B) or those of NaCl containing isotonic HBSS(media C). The incubation of TSHr-CHO cells in media B caused marked increase in the basal cAMP level without concomittant fold-increase in the stimulated cAMP level at various doses of bTSH and Graves' IgG. Decreasing the stimulation indices of extracellular cAMP, use of media B failed to detect TSAb activities in two TSAb-positive Graves' IgG tested. In case of media C, extracellular cAMP responses are poor at 0.001 and 0.1U/L of bTSH and at all doses of Graves' IgG tested(0.5, 1, 5g/L). The incubation of TSHr-CHO cells in media B caused significant increase in the number of trypan blue-stained, nonviable cells(5.7+-1.5, 7.6+-1.9 and 8.5+-1.6% at 1, 2 and 3h of incubation, respectively; p<0.01) comparing to those incubated in media A or media C(about 2-3% in both media). Those decrease in the viability of TSHr-CHO cells when incubated in hypotonic incubation media may explain the decrease in the stimulation index of extracellular cAMP with the use of media B in contrast to the case of FRTL-5 cells. TSAb assay of 87 consecutive fresh Graves' patients with TSHr-CHO cells using media A detected TSAb activities in 90%(78 patients) of them, and moreover TSAb activities showed significant positive correlation with the pre-treatment serum T_3 and free T_4 levels of those patients. We conclude that TSAb assay with TSHr-CHO cells is a sensitive and physiologically relevant assay system to measure TSAb activities merely through measurements of extracellular cAMP provided that the cells are incubated in NaCl-free isotonic incubation media.

Case Report

A Case of Addison's Disease due to Tuberculosis.: Ji Young Kim, Ho Choon Jeon, Kyeong Young Kim, Sung Eun Cha, Hyung Seok Choi, In Sohn, Ka Hee Yi; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1994;10(3):306-310. Published online November 6, 2019

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Abstract PDF: We reported a case of Addison's disease due to tuberculosis, which was pathologically confirmed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. In a 39-year-old man with fatigue, weakness, and generalized cutaneous pigmentation, the diagnosis of Addison's disease was made by the finding of elevated plasma ACTH level and subnormal response to rapid ACTH test. Computed tomographic scan revealed bilateral adrenal mass with heterogenous uptake and peripheral rim enhancement, and calcification. Ultrasoundguided fine-deedle aspiration biopsy of the left adrenal mass disclosed granulomatous inflammation with caseation necrosis. The patient also had active tuberculosis in the right inguinal lymph node.

Corrigendum

Miscellaneous
Corrigendum: Author's Name Correction. Study Protocol of Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study of Active Surveillance on Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma (MAeSTro): Jae Hoon Moon, Ji-hoon Kim, Eun Kyung Lee, Kyu Eun Lee, Sung Hye Kong, Yeo Koon Kim, Woo-Jin Jeong, Chang Yoon Lee, Roh-Eul Yoo, Yul Hwangbo, Young Shin Song, Min Joo Kim, Sun Wook Cho, Su-jin Kim, Eun-Jae Chung, June Young Choi, Chang Hwan Ryu, You Jin Lee, Jeong Hun Hah, Yuh-Seog Jung, Junsun Ryu, Yunji Hwang, Sue K. Park, Ho Kyung Sung, Ka Hee Yi, Do Joon Park, Young Joo Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(3):427. Published online August 14, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.3.427

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Citations

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Invasiveness and Metastatic Aggressiveness in Small Differentiated Thyroid Cancers: Demography of Small Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas in the Swedish Population
Haytham Bayadsi, Martin Bergman, Malin Sund, Joakim Hennings
World Journal of Surgery.2020; 44(2): 461. CrossRef
Clinical and pathologic predictors of lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinomas
Ling Zhao, Xiaoya Sun, Yukun Luo, Fulin Wang, Zhaohui Lyu
Annals of Diagnostic Pathology.2020; 49: 151647. CrossRef

Original Articles

Thyroid
Study Protocol of Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study of Active Surveillance on Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma (MAeSTro): Jae Hoon Moon, Ji-hoon Kim, Eun Kyung Lee, Kyu Eun Lee, Sung Hye Kong, Yeo Koon Kim, Woo-jin Jung, Chang Yoon Lee, Roh-Eul Yoo, Yul Hwangbo, Young Shin Song, Min Joo Kim, Sun Wook Cho, Su-jin Kim, Eun Jae Jung, June Young Choi, Chang Hwan Ryu, You Jin Lee, Jeong Hun Hah, Yuh-Seog Jung, Junsun Ryu, Yunji Hwang, Sue K. Park, Ho Kyung Sung, Ka Hee Yi, Do Joon Park, Young Joo Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(2):278-286. Published online June 21, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.2.278

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Background

The ongoing Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study of Active Surveillance on Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma (MAeSTro) aims to observe the natural course of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), develop a protocol for active surveillance (AS), and compare the long-term prognosis, quality of life, and medical costs between the AS and immediate surgery groups.

