Endocrinology and Metabolism

Review Article

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Glucocorticoid-Induced Hyperglycemia: A Neglected Problem: Jung-Hwan Cho, Sunghwan Suh; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(2):222-238. Published online March 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1951

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Glucocorticoids provide a potent therapeutic response and are widely used to treat a variety of diseases, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. However, the issue of glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia (GIH), which is observed in over one-third of patients treated with glucocorticoids, is often neglected. To improve the clinical course and prognosis of diseases that necessitate glucocorticoid therapy, proper management of GIH is essential. The key pathophysiology of GIH includes systemic insulin resistance, which exacerbates hepatic steatosis and visceral obesity, as well as proteolysis and lipolysis of muscle and adipose tissue, coupled with β-cell dysfunction. For patients on glucocorticoid therapy, risk stratification should be conducted through a detailed baseline evaluation, and frequent glucose monitoring is recommended to detect the onset of GIH, particularly in high-risk individuals. Patients with confirmed GIH who require treatment should follow an insulin-centered regimen that varies depending on whether they are inpatients or outpatients, as well as the type and dosage of glucocorticoid used. The ideal strategy to maintain normoglycemia while preventing hypoglycemia is to combine basal-bolus insulin and correction doses with a continuous glucose monitoring system. This review focuses on the current understanding and latest evidence concerning GIH, incorporating insights gained from the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Effect of hypoglycemic events on cognitive function in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a dose–response meta-analysis
Min Ye, Qiqi Yang, Lele Zhang, Hudie Song, Qin Fu, Jun Qian, Hongyu Xie, Aihong Yuan
Frontiers in Neurology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Diabetes and the associated complications: The role of antioxidants in diabetes therapy and care
Lowell Dilworth, Dewayne Stennett, Aldeam Facey, Felix Omoruyi, Shada Mohansingh, Felix O. Omoruyi
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2024; 181: 117641. CrossRef

Editorial

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
The Characteristics and Risk of Mortality in the Elderly Korean Population: Sunghwan Suh; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(5):522-524. Published online October 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.502

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Original Articles

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Intake of Fruit and Glycemic Control in Korean Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Eunju Yoon, Ji Cheol Bae, Sunghwan Suh; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(5):538-544. Published online August 8, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1730

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Background
Despite the well-recognized health benefits of fresh fruit consumption, there is still substantial uncertainty about its potential effects on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods
We examined the association of fresh fruit consumption and glycemic control in patients with T2DM using data from the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The study sample was divided into three groups based on weekly fruit consumption frequency for the analysis.
Results
Patients with the highest fruit intake were older than those in the other two groups, and women were more likely to consume fruits in general. Being a current smoker and weekly alcohol intake also showed negative correlations according to the fruit intake tertiles. Fruit consumption was positively correlated with better hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. Moreover, patients in the highest tertile of fruit intake were 3.48 times more likely to be in good glycemic control defined as HbA1c <7%.
Conclusion
We observed that fruit consumption can be helpful in glycemic control in Korean patients with T2DM.

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The Relationship between Alcohol Consumption and Diabetes in Korean Adults
Gi Tae Kim, Jae Woong Sull
Biomedical Science Letters.2023; 29(3): 159. CrossRef

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Greater Severity of Steatosis Is Associated with a Higher Risk of Incident Diabetes: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study: Ji Min Han, Jung Hwan Cho, Hye In Kim, Sunghwan Suh, Yu-Ji Lee, Jung Won Lee, Kwang Min Kim, Ji Cheol Bae; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(4):418-425. Published online July 12, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1729

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Background
Fatty liver is associated with increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. We aimed to evaluate whether the severity of hepatic steatosis is associated with incident diabetes.
Methods
We conducted a longitudinal analysis using data from 1,798 participants who underwent a comprehensive health checkup and abdominal computed tomography (CT). We assessed the association between baseline liver attenuation value on non-contrast CT images and risk of incident diabetes. All the participants were categorized into three groups based on the baseline liver attenuation value on non-contrast CT images: without hepatic steatosis (>57 Hounsfield unit [HU]), mild hepatic steatosis (41–57 HU), and moderate to severe hepatic steatosis (≤40 HU).
Results
During a median follow-up period of 5 years, 6.0% of the study participants progressed to diabetes. The incidence of diabetes was 17.3% in the moderate to severe hepatic steatosis group, 9.0% in the mild steatosis group, and 2.9% in those without hepatic steatosis. In a multivariate adjustment model, as compared with participants without hepatic steatosis, those with moderate to severe steatosis had a hazard ratio (HR) of 3.24 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.64 to 4.2) for the development of diabetes, and those in the mild steatosis group had a HR of 2.33 (95% CI, 1.42 to 3.80). One standard deviation decrease in mean CT attenuation values of the liver was associated with a 40% increase in the development of diabetes (multivariate adjusted HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.2 to 1.63).
Conclusion
We found a positive association between severity of hepatic steatosis and risk of incident diabetes. Greater severity of steatosis was associated with a higher risk of incident diabetes.

