Endocrinology and Metabolism

Editorial

Adrenal gland
Bridging Global and Local Perspectives on Primary Aldosteronism: Ohk-Hyun Ryu; Endocrinol Metab. 2025;40(2):195-197. Published online April 8, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2025.2361

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Original Articles

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Study Design and Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of a Triple Combination of Ezetimibe, Fenofibrate, and Moderate-Intensity Statin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors (ENSEMBLE): Nam Hoon Kim, Juneyoung Lee, Suk Chon, Jae Myung Yu, In-Kyung Jeong, Soo Lim, Won Jun Kim, Keeho Song, Ho Chan Cho, Hea Min Yu, Kyoung-Ah Kim, Sang Soo Kim, Soon Hee Lee, Chong Hwa Kim, Soo Heon Kwak, Yong‐ho Lee, Choon Hee Chung, Sihoon Lee, Heung Yong Jin, Jae Hyuk Lee, Gwanpyo Koh, Sang-Yong Kim, Jaetaek Kim, Ju Hee Lee, Tae Nyun Kim, Hyun Jeong Jeon, Ji Hyun Lee, Jae-Han Jeon, Hye Jin Yoo, Hee Kyung Kim, Hyeong-Kyu Park, Il Seong Nam-Goong, Seongbin Hong, Chul Woo Ahn, Ji Hee Yu, Jong Heon Park, Keun-Gyu Park, Chan Ho Park, Kyong Hye Joung, Ohk-Hyun Ryu, Keun Yong Park, Eun-Gyoung Hong, Bong-Soo Cha, Kyu Chang Won, Yoon-Sok Chung, Sin Gon Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(5):722-731. Published online August 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1995

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Background
Atherogenic dyslipidemia, which is frequently associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and insulin resistance, contributes to the development of vascular complications. Statin therapy is the primary approach to dyslipidemia management in T2D, however, the role of non-statin therapy remains unclear. Ezetimibe reduces cholesterol burden by inhibiting intestinal cholesterol absorption. Fibrates lower triglyceride levels and increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels via peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor alpha agonism. Therefore, when combined, these drugs effectively lower non-HDL-C levels. Despite this, few clinical trials have specifically targeted non-HDL-C, and the efficacy of triple combination therapies, including statins, ezetimibe, and fibrates, has yet to be determined.
Methods
This is a multicenter, prospective, randomized, open-label, active-comparator controlled trial involving 3,958 eligible participants with T2D, cardiovascular risk factors, and elevated non-HDL-C (≥100 mg/dL). Participants, already on moderate-intensity statins, will be randomly assigned to either Ezefeno (ezetimibe/fenofibrate) addition or statin dose-escalation. The primary end point is the development of a composite of major adverse cardiovascular and diabetic microvascular events over 48 months.
Conclusion
This trial aims to assess whether combining statins, ezetimibe, and fenofibrate is as effective as, or possibly superior to, statin monotherapy intensification in lowering cardiovascular and microvascular disease risk for patients with T2D. This could propose a novel therapeutic approach for managing dyslipidemia in T2D.

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Ezetimibe attenuates diabetic retinopathy via NRF2-mediated suppression of inflammation and oxidative stress
Lei Cheng, Shan Cheng, Ran Zhu, Guoxu Xu
Journal of Diabetes and its Complications.2026; 40(2): 109250. CrossRef
Current and Emerging Treatment Options for Hypertriglyceridemia: State-of-the-Art Review
Jakub Michal Zimodro, Manfredi Rizzo, Ioanna Gouni-Berthold
Pharmaceuticals.2025; 18(2): 147. CrossRef
Fenofibrate therapy and risk of heart failure outcomes in patients with Type 2 diabetes: a propensity-matched cohort study
Ji Yoon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim, Jiyoon Lee, Dong-Hoon Kim, Sin Gon Kim
European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy.2025; 11(7): 620. CrossRef
Beyond lipids: fenofibrate in diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy
Mengying Liu, Seok Ting Lim, Weihua Song, Thomas M. Coffman, Xiaomeng Wang
Trends in Pharmacological Sciences.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Differential Pre‐ and Post‐Treatment Effects of Low‐Dose Antidyslipidemic Drugs on Gentamicin‐Induced Acute Nephrotoxicity in the Rat: A Histopathological and Biochemical Study
Pitchai Balakumar, Sultan Alshahrani, Noohu Abdulla Khan, Rajavel Varatharajan, K. M. Sundram
Journal of Applied Toxicology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Reference Standards for C-Peptide in Korean Population: A Korean Endocrine Hormone Reference Standard Data Center Study: Jooyoung Cho, Ho-Chan Cho, Ohk-Hyun Ryu, Hyo-Jeong Kim, Chang Geun Kim, Young Ran Yun, Choon Hee Chung, on Behalf of the Task Force Team for Korean Hormone Reference Standards; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(3):489-499. Published online May 9, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1888

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Background
The Korean Endocrine Hormone Reference Standard Data Center (KEHRS DC) has created reference standards (RSs) for endocrine hormones since 2020. This study is the first of its kind, wherein the KEHRS DC established RSs for serum Cpeptide levels in a healthy Korean population.
Methods
Healthy Korean adults were recruited from May 2021 to September 2023. After excluding participants according to our criteria, serum samples were collected; each participant could then choose between fasting glucose only or fasting glucose plus an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). If their sample showed high glucose (≥100 mg/dL) or hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (≥5.70%), their C-peptide levels were excluded from analyzing the RSs.
Results
A total of 1,532 participants were recruited; however, only the data of 1,050 participants were analyzed after excluding those whose samples showed hyperglycemia or high HbA1c. Post-30-minute OGTT data from 342 subjects and post-120-minute OGTT data from 351 subjects were used. The means±2 standard deviations and expanded uncertainties of fasting, post-30-minute and 120-minute OGTT C-peptide levels were 1.26±0.82 and 0.34–3.18, 4.74±3.57 and 1.14–8.33, and 4.85±3.58 and 1.25–8.34 ng/mL, respectively. Serum C-peptide levels correlated with obesity, serum glucose levels, and HbA1c levels.
Conclusion
The RSs for serum C-peptide levels established in this study are expected to be useful in both clinical and related fields.