Methods

This multicenter prospective cohort study of PTMC started in June 2016. The inclusion criteria were suspicious of malignancy or malignancy based on fine needle aspiration or core needle biopsy, age of ≥18 years, and a maximum diameter of ≤1 cm. If there was no major organ involvement, no lymph node/distant metastasis, and no variants with poor prognosis, the patients were explained of the pros and cons of immediate surgery and AS before selecting AS or immediate surgery. Follow-up visits (physical examination, ultrasonography, thyroid function, and questionnaires) are scheduled every 6 months during the first 2 years, and then every 1 year thereafter. Progression was defined as a maximum diameter increase of ≥3, ≥2 mm in two dimensions, suspected organ involvement, or lymph node/distant metastasis.

Results

Among 439 enrolled patients, 290 patients (66.1%) chose AS and 149 patients (33.9%) chose immediate surgery. The median follow-up was 6.7 months (range, 0.2 to 11.9). The immediate surgery group had a larger maximum tumor diameter, compared to the AS group (7.1±1.9 mm vs. 6.6±2.0 mm, respectively; P=0.014).

Conclusion

The results will be useful for developing an appropriate PTMC treatment policy based on its natural course and risk factors for progression.

Citations

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Thyroid
Star-Shaped Intense Uptake of ¹³¹I on Whole Body Scans Can Reflect Good Therapeutic Effects of Low-Dose Radioactive Iodine Treatment of 1.1 GBq: Sung Hye Kong, Jung Ah Lim, Young Shin Song, Shinje Moon, Ye An Kim, Min Joo Kim, Sun Wook Cho, Jae Hoon Moon, Ka Hee Yi, Do Joon Park, Bo Youn Cho, Young Joo Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(2):228-235. Published online May 4, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.2.228

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Background

After initial radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment in differentiated thyroid cancer patients, we sometimes observe a star-shaped region of intense uptake of ¹³¹I on whole body scans (WBSs), called a ‘star artifact.’ We evaluated the clinical implications of star artifacts on the success rate of remnant ablation and long-term prognosis.

Methods

Total 636 patients who received ¹³¹I dose of 1.1 GBq for the initial RAI therapy and who did not show distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis were retrospectively evaluated. A negative second WBS was used for evaluating the ablation efficacy of the RAI therapy. Among them, 235 patients (36.9%) showed a star artifact on their first WBS.

Results

In patients with first stimulated thyroglobulin (sTg) levels ≤2 ng/mL, patients with star artifacts had a higher rate of negative second WBS compared with those without star artifacts (77.8% vs. 63.9%, P=0.044), and showed significantly higher recurrence-free survival (P=0.043) during the median 8.0 years (range, 1.0 to 10.0) of follow-up. The 5- and 10-year recurrence rates (5YRR, 10YRR) were also significantly lower in patients with star artifacts compared with those without (0% vs. 4.9%, respectively, P=0.006 for 5YRR; 0% vs. 6.4%, respectively, P=0.005 for 10YRR). However, ablation success rate or recurrence-free survival was not different among patients whose first sTg levels >2 ng/mL regardless of star artifacts.

Conclusion

Therefore, star artifacts at initial RAI therapy imply a good ablation efficacy or a favorable long-term prognosis in patients with sTg levels ≤2 ng/mL.

Citations

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Prognostic value of star-shaped intense uptake of 131I in thyroid cancer patients
Liu Xiao, Wen Jie Zhang, Yue Qi Wang, Lin Li
Revista Española de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular (English Edition).2021; 40(1): 30. CrossRef
Valores pronósticos de la captación en estrella de 131I en pacientes con cáncer diferenciado de tiroides
L. Xiao, W.J. Zhang, Y.Q. Wang, L. Li
Revista Española de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular.2021; 40(1): 30. CrossRef
Comparison between planar and single-photon computed tomography images for radiation intensity quantification in iodine-131 scintigraphy
Yusuke Iizuka, Tomohiro Katagiri, Minoru Inoue, Kiyonao Nakamura, Takashi Mizowaki
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Review Article