Citations

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Call for Standardization of C-Peptide Measurement
Erwin Schleicher, Kuanysh Kabytaev, Matthias Nauck, Dirk Müller-Wieland, Andreas Peter, Randie R. Little, Lutz Heinemann
Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Adrenal Gland
Metabolic Subtyping of Adrenal Tumors: Prospective Multi-Center Cohort Study in Korea: Eu Jeong Ku, Chaelin Lee, Jaeyoon Shim, Sihoon Lee, Kyoung-Ah Kim, Sang Wan Kim, Yumie Rhee, Hyo-Jeong Kim, Jung Soo Lim, Choon Hee Chung, Sung Wan Chun, Soon-Jib Yoo, Ohk-Hyun Ryu, Ho Chan Cho, A Ram Hong, Chang Ho Ahn, Jung Hee Kim, Man Ho Choi; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(5):1131-1141. Published online October 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1149

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Background
Conventional diagnostic approaches for adrenal tumors require multi-step processes, including imaging studies and dynamic hormone tests. Therefore, this study aimed to discriminate adrenal tumors from a single blood sample based on the combination of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and machine learning algorithms in serum profiling of adrenal steroids.
Methods
The LC-MS-based steroid profiling was applied to serum samples obtained from patients with nonfunctioning adenoma (NFA, n=73), Cushing’s syndrome (CS, n=30), and primary aldosteronism (PA, n=40) in a prospective multicenter study of adrenal disease. The decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), and extreme gradient boost (XGBoost) were performed to categorize the subtypes of adrenal tumors.
Results
The CS group showed higher serum levels of 11-deoxycortisol than the NFA group, and increased levels of tetrahydrocortisone (THE), 20α-dihydrocortisol, and 6β-hydroxycortisol were found in the PA group. However, the CS group showed lower levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate derivative (DHEA-S) than both the NFA and PA groups. Patients with PA expressed higher serum 18-hydroxycortisol and DHEA but lower THE than NFA patients. The balanced accuracies of DT, RF, and XGBoost for classifying each type were 78%, 96%, and 97%, respectively. In receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis for CS, XGBoost, and RF showed a significantly greater diagnostic power than the DT. However, in ROC analysis for PA, only RF exhibited better diagnostic performance than DT.
Conclusion
The combination of LC-MS-based steroid profiling with machine learning algorithms could be a promising one-step diagnostic approach for the classification of adrenal tumor subtypes.

Citations

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An Analysis of Post-Adrenalectomy Dynamics in MACS (Mild Autonomous Cortisol Secretion)-Positive Adrenal Tumours: The Biomarkers and Clinical Impact
Alexandra-Ioana Trandafir, Mara Carsote, Alexandru-Florin Florescu
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(15): 5217. CrossRef
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Magdalena Kamińska, Małgorzata Trofimiuk-Müldner, Grzegorz Sokołowski, Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk
Endocrine.2025; 90(2): 357. CrossRef
Clinical Utility of Salivary Steroid Profiling for the Differential Diagnosis of Adrenal Diseases
Kyoung Yeun Jung, Soyeon Park, Chaelin Lee, Eu Jeong Ku, Sihoon Lee, Kyoung-Ah Kim, Sang Wan Kim, Yumie Rhee, Jung Soo Lim, Choon Hee Chung, Sung Wan Chun, Soon-Jib Yoo, Ohk-Hyun Ryu, Hochan Cho, A Ram Hong, Hyo-Jeong Kim, Man Ho Choi, Jung Hee Kim
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Dexamethasone Suppression Testing in Patients with Adrenal Incidentalomas with/Without Mild Autonomous Cortisol Secretion: Spectrum of Cortisol Cutoffs and Additional Assays (An Updated Analysis)
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Nathan Mullen, James Curneen, Padraig T Donlon, Punit Prakash, Irina Bancos, Mark Gurnell, Michael C Dennedy
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Plasma Steroid Profiling Combined With Machine Learning for the Differential Diagnosis in Mild Autonomous Cortisol Secretion From Nonfunctioning Adenoma in Patients With Adrenal Incidentalomas
Danni Mu, Xia Qian, Yichen Ma, Xi Wang, Yumeng Gao, Xiaoli Ma, Shaowei Xie, Lian Hou, Qi Zhang, Fang Zhao, Liangyu Xia, Liling Lin, Ling Qiu, Jie Wu, Songlin Yu, Xinqi Cheng
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Plasma Steroid Profiling Between Patients With and Without Diabetes Mellitus in Nonfunctioning Adrenal Incidentalomas
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Recent Updates on the Management of Adrenal Incidentalomas
Seung Shin Park, Jung Hee Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(4): 373. CrossRef
LC-MS based simultaneous profiling of adrenal hormones of steroids, catecholamines, and metanephrines
Jongsung Noh, Chaelin Lee, Jung Hee Kim, Seung Woon Myung, Man Ho Choi
Journal of Lipid Research.2023; 64(11): 100453. CrossRef
2023 Korean Endocrine Society Consensus Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Primary Aldosteronism
Jeonghoon Ha, Jung Hwan Park, Kyoung Jin Kim, Jung Hee Kim, Kyong Yeun Jung, Jeongmin Lee, Jong Han Choi, Seung Hun Lee, Namki Hong, Jung Soo Lim, Byung Kwan Park, Jung-Han Kim, Kyeong Cheon Jung, Jooyoung Cho, Mi-kyung Kim, Choon Hee Chung
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Prevalence and Characteristics of Adrenal Tumors in an Unselected Screening Population
Ying Jing, Jinbo Hu, Rong Luo, Yun Mao, Zhixiao Luo, Mingjun Zhang, Jun Yang, Ying Song, Zhengping Feng, Zhihong Wang, Qingfeng Cheng, Linqiang Ma, Yi Yang, Li Zhong, Zhipeng Du, Yue Wang, Ting Luo, Wenwen He, Yue Sun, Fajin Lv, Qifu Li, Shumin Yang
Annals of Internal Medicine.2022; 175(10): 1383. CrossRef

Special Article

Adrenal gland
Diagnosis for Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: A Joint Position Statement of the Korean Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Task Force: Eu Jeong Ku, Kyoung Jin Kim, Jung Hee Kim, Mi Kyung Kim, Chang Ho Ahn, Kyung Ae Lee, Seung Hun Lee, You-Bin Lee, Kyeong Hye Park, Yun Mi Choi, Namki Hong, A Ram Hong, Sang-Wook Kang, Byung Kwan Park, Moon-Woo Seong, Myungshin Kim, Kyeong Cheon Jung, Chan Kwon Jung, Young Seok Cho, Jin Chul Paeng, Jae Hyeon Kim, Ohk-Hyun Ryu, Yumie Rhee, Chong Hwa Kim, Eun Jig Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):322-338. Published online April 6, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.908

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Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGLs) are rare catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumors but can be life-threatening. Although most PPGLs are benign, approximately 10% have metastatic potential. Approximately 40% cases are reported as harboring germline mutations. Therefore, timely and accurate diagnosis of PPGLs is crucial. For more than 130 years, clinical, molecular, biochemical, radiological, and pathological investigations have been rapidly advanced in the field of PPGLs. However, performing diagnostic studies to localize lesions and detect metastatic potential can be still challenging and complicated. Furthermore, great progress on genetics has shifted the paradigm of genetic testing of PPGLs. The Korean PPGL task force team consisting of the Korean Endocrine Society, the Korean Surgical Society, the Korean Society of Nuclear Medicine, the Korean Society of Pathologists, and the Korean Society of Laboratory Medicine has developed this position statement focusing on the comprehensive and updated diagnosis for PPGLs.

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Successful Laparoscopic Resection of a Giant Para-aortic Pheochromocytoma: A Case Report
Loay Ghalyoun, Diya E Viju, Khadiga Abdelmonem, Fahed S Khdrawe, Joaquin Picazo-Yeste
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Current Understanding of Carotid Body Paraganglioma Management
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PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA AND PARAGANGLIOMA: CLINICAL PICTURE, DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, FOLLOW-UP AND PROGNOSIS - A LITERATURE REVIEW
Dominika Żyła, Kornelia Rojek, Andrzej Zuzak, Katarzyna Zych, Sylwia Koziej, Adam Jakubas, Mateusz Korga, Milena Krawczyk
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A Prospective Comparative Study of 18F-FDOPA PET/CT Versus 123I-MIBG Scintigraphy With SPECT/CT for the Diagnosis of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma
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Germline Mutations and Phenotypic Associations in Korean Patients With Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: A Multicenter Study and Literature Review
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Lesion-based indicators predict long-term outcomes of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma– SIZEPASS
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Original Article

Clinical Study
Characteristics of Korean Patients with Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Registry-Based Nationwide Survey in Korea: A Ram Hong, Ohk-Hyun Ryu, Seong Yeon Kim, Sang Wan Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(4):466-474. Published online December 14, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.4.466

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Background

Primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) is a rare, potentially life-threatening condition. There are few Korean studies on PAI, and most have had small sample sizes. We aimed to examine the etiology, clinical characteristics, treatment, and mortality of PAI in Korean patients.

Methods

A nationwide, multicenter, registry-based survey was conducted to identify adults diagnosed with or treated for PAI at 30 secondary or tertiary care institutions in Korea between 2000 and 2014.

Results

A total of 269 patients with PAI were identified. The prevalence of PAI was 4.17 per million. The estimated incidence was 0.45 per million per year. The mean age at diagnosis was 49.0 years, and PAI was more prevalent in men. Adrenal tuberculosis was the most common cause of PAI in patients diagnosed before 2000; for those diagnosed thereafter, adrenal metastasis and tuberculosis were comparable leading causes. The etiology of PAI was not identified in 34.9% of cases. Of the patients receiving glucocorticoid replacement therapy, prednisolone was more frequently administered than hydrocortisone (69.4% vs. 26.5%, respectively), and only 27.1% of all patients received fludrocortisone. We observed an increased prevalence of metabolic disease and osteoporosis during the follow-up period (median, 60.2 months). The observed overall mortality and disease-specific mortality rates were 11.9% and 3.1%, respectively.

Conclusion

The prevalence of PAI is significantly lower in Koreans than in reports from Western countries. The high frequency undetermined etiology in patients with PAI suggests the need to reveal accurate etiology of PAI in Korea.

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Special Article

Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Adrenal Incidentaloma: Jung-Min Lee, Mee Kyoung Kim, Seung-Hyun Ko, Jung-Min Koh, Bo-Yeon Kim, Sang Wan Kim, Soo-Kyung Kim, Hae Jin Kim, Ohk-Hyun Ryu, Juri Park, Jung Soo Lim, Seong Yeon Kim, Young Kee Shong, Soon Jib Yoo; Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(2):200-218. Published online June 23, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.2.200

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Abstract PDF PubReader

An adrenal incidentaloma is an adrenal mass found in an imaging study performed for other reasons unrelated to adrenal disease and often accompanied by obesity, diabetes, or hypertension. The prevalence and incidence of adrenal incidentaloma increase with age and are also expected to rise due to the rapid development of imaging technology and frequent imaging studies. The Korean Endocrine Society is promoting an appropriate practice guideline to meet the rising incidence of adrenal incidentaloma, in cooperation with the Korean Adrenal Gland and Endocrine Hypertension Study Group. In this paper, we discuss important core issues in managing the patients with adrenal incidentaloma. After evaluating core proposition, we propose the most critical 20 recommendations from the initially organized 47 recommendations by Delphi technique.