Thyroid
The Revised 2016 Korean Thyroid Association Guidelines for Thyroid Nodules and Cancers: Differences from the 2015 American Thyroid Association Guidelines: Ka Hee Yi; Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(3):373-378. Published online September 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.3.373

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Increased detection of thyroid nodules using high-resolution ultrasonography has resulted in a world-wide increase in the incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Despite the steep increase in its incidence, the age-standardized mortality rate of thyroid cancer has remained stable, which leads toward a trend of more conservative treatment. The latest American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines for thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer revised in 2015 suggested that fine needle aspiration biopsy should be performed for thyroid nodules larger than 1 cm and lobectomy might be sufficient for 1 to 4 cm intrathyroidal DTC. In addition, active surveillance instead of immediate surgical treatment was also recommended as a treatment option for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma based on the results of a few observational studies from Japan. The Korean Thyroid Association (KTA) has organized a task force team to develop revised guidelines for thyroid nodules and DTC after an extensive review of articles and intense discussion on whether we should accept the changes in the 2015 ATA guidelines. This paper introduces and discusses the updated major issues and differences in the ATA and the KTA guidelines.

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Standard operating procedure (SOP) for cervical ultrasound cine loop video sequences in the follow-up of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC)
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Endocrine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Small Multi-Gene DNA Panel Can Aid in Reducing the Surgical Resection Rate and Predicting the Malignancy Risk of Thyroid Nodules
Moon Young Oh, Hye-Mi Choi, Jinsun Jang, Heejun Son, Seung Shin Park, Minchul Song, Yoo Hyung Kim, Sun Wook Cho, Young Jun Chai, Woosung Chung, Young Joo Park
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Prognostic Utility of Tumor Stage versus American Thyroid Association Risk Class in Thyroid Cancer
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The Laryngoscope.2023; 133(1): 205. CrossRef
Active surveillance for PTMC warranted for the UK population?
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Clinical Otolaryngology.2023; 48(1): 88. CrossRef
Cost-effectiveness of active surveillance versus early surgery for thyroid micropapillary carcinoma based on diagnostic and treatment norms in China
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Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Biopsy strategies for intermediate and high suspicion thyroid nodules with macrocalcifications
Sungmok Kim, Jae Ho Shin, Yon Kwon Ihn
Current Medical Research and Opinion.2023; 39(2): 179. CrossRef
Active surveillance versus immediate surgery: A comparison of clinical and quality of life outcomes among patients with highly suspicious thyroid nodules 1 cm or smaller in China
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European Journal of Surgical Oncology.2023; 49(9): 106917. CrossRef
SThy-Net: a feature fusion-enhanced dense-branched modules network for small thyroid nodule classification from ultrasound images
Abdulrhman H. Al-Jebrni, Saba Ghazanfar Ali, Huating Li, Xiao Lin, Ping Li, Younhyun Jung, Jinman Kim, David Dagan Feng, Bin Sheng, Lixin Jiang, Jing Du
The Visual Computer.2023; 39(8): 3675. CrossRef
Response to Letter to the Editor on Surgical Outcomes in Patients With Low-Risk Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma From MAeSTro Study: Immediate Operation Versus Delayed Operation Following Active Surveillance: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study
Hyeonuk Hwang, June Young Choi, Jae Hoon Moon, Eun Kyung Lee, Young Joo Park, Su-jin Kim, Yuh-Seog Jung
Annals of Surgery Open.2023; 4(3): e311. CrossRef
The Association of Pregnancy with Disease Progression in Patients Previously Treated for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Propensity Score-Matched Retrospective Cohort Study
Xin Li, Wu-Cai Xiao, Fang Mei, Rui Shan, Shi-Bing Song, Bang-Kai Sun, He-Ling Bao, Jing Chen, Chun-Hui Yuan, Zheng Liu
Journal of Women's Health.2023; 32(11): 1174. CrossRef
Mortality rate and causes of death in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma
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Endocrine.2023; 83(3): 671. CrossRef
Surgical Outcomes in Patients With Low-risk Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma From MAeSTro Study
Hyeonuk Hwang, June Young Choi, Hyeong Won Yu, Jae Hoon Moon, Ji-hoon Kim, Eun Kyung Lee, Yeo Koon Kim, Chang Yoon Lee, Sun Wook Cho, Eun-Jae Chung, Chang Hwan Ryu, Junsun Ryu, Ka Hee Yi, Do Joon Park, Kyu Eun Lee, Young Joo Park, Su-jin Kim, Yuh-Seog Jun
Annals of Surgery.2023; 278(5): e1087. CrossRef
US Predictors of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma Progression at Active Surveillance