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The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2025; 110(7): e2183. CrossRef
Outcomes after adrenalectomy in elderly patients; a propensity score matched analysis
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Updates in Surgery.2025; 77(1): 183. CrossRef
Digital Phenotyping of Rare Endocrine Diseases Across International Data Networks and the Effect of Granularity of Original Vocabulary
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Yonsei Medical Journal.2025; 66(3): 187. CrossRef
Use of natural language processing to retrospectively identify and improve follow-up of adrenal incidentalomas based on patient and nodule characteristics
Lillie Grace Veazey, Christopher Wu, Zhixing Song, Haleigh Negrete, Srini Tridandapani, Herbert Chen, Andrea Gillis, Jessica Fazendin, John D. Osborne, Brenessa Lindeman
The American Journal of Surgery.2025; 242: 116199. CrossRef
Two-Stage Deep Learning Model for Adrenal Nodule Detection on CT Images: A Retrospective Study
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Radiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of the Adrenal Mass in Urologic Practice
Jackson Schmidt, Marshall Strother
Urologic Clinics of North America.2025; 52(2): 181. CrossRef
The impact of mild autonomous cortisol secretion and proposed interventions
María Bernarda Iriarte-Durán, Sara Donato, Aura Herrera, Arturo Vega, José María Jiménez Casinello, Mónica Marazuela, Marta Araujo-Castro
Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism.2025; 20(4): 251. CrossRef
Imaging of Adrenal Incidentalomas: What Actually Happens in Everyday Clinical Practice?
Brian Ngo, Tracy Liu, Eddie Lau
Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology.2025; 69(3): 328. CrossRef
Adrenal incidentaloma: Prevalence and evaluation. Experiences from a single health network
Mitchell Munnings, Shaun Koh, Christopher Gilfillan
Endocrine and Metabolic Science.2025; 18: 100238. CrossRef
The Landmark Series: Evaluation and Management of Adrenal Incidentalomas
Lily Owei, Heather Wachtel
Annals of Surgical Oncology.2025; 32(7): 4712. CrossRef
Our Surgical Treatment Results for Suprarenal Masses: Single-Center Study
İbrahim Halil Öcal, Ömer Başol, Hüseyin Bilge
Medical Records.2025; 7(2): 361. CrossRef
Imaging of Adrenal Masses
Francis T. Delaney, Ryan Chung, Michael A. Blake, Ann T. Sweeney
Endocrine Practice.2025; 31(7): 965. CrossRef
Washed up: the end of an era for adrenal incidentaloma CT
James H. Seow, Damien L. Stella, Christopher J. Welman, Arjuna J. Somasundaram, Jan F. Gerstenmaier
Insights into Imaging.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The differential diagnosis of adrenal incidentalomas with non-benign appearence on unenhanced computed tomography: a retrospective study
Irena A. Ilovayskaya, Anna Y. Lugovskaya, Alexey A. Glazkov, Timur A. Britvin, Larisa E. Gurevich, Valentina E. Shikina
Almanac of Clinical Medicine.2025; 53(2): 71. CrossRef
Efficiency of Microwave Ablation for Cortisol-Producing Adrenal Adenomas: Case Series and a Literature Review
Alicija Krasavceva, Juozas Jarašūnas, Donatas Jocius, Romena Laukienė, Žydrūnė Visockienė, Virgilijus Beiša
Acta medica Lituanica.2025; 32(2): 5. CrossRef
Imaging of Adrenal Tumors
Patrick J. Navin, Michael T. Corwin, Michael Campbell, Khaled M. Elsayes
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America.2025; 33(4): 681. CrossRef
Adrenal Incidentaloma
Wendy Tu, Michael T. Corwin
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America.2025; 33(4): 667. CrossRef
Adrenal adenomas: an overview
Mohammed Abdel-Magid, Faisal Hasan
Medicine.2025; 53(10): 709. CrossRef
Adrenal Incidentaloma: From Silent Diagnosis to Clinical Challenge
Alexandra Mirica, Dana-Mihaela Tilici, Diana Loreta Paun, Ana Maria Arnautu, Victor Nimigean, Sorin Paun
Biomedicines.2025; 13(9): 2298. CrossRef
The role of adrenal-sparing surgery in the management of aldosterone-producing adenoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Alberto Artiles Medina, Victoria Gómez Dos Santos, César Mínguez Ojeda, Alfonso Sanjuanbenito, Joaquín Gómez-Ramírez, Enrique Mercader, Felicia A Hanzu, Leire Zarain, Óscar Vidal, Alfonso Muriel, Marta Araujo-Castro
European Journal of Endocrinology.2025; 193(3): S36. CrossRef
The importance of using the oral glucose tolerance test when assessing the glycemic profile in patients with adrenal incidentaloma
Julia Magarão Costa, João Felipe Dickson Rebelo, Andrea Faria Dutra Fragoso Perozo, Fernanda Damasceno Junqueira, Ana Beatriz Alcantara Bérenger Samarcos De Almeida, Juliana Saldanha Milaresco, Michele dos Santos Souza, Aline Barbosa Moraes, Joana Rodrigu
Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Effect of Radiological Imaging Reports in Clinical Decision-Making in the Management of Adrenal Incidentaloma
Puren Gökbulut, Cagatay Emir Onder, Serife Mehlika Kuskonmaz
Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes.2025; 133(09): 453. CrossRef