Ji Ye Lee, Ji-hoon Kim, Yeo Koon Kim, Chang Yoon Lee, Eun Kyung Lee, Jae Hoon Moon, Hoon Sung Choi, Hwangbo Yul, Sun Wook Cho, Su-jin Kim, Kyu Eun Lee, Do Joon Park, Young Joo Park
Radiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Bilaterality as a Risk Factor for Recurrence in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Hyeji Kim, Hyungju Kwon
Cancers.2023; 15(22): 5414. CrossRef
Clinical and molecular genetic analysis of cytologically uncertain thyroid nodules in patients with thyroid disease
Jindrich Lukas, Barbora Hintnausova, Vlasta Sykorova, Martin Syrucek, Marek Maly, David Lukas, Jaroslava Duskova
Biomedical Papers.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Hitesh R Singhavi, Manish Mair, Burhanuddin Qayyumi, Arjun Singh, Pankaj Chaturvedi
Journal of Head & Neck Physicians and Surgeons.2023; 11(2): 95. CrossRef
Trends in Diagnosis of Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm With Papillarylike Nuclear Features and Total Thyroidectomies for Patients With Papillary Thyroid Neoplasms
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JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery.2022; 148(2): 99. CrossRef
What's in a Name? A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of the Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-Like Nuclear Features' Nomenclature Revision
Vikas Mehta, Ankita Naraparaju, David Liao, Louise Davies, Bryan R. Haugen, Peter A. Kopp, Susan J. Mandel, Yuri E. Nikiforov, Douglas S. Ross, Jennifer J. Shin, R. Michael Tuttle, Gregory W. Randolph
Thyroid.2022; 32(4): 421. CrossRef
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Chie MASAKI, Kiminori SUGINO, Koichi ITO
Minerva Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Can Active Surveillance Management be Developed for Patients With Low-Risk Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma? A Preliminary Investigation in a Chinese Population
Wen Liu, Weihan Cao, Zhizhong Dong, Ruochuan Cheng
Endocrine Practice.2022; 28(4): 391. CrossRef
Assessment of Radiofrequency Ablation for Papillary Microcarcinoma of the Thyroid
Sam P. J. van Dijk, Hannelore I. Coerts, Sabrina T. G. Gunput, Evert F. S. van Velsen, Marco Medici, Adriaan Moelker, Robin P. Peeters, Cornelis Verhoef, Tessa M. van Ginhoven
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The Future of Thyroid Nodule Risk Stratification
Nydia Burgos, Naykky Singh Ospina, Jennifer A. Sipos
Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America.2022; 51(2): 305. CrossRef
Complication Rates of Total Thyroidectomy vs Hemithyroidectomy for Treatment of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma
Vivian Hsiao, Tyler J. Light, Abdullah A. Adil, Michael Tao, Alexander S. Chiu, Mary Hitchcock, Natalia Arroyo, Sara Fernandes-Taylor, David O. Francis
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Malignancy risk stratification of thyroid nodules smaller than 10 mm with ACR-TIRADS, K-TIRADS, and ATA-2015 guidelines: a prospective study
Mehrdad Nabahati, Zoleika Moazezi
Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Thyroglobulin-Based Risk Factor Repositioning for Determining Radioactive Iodine Activity in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: a Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study
Subin Jeon, Seong Young Kwon, Sang-Woo Lee, Sang Kyun Bae
Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.2022; 56(4): 173. CrossRef
Quality of Life of Survivors of Thyroid Cancer Is Not Inferior to That in Subjects without Cancer: Long-Term after Over 5 Years
Jeongmin Lee, Youn-Ju Lee, Dong-Jun Lim, Jung-Min Lee, Sang-Ah Chang, Min-Hee Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2022; 37(4): 664. CrossRef
Residual, regrowth, and new growth of radiofrequency ablation for benign thyroid nodules of different volumes: two-year follow-up results
Meng-Hsiang Chen, Wei-Che Lin, Sheng-Dean Luo, Pi-Ling Chiang, Yueh-Sheng Chen, Wei-Chih Chen, An-Ni Lin, Cheng-Kang Wang, Jung-Hwan Baek, Hsiu-Ling Chen
International Journal of Hyperthermia.2022; 39(1): 1172. CrossRef
Progression of Low-Risk Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma During Active Surveillance: Interim Analysis of a Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study of Active Surveillance on Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma in Korea
Eun Kyung Lee, Jae Hoon Moon, Yul Hwangbo, Chang Hwan Ryu, Sun Wook Cho, June Young Choi, Eun-Jae Chung, Woo-Jin Jeong, Yuh-Seog Jung, Junsun Ryu, Su-jin Kim, Min Joo Kim, Yeo Koon Kim, Chang Yoon Lee, Ji Ye Lee, Hyeong Won Yu, Jeong Hun Hah, Kyu Eun Lee,
Thyroid.2022; 32(11): 1328. CrossRef
Recent Changes in the Incidence of Thyroid Cancer in Korea between 2005 and 2018: Analysis of Korean National Data
Yun Mi Choi, Jiwoo Lee, Mi Kyung Kwak, Min Ji Jeon, Tae Yong Kim, Eun-Gyoung Hong, Won Bae Kim, Won Gu Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2022; 37(5): 791. CrossRef
Strain Versus 2D Shear-Wave Elastography Parameters—Which Score Better in Predicting Thyroid Cancer?
Andreea Borlea, Ioan Sporea, Alexandru Popa, Mihnea Derban, Laura Taban, Dana Stoian
Applied Sciences.2022; 12(21): 11147. CrossRef