Case of adrenocortical cancer eleven years after diagnosis of adrenocortical adenoma
Aleksandr A. Lisitsyn, Vyacheslav P. Zemlianoy, Vadim I. Mazurov, Ludmila I. Velikanova, Irina A. Bekhtereva
Kazan medical journal.2025; 106(6): 1023. CrossRef
Diagnosis and management of adrenal incidentaloma: use of clinical judgment and evidence in dialog with the patient
Yusaku Yoshida, Kiyomi Horiuchi, Michio Otsuki, Takahiro Okamoto
Surgery Today.2024; 54(12): 1417. CrossRef
The improvement of postoperative blood pressure and associated factors in patients with hormone‐negative adrenal adenoma and hypertension
Jiaxing Sun, Yingchun Dong, Hanbo Wang, Xudong Guo, Ning Suo, Shangjian Li, Xiangbin Ren, Shaobo Jiang
Journal of Surgical Oncology.2024; 129(6): 1073. CrossRef
Clinical features and treatment options for pediatric adrenal incidentalomas: a retrospective single center study
Xiaojiang Zhu, Saisai Liu, Yimin Yuan, Nannan Gu, Jintong Sha, Yunfei Guo, Yongji Deng
BMC Pediatrics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Mineral metabolism assays and osteoporotic fracture risk evaluation in menopausal population diagnosed with adrenal incidentalomas: a sub-analysis of PRECES study
Alexandra-Ioana Trandafir, Mihaela Stanciu, Ana Valea, Oana-Claudia Sima, Claudiu Nistor, Mădălina Gabriela Iliescu, Ileana Ciobanu, Florina Ligia Popa, Mara Carsote
Balneo and PRM Research Journal.2024; 15(Vol.15, no): 692. CrossRef
Assessment of the diagnostic efficacy of radiological and functional evaluation of primary adrenal mass and its’ surgical outcomes
Yash Manharlal Tilala, Sabyasachi Panda, Abhilekh Tripathi, Sachin Sharma, Amiya Shankar Paul, Sanjay Choudhuri, Samir Swain
Urologia Journal.2024; 91(4): 674. CrossRef
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Adrenal Incidentaloma from a Single Center in South India: A Retrospective Study
Abhijeet B Jawanjal, Siddarth Sadananda, Nikitha Sriramaneni, Y. P. Ganavi, Pramila Kalra, Chitra Selvan, P. R. Manjunath, Praneethi K. Shetty
Annals of African Medicine.2024; 23(4): 567. CrossRef
Quantitative imaging biomarkers in the assessment of adrenal nodules
Mariana Yalon, Patrick J. Navin
Abdominal Radiology.2024; 50(5): 2169. CrossRef
A Case of Adrenal Incidentaloma Treated with Hand-assisted Laparoscopic Surgery
Yuki YAMANASHI, Tomoyoshi NAKAI, Juro YANAGIDA, Yusaku YOSHIDA, Yoko OMI, Kiyomi HORIUCHI, Naoko ITOU, Youji NAGASHIMA
Nihon Rinsho Geka Gakkai Zasshi (Journal of Japan Surgical Association).2024; 85(11): 1596. CrossRef
Characterizing incidental mass lesions in abdominal dual-energy CT compared to conventional contrast-enhanced CT
Jack Junchi Xu, Peter Sommer Ulriksen, Camilla Wium Bjerrum, Michael Patrick Achiam, Timothy Andrew Resch, Lars Lönn, Kristoffer Lindskov Hansen
Acta Radiologica.2023; 64(3): 945. CrossRef
Metastatic Adrenal PEComa: Case Report and Short Review of the Literature
Enrico Battistella, Luca Pomba, Marica Mirabella, Michele Gregianin, Antonio Scapinello, Marco Volante, Antonio Toniato
Medicina.2023; 59(1): 149. CrossRef
Surgical management and outcomes of spinal metastasis of malignant adrenal tumor: A retrospective study of six cases and literature review
Xiangzhi Ni, Jing Wang, Jiashi Cao, Kun Zhang, Shuming Hou, Xing Huang, Yuanjin Song, Xin Gao, Jianru Xiao, Tielong Liu
Frontiers in Oncology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
An adrenal incidentaloma that had appeared to produce dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate in excess before immunohistochemical study of the tumor
Toshihide Yamamoto, Takuma Kimura, Yuki Kubo, Shin-ichi Nakatsuka, Hiromasa Harada, Takashi Suzuki, Hironobu Sasano
Endocrine Journal.2023; 70(1): 43. CrossRef
Mortality Not Increased in Patients With Nonfunctional Adrenal Adenomas: A Matched Cohort Study
Albin Kjellbom, Ola Lindgren, Malin Danielsson, Henrik Olsen, Magnus Löndahl
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2023; 108(8): e536. CrossRef
Construction of a novel clinical nomogram to predict cancer-specific survival in patients with primary malignant adrenal tumors: a large population-based retrospective study
Mingzhen Li, Xiaoying Duan, Di You, Linlin Liu
Frontiers in Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Primary Aldosteronism Prevalence – An Unfolding Story
Suranut Charoensri, Adina F. Turcu
Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes.2023; 131(07/08): 394. CrossRef
Management of Adrenal Cortical Adenomas: Assessment of Bone Status in Patients with (Non-Functioning) Adrenal Incidentalomas
Alexandra-Ioana Trandafir, Mihaela Stanciu, Simona Elena Albu, Vasile Razvan Stoian, Irina Ciofu, Cristian Persu, Claudiu Nistor, Mara Carsote
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(13): 4244. CrossRef
Clinical manifestations of functionally autonomous cortisol secretion in patients with adrenal masse
T. R. Chzhen, T. P. Kiseleva
Ural Medical Journal.2023; 22(3): 13. CrossRef