Estimating the risk of completion total thyroidectomy using real-world data to guide initial surgical decision-making for patients with clinical low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma
Wen Liu, Xiangxiang Zhan, Zhizhong Dong, Yanjun Su, Jianming Zhang, Jun Qian, Yunhai Ma, Chang Diao, Ruochuan Cheng
Holistic Integrative Oncology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Rigorous radiofrequency ablation can completely treat low-risk small papillary thyroid carcinoma without affecting subsequent surgical management
Xinyang Li, Jie Li, Zhi Qiao, Lin Yan, Jing Xiao, Yingying Li, Mingbo Zhang, Yukun Luo
European Radiology.2022; 33(6): 4189. CrossRef
Whirling technique for thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy: a preliminary study of effectiveness and safety
Jae Ho Shin, Seung Wan Han, Hyang Lim Lee, Yon Kwon Ihn
Ultrasonography.2021; 40(1): 147. CrossRef
Value of dual-phase, contrast-enhanced CT combined with ultrasound for the diagnosis of metastasis to central lymph nodes in patients with papillary thyroid cancer
Ying Liu, Sheng Li, Cuiju Yan, Caiyun He, Miao Yun, Min Liu, Jianhua Zhou, Longzhong Liu
Clinical Imaging.2021; 75: 5. CrossRef
Clinical outcomes of T4a papillary thyroid cancer with recurrent laryngeal nerve involvement: a retrospective analysis
Han-Seul Na, Hyun-Keun Kwon, Sung-Chan Shin, Yong-Il Cheon, Myeonggu Seo, Jin-Choon Lee, Eui-Suk Sung, Minhyung Lee, In-Joo Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, Byung-Joo Lee
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Protocol for a Korean Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study of Active Surveillance or Surgery (KoMPASS) in Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma
Min Ji Jeon, Yea Eun Kang, Jae Hoon Moon, Dong Jun Lim, Chang Yoon Lee, Yong Sang Lee, Sun Wook Kim, Min-Hee Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, Ho-Cheol Kang, Minho Shong, Sun Wook Cho, Won Bae Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(2): 359. CrossRef
Thyroid nodules in childhood‐onset Hashimoto's thyroiditis: Frequency, risk factors, follow‐up course and genetic alterations of thyroid cancer
Yun Jeong Lee, Yeon Jin Cho, You Joung Heo, Eun‐Jae Chung, Young Hun Choi, Jong‐Il Kim, Young Joo Park, Choong Ho Shin, Young Ah Lee
Clinical Endocrinology.2021; 95(4): 638. CrossRef
Clinical implications of age and excellent response to therapy in patients with high‐risk differentiated thyroid carcinoma
Meihua Jin, Jonghwa Ahn, Yu‐Mi Lee, Tae‐Yon Sung, Dong Eun Song, Tae Yong Kim, Ki‐Wook Chung, Jin‐Sook Ryu, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim
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Ecografía clínica de la glándula tiroides y del cuello
Pepa Bertrán Culla, David Teixidó Gimeno, Pere Guirado Vila
FMC - Formación Médica Continuada en Atención Primaria.2021; 28(7): 390. CrossRef
Active Surveillance as an Effective Management Option for Low-Risk Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma
Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(4): 717. CrossRef
Clinical Effects of Microwave Ablation in the Treatment of Low-Risk Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinomas and Related Histopathological Changes
Chenya Lu, Xingjia Li, Xiaoqiu Chu, Ruiping Li, Jie Li, Jianhua Wang, Yalin Wang, Yang Xu, Guofang Chen, Shuhang Xu, Chao Liu
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Optimization of follow-up in patients with papillary thyroid cancer who show no evidence of disease 9–12 months after treatment
Fabian Nordell, Ghadir Hallal, Pernilla Asp, Martin Almquist
BJS Open.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
The most reliable time point for intact parathyroid hormone measurement to predict hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy with central neck dissection to treat papillary thyroid carcinoma: a prospective cohort study
Jae Won Chang, Ki Wan Park, Seung-Nam Jung, Lihua Liu, Sung Min Kim, Bon Seok Koo
European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology.2020; 277(2): 549. CrossRef
Time Trends for Prostate Cancer Incidence from 2003 to 2013 in South Korea: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis
Hyun Young Lee, Do Kyoung Kim, Seung Whan Doo, Won Jae Yang, Yun Seob Song, Bora Lee, Jae Heon Kim
Cancer Research and Treatment.2020; 52(1): 301. CrossRef
Clinical behavior and outcome of papillary T1 thyroid cancers: South Korea vs. Turkey vs. Colombia in a cohort study analyzing oncological outcomes
Murat Ozdemir, Yong-Sang Lee, Ozer Makay, Juan Pablo Dueñas, Bulent Yazici, Aysegul Akgun, Gokhan Icoz, Mahir Akyildiz, Soo Young Kim, Seok-Mo Kim, Hojin Chang, Hang-Seok Chang, Cheong Soo Park
Asian Journal of Surgery.2020; 43(8): 795. CrossRef
Radioiodine ablation in thyroid cancer patients: renal function and external radiation dose rate at discharge according to patient preparation
Yeon-Hee Han, Hwan-Jeong Jeong, Myung-Hee Sohn, Sun Y. Lee, Seok T. Lim
The Quarterly Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of the location and size of thyroid nodules on the diagnostic performance of ultrasound elastography: A retrospective analysis
Xinxin Xie, Yongqiang Yu
Clinics.2020; 75: e1720. CrossRef
Fine-Needle Aspiration of Subcentimeter Thyroid Nodules in the Real-World Management