Tumor enlargement in adrenal incidentaloma is related to glaucoma: a new prognostic feature?
M. Caputo, T. Daffara, A. Ferrero, M. Romanisio, E. Monti, C. Mele, M. Zavattaro, S. Tricca, A. Siani, A. Clemente, C. Palumbo, S. De Cillà, A. Carriero, A. Volpe, P. Marzullo, G. Aimaretti, F. Prodam
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation.2023; 47(2): 377. CrossRef
Adrenal ganglioneuroma: Features and outcomes of cases series
Pei Li, Rongchang Zhang, Guang Wang, Jiongming Li
Asian Journal of Surgery.2023; 46(11): 5272. CrossRef
Recent Updates on the Management of Adrenal Incidentalomas
Seung Shin Park, Jung Hee Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(4): 373. CrossRef
Adrenal malakoplakia a rare lesion that mimics a neoplasm
Orión Erenhú Rodríguez González, Jesus Eduardo Osorio, Edgar Iván Bravo Castro
Urology Case Reports.2023; 51: 102568. CrossRef
LC-MS based simultaneous profiling of adrenal hormones of steroids, catecholamines, and metanephrines
Jongsung Noh, Chaelin Lee, Jung Hee Kim, Seung Woon Myung, Man Ho Choi
Journal of Lipid Research.2023; 64(11): 100453. CrossRef
Incidentaloma adrenal. Del hallazgo casual al diagnóstico definitivo
Mercedes Retamal Ortíz, Ana Belén Vicario Parada, Elena Vázquez Jarén
Actualización en Medicina de Familia.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Can MDCT Enhancement Patterns Be Helpful in Differentiating Secretory from Non-Functional Adrenal Adenoma?
Svetlana Kocic, Vladimir Vukomanovic, Aleksandar Djukic, Jovica Saponjski, Dusan Saponjski, Vuk Aleksic, Vesna Ignjatovic, Katarina Vuleta Nedic, Vladan Markovic, Radisa Vojinovic
Medicina.2023; 60(1): 72. CrossRef
Diagnosis, Management, and Follow-Up of the Incidentally Discovered Adrenal Mass: CUA Guideline Endorsed by the AUA
Neal E. Rowe, Ravi Kumar, Nicola Schieda, Ferhan Siddiqi, Thomas McGregor, Kristen McAlpine, Philippe Violette, Varun Bathini, Michael Eng, Jason Izard
Journal of Urology.2023; 210(4): 590. CrossRef
Computer-assisted Reporting and Decision Support Increases Compliance with Follow-up Imaging and Hormonal Screening of Adrenal Incidentalomas
Renata R. Almeida, Bernardo C. Bizzo, Ramandeep Singh, Katherine P. Andriole, Tarik K. Alkasab
Academic Radiology.2022; 29(2): 236. CrossRef
Incidental Adrenal Masses: Adherence to Guidelines and Methods to Improve Initial Follow-Up: A Systematic Review
Timothy Feeney, Andrea Madiedo, Philip E. Knapp, Avneesh Gupta, David McAneny, Frederick Thurston Drake
Journal of Surgical Research.2022; 269: 18. CrossRef
Incidental Adrenal Lesions May Not Always Require Further Imaging Work-up
Deborah A. Baumgarten
Radiology.2022; 302(1): 138. CrossRef
Adrenal Nodules Detected at Staging CT in Patients with Resectable Gastric Cancers Have a Low Incidence of Malignancy
Hae Young Kim, Won Chang, Yoon Jin Lee, Ji Hoon Park, Jungheum Cho, Hee Young Na, Hyungwoo Ahn, Sung Il Hwang, Hak Jong Lee, Young Hoon Kim, Kyoung Ho Lee
Radiology.2022; 302(1): 129. CrossRef
Management of incidental adrenal nodules: a survey of abdominal radiologists conducted by the Society of Abdominal Radiology Disease-Focused Panel on Adrenal Neoplasms
Michael T. Corwin, Nicola Schieda, Erick M. Remer, Elaine M. Caoili
Abdominal Radiology.2022; 47(4): 1360. CrossRef
Primary hyperaldosteronism: indications for screening
Novella M. Chikhladze
Terapevticheskii arkhiv.2022; 94(1): 107. CrossRef
Pathophysiological Link between Insulin Resistance and Adrenal Incidentalomas
Jordan A. Higgs, Alyssa P. Quinn, Kevin D. Seely, Zeke Richards, Shad P. Mortensen, Cody S. Crandall, Amanda E. Brooks
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(8): 4340. CrossRef
Can Radiomics Provide Additional Diagnostic Value for Identifying Adrenal Lipid-Poor Adenomas From Non-Adenomas on Unenhanced CT?
Binhao Zhang, Huangqi Zhang, Xin Li, Shengze Jin, Jiawen Yang, Wenting Pan, Xue Dong, Jin Chen, Wenbin Ji
Frontiers in Oncology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Adrenal Surgery in the Era of Multidisciplinary Endocrine Tumor Boards
Costanza Chiapponi, Daniel Pinto Dos Santos, Milan Janis Michael Hartmann, Matthias Schmidt, Michael Faust, Roger Wahba, Christiane Josephine Bruns, Anne Maria Schultheis, Hakan Alakus
Hormone and Metabolic Research.2022; 54(05): 294. CrossRef
Optimal and novel imaging of the adrenal glands
Patrick J. Navin, Michael R. Moynagh
Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity.2022; 29(3): 253. CrossRef
Adrenal Tumors in Young Adults: Case Reports and Literature Review
Małgorzata Zdrojewska, Emilia Mech-Siebieszuk, Renata Świątkowska-Stodulska, Bartosz Regent, Michał Kunc, Łukasz Zdrojewski, Krzysztof Sworczak
Medicina.2022; 58(6): 746. CrossRef
Incidence of malignancy in adrenal nodules detected on staging CTs of patients with potentially resectable colorectal cancer
Hae Young Kim, Yoon Jin Lee, Won Chang, Ji Hoon Park, Jungheum Cho, Hyeon Jeong Oh, Young Hoon Kim, Kyoung Ho Lee
European Radiology.2022; 32(12): 8560. CrossRef