Chaiho Jeong, Hyunsam Kim, Jeongmin Lee, Jeonghoon Ha, Min-Hee Kim, Moo Il Kang, Dong-Jun Lim
Cancer Management and Research.2020; Volume 12: 7611. CrossRef
Continuing controversy regarding individualized surgical decision-making for patients with 1–4 cm low-risk differentiated thyroid carcinoma: A systematic review
Wen Liu, Xuejing Yan, Ruochuan Cheng
European Journal of Surgical Oncology.2020; 46(12): 2174. CrossRef
Clinical Implication of World Health Organization Classification in Patients with Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma in South Korea: A Multicenter Cohort Study
Meihua Jin, Eun Sook Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, Hee Kyung Kim, Hyon-Seung Yi, Min Ji Jeon, Tae Yong Kim, Ho-Cheol Kang, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Mijin Kim, Won Gu Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2020; 35(3): 618. CrossRef
Clinical Outcomes of N1b Papillary Thyroid Cancer Patients Treated with Two Different Doses of Radioiodine Ablation Therapy
Meihua Jin, Jonghwa Ahn, Yu-Mi Lee, Tae-Yon Sung, Won Gu Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Jin-Sook Ryu, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Min Ji Jeon
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2020; 35(3): 602. CrossRef
A Propensity Score‐matched Comparison Study of Surgical Outcomes in Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer After Robotic Versus Open Total Thyroidectomy
Dong Sik Bae, Do Hoon Koo
World Journal of Surgery.2019; 43(2): 540. CrossRef
Diagnostic value of cytology, thyroglobulin, and combination of them in fine-needle aspiration of metastatic lymph nodes in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer
Yixin Xu, Dapeng Wu, Wenting Wu, Jian Jiang, Cheng Xi, Nianyuan Ye, Yibo Wang, Xuezhong Xu
Medicine.2019; 98(45): e17859. CrossRef
Investigation of blood groups in benign thyroid diseases in Turkey
Murat Dağdeviren, İhsan Ateş, Burak Furkan Demir, Emine Ergün, Canan Yıldız, Mustafa Altay
Endocrine Journal.2019; 66(11): 1001. CrossRef
Tumor Volume Doubling Time in Active Surveillance of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Hye-Seon Oh, Hyemi Kwon, Eyun Song, Min Ji Jeon, Tae Yong Kim, Jeong Hyun Lee, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Ki-Wook Chung, Jung Hwan Baek, Won Gu Kim
Thyroid.2019; 29(5): 642. CrossRef
Tumor doubling time predicts response to sorafenib in radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer
Min Joo Kim, Seok-Mo Kim, Eun Kyung Lee, Yul Hwangbo, You Jin Lee, Sun Wook Cho, Do Joon Park, Yumi Lee, Young Joo Park
Endocrine Journal.2019; 66(7): 597. CrossRef
Total thyroidectomy's association with survival in papillary thyroid cancers and the high proportion of total thyroidectomy in low-risk patients: Analysis of Korean nationwide data
Hyun-Soo Zhang, Eun-Kyung Lee, Yuh-Seog Jung, Byung-Ho Nam, Kyu-Won Jung, Hyun-Joo Kong, Young-Joo Won, Boyoung Park
Surgery.2019; 165(3): 629. CrossRef
Individualized Follow-Up Strategy for Patients with an Indeterminate Response to Initial Therapy for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Hye-Seon Oh, Jong Hwa Ahn, Eyun Song, Ji Min Han, Won Gu Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Min Ji Jeon
Thyroid.2019; 29(2): 209. CrossRef
Differentiated Thyroid Cancer and Radioactive Iodine: Past, Present and Future
Jaetae Lee, Il Jo
International Journal of Thyroidology.2019; 12(2): 71. CrossRef
Diagnostic performance of HMGA2 gene expression for differentiation of malignant thyroid nodules: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Bo Hyun Kim, Seong Jang Kim, Mijin Kim, Sang‐Woo Lee, Shin Young Jeong, Kyoungjune Pak, Keunyoung Kim, In Joo Kim
Clinical Endocrinology.2018; 89(6): 856. CrossRef
Ultrasound risk evaluation of thyroid nodules that are “unspecified” in the 2015 American Thyroid Association management guidelines
Luying Gao, Xuehua Xi, Juanjuan Wang, Xiao Yang, Ying Wang, Shenling Zhu, Xingjian Lai, Xiaoyan Zhang, Ruina Zhao, Bo Zhang
Medicine.2018; 97(52): e13914. CrossRef
Refining the eighth edition AJCC TNM classification and prognostic groups for papillary thyroid cancer with lateral nodal metastasis
Hye In Kim, Kyunga Kim, So Young Park, Jun-Ho Choe, Jung-Han Kim, Jee Soo Kim, Young Lyun Oh, Soo Yeon Hahn, Jung Hee Shin, Hyeon Seon Ahn, Sun Wook Kim, Tae Hyuk Kim, Jae Hoon Chung
Oral Oncology.2018; 78: 80. CrossRef
Thyroid cancer surgery guidelines in an era of de-escalation
K.J. Kovatch, C.W. Hoban, A.G. Shuman
European Journal of Surgical Oncology.2018; 44(3): 297. CrossRef
Changes in Serum Thyroglobulin Levels After Lobectomy in Patients with Low-Risk Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Suyeon Park, Min Ji Jeon, Hye-Seon Oh, Yu-Mi Lee, Tae-Yon Sung, Minkyu Han, Ji Min Han, Tae Yong Kim, Ki-Wook Chung, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Gu Kim
Thyroid.2018; 28(8): 997. CrossRef
Study Protocol of Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study of Active Surveillance on Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma (MAeSTro)
Jae Hoon Moon, Ji-hoon Kim, Eun Kyung Lee, Kyu Eun Lee, Sung Hye Kong, Yeo Koon Kim, Woo-jin Jung, Chang Yoon Lee, Roh-Eul Yoo, Yul Hwangbo, Young Shin Song, Min Joo Kim, Sun Wook Cho, Su-jin Kim, Eun Jae Jung, June Young Choi, Chang Hwan Ryu, You Jin Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2018; 33(2): 278. CrossRef
Low-Dose Radioactive Iodine Ablation Is Sufficient in Patients With Small Papillary Thyroid Cancer Having Minor Extrathyroidal Extension and Central Lymph Node Metastasis (T3 N1a): Reply
Minjung Seo, Yon Seon Kim, Jong Cheol Lee, Myung Woul Han, Eun Sook Kim, Kyung Bin Kim, Seol Hoon Park
Clinical Nuclear Medicine.2018; 43(8): 635. CrossRef
Diagnosis and treatment of low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma
Jae Hoon Moon, Young Joo Park
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2018; 61(4): 232. CrossRef
Efficacy of a Home-Based Exercise Program After Thyroidectomy for Thyroid Cancer Patients
Kyunghee Kim, Mee Ock Gu, Jung Hwa Jung, Jong Ryeal Hahm, Soo Kyoung Kim, Jin Hyun Kim, Seung Hoon Woo
Thyroid.2018; 28(2): 236. CrossRef
Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Distinct Genetic Susceptibility of Thyroid Nodules From Thyroid Cancer
Yul Hwangbo, Eun Kyung Lee, Ho-Young Son, Sun-Wha Im, Soo-Jung Kwak, Ji Won Yoon, Min Joo Kim, Jeongseon Kim, Hoon Sung Choi, Chang Hwan Ryu, You Jin Lee, Jong-Il Kim, Nam H Cho, Young Joo Park
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2018; 103(12): 4384. CrossRef
Active Surveillance of Low-Risk Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: A Multi-Center Cohort Study in Korea
Hye-Seon Oh, Jeonghoon Ha, Hye In Kim, Tae Hyuk Kim, Won Gu Kim, Dong-Jun Lim, Tae Yong Kim, Sun Wook Kim, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Jae Hoon Chung, Jung Hwan Baek
Thyroid.2018; 28(12): 1587. CrossRef