Appendiceal Incidentalomas: Prevalence, Radiographic Characteristics, Management, and Outcomes
Adam Kelly, Stacy O’Connor, Diana Kane, Chiang-Ching Huang, Harveshp Mogal
Annals of Surgical Oncology.2022; 29(13): 8265. CrossRef
Laparoscopic large adrenal mass resection: why we should be more careful?
Mohsen Varyani, Mahmood Parvin, Hamidreza Akbari Gilani
African Journal of Urology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Serum Visfatin/NAMPT as a Potential Risk Predictor for Malignancy of Adrenal Tumors
Nadia Sawicka-Gutaj, Hanna Komarowska, Dawid Gruszczyński, Aleksandra Derwich, Anna Klimont, Marek Ruchała
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(19): 5563. CrossRef
Application of radiomics in adrenal incidentaloma: a literature review
Cheng Li, Yan Fu, Xiaoping Yi, Xiao Guan, Longfei Liu, Bihong T. Chen
Discover Oncology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Hormone-inactive adrenal tumors in clinician’s practice
T. R. Chzhen, T. P. Kiseleva
Perm Medical Journal.2022; 39(5): 48. CrossRef
The diagnostic value of salivary cortisol and salivary cortisone in patients with suspected hypercortisolism
Vendela Berndt, Per Dahlqvist, Jennie de Verdier, Henrik Ryberg, Oskar Ragnarsson
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The Role of Intraoperative Indocyanine Green (ICG) and Preoperative 3-Dimensional (3D) Reconstruction in Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy: A Propensity Score-matched Analysis
Giuseppe Palomba, Vincenza Paola Dinuzzi, Francesca Pegoraro, Roberto Ivan Troisi, Roberto Montalti, Giovanni Domenico De Palma, Giovanni Aprea
Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques.2022; 32(6): 643. CrossRef
The Etiological Profile of Adrenal Incidentalomas
Fatima-Zahra Lahmamssi, Loubna Saadaoui, Hayat Aynaou, Houda Salhi, Hanan El Ouahabi
Cureus.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Forty Years Together, New Leap Forward! The 40th Anniversary of the Korean Endocrine Society
Jong Chul Won, Ki-Hyun Baek
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2022; 37(6): 851. CrossRef
Conduite à tenir face à un fortuitome surrénalien chez le chien ou le chat
Diane Pichard, Ghita Benckekroun
Le Nouveau Praticien Vétérinaire canine & féline.2022; 19(82): 40. CrossRef
Laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenalectomy: a comparative study of different techniques for vessel sealing
Luca Cardinali, Edlira Skrami, Elisa Catani, Flavia Carle, Monica Ortenzi, Andrea Balla, Mario Guerrieri
Surgical Endoscopy.2021; 35(2): 673. CrossRef
Epidemiology and Comorbidity of Adrenal Cushing Syndrome: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Chang Ho Ahn, Jung Hee Kim, Man Young Park, Sang Wan Kim
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2021; 106(3): e1362. CrossRef
Urine steroid profile as a new promising tool for the evaluation of adrenal tumors. Literature review
Marta Araujo-Castro, Pablo Valderrábano, Héctor F. Escobar-Morreale, Felicia A. Hanzu, Gregori Casals
Endocrine.2021; 72(1): 40. CrossRef
A Rare Neoplasm: Primary Adrenal Leiomyosarcoma
Jack T. Barnett, Christine W. Liaw, Reza Mehrazin
Urology.2021; 148: e11. CrossRef
Adrenal Ganglioneuroma Presenting as an Incidentaloma in an Adolescent Patient
Sonia G. Sharma, Steven N. Levine, Xin Gu
AACE Clinical Case Reports.2021; 7(1): 61. CrossRef
Feasibility of Iodine-131 6β-Methyl-Iodo-19 Norcholesterol (NP-59) Scintigraphy to Complement Adrenal Venous Sampling in Management of Primary Aldosteronism: A Case Series
Jeongmin Lee, Jeonghoon Ha, Sang-Kuon Lee, Hye Lim Park, Sung-Hoon Kim, Dong-Jun Lim, Jung Min Lee, Sang-Ah Chang, Moo Il Kang, Min-Hee Kim
International Journal of General Medicine.2021; Volume 14: 673. CrossRef
Best Achievements in Pituitary and Adrenal Diseases in 2020
Chang Ho Ahn, Jung Hee Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(1): 51. CrossRef
Adrenal surgery: Review of 35 years experience in a single centre
Enrico Battistella, Stefania Ferrari, Luca Pomba, Antonio Toniato
Surgical Oncology.2021; 37: 101554. CrossRef
Adrenocortical Carcinoma: A Case of Missed Diagnosis
Yusef Hazimeh, Carlie Sigel, Carsello Carie, Mathew Leinung, Zaynab Khalaf
Cureus.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Imagerie fonctionnelle en endocrinologie : nouveaux paradigmes à l’horizon 2020
E. Marchal
Médecine Nucléaire.2021; 45(3): 158. CrossRef
Adrenal Incidentaloma
Caren G. Solomon, Electron Kebebew
New England Journal of Medicine.2021; 384(16): 1542. CrossRef
Can Hematological Parameters Play a Role in the Differential Diagnosis of Adrenal Tumors?
Mehmet Gürkan Arıkan, Göktan Altuğ Öz, Nur Gülce İşkan, Necdet Süt, İlkan Yüksel, Ersan Arda
Uro.2021; 1(2): 39. CrossRef
Incidental Adrenal Nodules
Daniel I. Glazer, Michael T. Corwin, William W. Mayo-Smith
Radiologic Clinics of North America.2021; 59(4): 591. CrossRef
Antioxidant Barrier and Oxidative Damage to Proteins, Lipids, and DNA/RNA in Adrenal Tumor Patients