Ultrasound criteria for risk stratification of thyroid nodules in the previously iodine deficient area of Austria - a single centre, retrospective analysis
Christina Tugendsam, Veronika Petz, Wolfgang Buchinger, Brigitta Schmoll-Hauer, Iris Pia Schenk, Karin Rudolph, Michael Krebs, Georg Zettinig
Thyroid Research.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Practical Initial Risk Stratification Based on Lymph Node Metastases in Pediatric and Adolescent Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Min Ji Jeon, Young Nam Kim, Tae-Yong Sung, Suck Joon Hong, Yoon Young Cho, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim, Sun Wook Kim, Jae Hoon Chung, Tae Hyuk Kim, Won Gu Kim
Thyroid.2018; 28(2): 193. CrossRef
Current Radiological Approach in Thyroid Nodules
Duzgun Yildirim, Deniz Alis, Sabri Sirolu, Cesur Samanci, Fethi Emre Ustabasioglu, Bulent Colakoglu
Journal of Cancer Therapy.2017; 08(05): 423. CrossRef
A new paradigm in low-risk papillary microcarcinoma: active surveillance
Alex González Bóssolo, Michelle Mangual Garcia, Paula Jeffs González, Miosotis Garcia, Guillermo Villarmarzo, Jose Hernán Martinez
Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Serial Neck Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Changes in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma During Pregnancy
Hye-Seon Oh, Won Gu Kim, Suyeon Park, Mijin Kim, Hyemi Kwon, Min Ji Jeon, Jeong Hyun Lee, Jung Hwan Baek, Dong Eun Song, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim
Thyroid.2017; 27(6): 773. CrossRef
Restratification of survival prognosis of N1b papillary thyroid cancer by lateral lymph node ratio and largest lymph node size
Hye In Kim, Tae Hyuk Kim, Jun‐Ho Choe, Jung‐Han Kim, Jee Soo Kim, Young Lyun Oh, Soo Yeon Hahn, Jung Hee Shin, Hye Won Jang, Young Nam Kim, Hosu Kim, Hyeon Seon Ahn, Kyunga Kim, Sun Wook Kim, Jae Hoon Chung
Cancer Medicine.2017; 6(10): 2244. CrossRef
Comparison on Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) and Thyroid Ultrasonography in Management of Thyroid Nodules
Sandini A Gunaratne
International Clinical Pathology Journal.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Current Practices of Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration in Asia: A Missing Voice
Andrey Bychkov, Kennichi Kakudo, SoonWon Hong
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2017; 51(6): 517. CrossRef
Clinical outcomes after delayed thyroid surgery in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma
Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Hyemi Kwon, Mijin Kim, Suyeon Park, Hye-Seon Oh, Minkyu Han, Tae-Yon Sung, Ki-Wook Chung, Suck Joon Hong, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim
European Journal of Endocrinology.2017; 177(1): 25. CrossRef
Articles inEndocrinology and Metabolismin 2016
Won-Young Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2017; 32(1): 62. CrossRef
The Impact of Thyroid Nodule Size and Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy Result on the Risk of Malignancy in the Patients Who Underwent Thyroidectomy
Hwibin Im, Yu-Young Park, Jae-Gu Cho, Seung-Kuk Baek, Soon-Young Kwon, Kwang-Yoon Jung, Jeong-Soo Woo
Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.2017; 60(6): 308. CrossRef
Active Surveillance of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: A Mini-Review from Korea
Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2017; 32(4): 399. CrossRef

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