Barbara Choromańska, Piotr Myśliwiec, Tomasz Kozłowski, Magdalena Łuba, Piotr Wojskowicz, Jacek Dadan, Hanna Myśliwiec, Katarzyna Choromańska, Anna Gibała, Anna Starzyńska, Małgorzata Żendzian-Piotrowska, Anna Zalewska, Mateusz Maciejczyk, Jos L. Quiles
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Laparoscopic Retroperitoneoscopic Removal of an Adrenal Hemangioma: a Case Report
Kristin McCoy, Katherine Howe, Daniel Tershak
Journal of Endocrine Surgery.2021; 21(3): 70. CrossRef
Metabolic Subtyping of Adrenal Tumors: Prospective Multi-Center Cohort Study in Korea
Eu Jeong Ku, Chaelin Lee, Jaeyoon Shim, Sihoon Lee, Kyoung-Ah Kim, Sang Wan Kim, Yumie Rhee, Hyo-Jeong Kim, Jung Soo Lim, Choon Hee Chung, Sung Wan Chun, Soon-Jib Yoo, Ohk-Hyun Ryu, Ho Chan Cho, A Ram Hong, Chang Ho Ahn, Jung Hee Kim, Man Ho Choi
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(5): 1131. CrossRef
Cross-Talk Between Nitrosative Stress, Inflammation and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor in Patients with Adrenal Masses
Barbara Choromańska, Piotr Myśliwiec, Tomasz Kozłowski, Magdalena Łuba, Piotr Wojskowicz, Jacek Dadan, Hanna Myśliwiec, Katarzyna Choromańska, Katarzyna Makarewicz, Anna Zalewska, Mateusz Maciejczyk
Journal of Inflammation Research.2021; Volume 14: 6317. CrossRef
Cirugía laparoscópica en incidentaloma suprarrenal para el cirujano general: serie de casos
Martín Adrián Bolívar-Rodríguez, Marcel Antonio Cázarez-Aguilar, Pedro Alejandro Magaña-Zavala, Francisco Magaña-Olivas, José Martín Niebla-Moreno
Revista Mexicana de Cirugía Endoscópica.2021; 22(1): 8. CrossRef
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S. Rybakov
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine).2021; 17(3): 241. CrossRef
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Alessio Giordano, Giovanni Alemanno, Carlo Bergamini, Andrea Valeri, Paolo Prosperi
Journal of Minimal Access Surgery.2021; 17(1): 76. CrossRef
Is Follow-up of Adrenal Incidentalomas Always Mandatory?
Giuseppe Reimondo, Alessandra Muller, Elisa Ingargiola, Soraya Puglisi, Massimo Terzolo
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2020; 35(1): 26. CrossRef
Imaging Findings of Primary Adrenal Leiomyosarcoma: A Case Report
Hye Ran Yoon, Dong Hee Park
Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology.2020; 81(2): 459. CrossRef
WFUMB position paper on the management incidental findings: adrenal incidentaloma
Christoph F. Dietrich, Jean Michel Correas, Yi Dong, Christian Nolsoe, Susan Campbell Westerway, Christian Jenssen
Ultrasonography.2020; 39(1): 11. CrossRef
A nationwide survey of adrenal incidentalomas in Japan: the first report of clinical and epidemiological features
Takamasa Ichijo, Hajime Ueshiba, Hajime Nawata, Toshihiko Yanase
Endocrine Journal.2020; 67(2): 141. CrossRef
Mimics, pitfalls, and misdiagnoses of adrenal masses on CT and MRI
Khaled M. Elsayes, Mohab M. Elmohr, Sanaz Javadi, Christine O. Menias, Erick M. Remer, Ajaykumar C. Morani, Akram M. Shaaban
Abdominal Radiology.2020; 45(4): 982. CrossRef
Adrenal Incidentaloma
Mark Sherlock, Andrew Scarsbrook, Afroze Abbas, Sheila Fraser, Padiporn Limumpornpetch, Rosemary Dineen, Paul M Stewart
Endocrine Reviews.2020; 41(6): 775. CrossRef
A Web Application for Adrenal Incidentaloma Identification, Tracking, and Management Using Machine Learning
Wasif Bala, Jackson Steinkamp, Timothy Feeney, Avneesh Gupta, Abhinav Sharma, Jake Kantrowitz, Nicholas Cordella, James Moses, Frederick Thurston Drake
Applied Clinical Informatics.2020; 11(04): 606. CrossRef
Presentation and outcome of patients with an adrenal mass: A retrospective observational study
Nadeema Rafiq, Tauseef Nabi, SajadAhmad Dar, Shahnawaz Rasool
Clinical Cancer Investigation Journal.2020; 9(5): 198. CrossRef
Evaluation of Functionality and Growth Rates in Adrenal Incidentalomas: Single Center Experience
Suna AVCI, Yüksel Aslı OZTURKMEN, Sayid ZUHUR, Gulkan OZKAN, Elif GUVEN, Nazan DEMİR, Yuksel ALTUNTAS
Phoenix Medical Journal.2020; 2(3): 125. CrossRef
Percutaneous Adrenal Radiofrequency Ablation: A Short Review for Endocrinologists
Byung Kwan Park
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2020; 35(4): 750. CrossRef
Autonomous cortisol secretion in adrenal incidentalomas
Marta Araujo-Castro, Miguel Antonio Sampedro Núñez, Mónica Marazuela
Endocrine.2019; 64(1): 1. CrossRef
Primary adrenal schwannoma: a series of 31 cases emphasizing their clinicopathologic features and favorable prognosis
Jun Zhou, Dandan Zhang, Wencai Li, Luting Zhou, Haimin Xu, Saifang Zheng, Chaofu Wang
Endocrine.2019; 65(3): 662. CrossRef
Challenging risk factors for right and left laparoscopic adrenalectomy: A single centre experience with 272 cases
Kadir Omur Gunseren, Mehmet Cagatay Cicek, Hakan Vuruskan, Yakup Kordan, Ismet Yavascaoglu
International braz j urol.2019; 45(4): 747. CrossRef
A case report on 111In chloride bone marrow scintigraphy in management of adrenal myelolipoma
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