Corrigendum

Miscellaneous
Corrigendum: Affiliation Correction. Development and Validation of a Risk Scoring System Derived from Meta-Analyses for Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Sunghwan Suh, Tae Sik Goh, Yun Hak Kim, Sae-Ock Oh, Kyoungjune Pak, Ju Won Seok, In Joo Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(2):287. Published online April 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.202; Corrects: Endocrinol Metab 2020;35(2):435

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Special Articles

Miscellaneous
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Endocrine Disorders: A Position Statement from the Korean Endocrine Society: Hyemi Kwon, Eun Roh, Chang Ho Ahn, Hee Kyung Kim, Cheol Ryong Ku, Kyong Yeun Jung, Ju Hee Lee, Eun Heui Kim, Sunghwan Suh, Sangmo Hong, Jeonghoon Ha, Jun Sung Moon, Jin Hwa Kim, Mi-kyung Kim, The Committee of Clinical Practice Guideline of the Korean Endocrine Society; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(6):839-850. Published online December 26, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1627

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Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) including an anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 inhibitor, anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors, and anti-PD-ligand 1 inhibitors are representative therapeutics for various malignancies. In oncology, the application of ICIs is currently expanding to a wider range of malignancies due to their remarkable clinical outcomes. ICIs target immune checkpoints which suppress the activity of T-cells that are specific for tumor antigens, thereby allowing tumor cells to escape the immune response. However, immune checkpoints also play a crucial role in preventing autoimmune reactions. Therefore, ICIs targeting immune checkpoints can trigger various immune-related adverse events (irAEs), especially in endocrine organs. Considering the endocrine organs that are frequently involved, irAEs associated endocrinopathies are frequently life-threatening and have unfavorable clinical implications for patients. However, there are very limited data from large clinical trials that would inform the development of clinical guidelines for patients with irAEs associated endocrinopathies. Considering the current clinical situation, in which the scope and scale of the application of ICIs are increasing, position statements from clinical specialists play an essential role in providing the appropriate recommendations based on both medical evidence and clinical experience. As endocrinologists, we would like to present precautions and recommendations for the management of immune-related endocrine disorders, especially those involving the adrenal, thyroid, and pituitary glands caused by ICIs.

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Hyunji Sang, Yun Kyung Cho, Sang-hyeok Go, Hwa Jung Kim, Eun Hee Koh
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2024; 39(5): 801. CrossRef
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Ryo Fujiwara, Takeshi yuasa, kenichi kobayashi, tetsuya yoshida, susumu kageyama
Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy.2023; 23(5): 461. CrossRef
Incidence of Endocrine-Related Dysfunction in Patients Treated with New Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Meta-Analysis and Comprehensive Review
Won Sang Yoo, Eu Jeong Ku, Eun Kyung Lee, Hwa Young Ahn
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(6): 750. CrossRef

Miscellaneous
COVID-19 Vaccination for Endocrine Patients: A Position Statement from the Korean Endocrine Society: Cheol Ryong Ku, Kyong Yeun Jung, Chang Ho Ahn, Jun Sung Moon, Ju Hee Lee, Eun Heui Kim, Hyemi Kwon, Hee Kyung Kim, Sunghwan Suh, Sangmo Hong, Jeonghoon Ha, Eun Roh, Jin Hwa Kim, Mi-kyung Kim, the Committee of Clinical Practice Guideline of the Korean Endocrine Society; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(4):757-765. Published online August 17, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.404

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Since the first outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), ongoing efforts have been made to discover an efficacious vaccine against COVID-19 to combat the pandemic. In most countries, both mRNA and DNA vaccines have been administered, and their side effects have also been reported. The clinical course of COVID-19 and the effects of vaccination against COVID-19 are both influenced by patients’ health status and involve a systemic physiological response. In view of the systemic function of endocrine hormones, endocrine disorders themselves and the therapeutics used to treat them can influence the outcomes of vaccination for COVID-19. However, there are very limited data to support the development of clinical guidelines for patients with specific medical backgrounds based on large clinical trials. In the current severe circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic, position statements made by clinical specialists are essential to provide appropriate recommendations based on both medical evidence and clinical experiences. As endocrinologists, we would like to present the medical background of COVID-19 vaccination, as well as precautions to prevent the side effects of COVID-19 vaccination in patients with specific endocrine disorders, including adrenal insufficiency, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, autoimmune thyroid disease, hypogonadism, and pituitary disorders.

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Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics.2024; 17(12): 5120. CrossRef
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Nature Reviews Endocrinology.2024; 20(6): 336. CrossRef
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JCEM Case Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology.2023; 15(3): 248. CrossRef
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Original Article

Clinical Study
Development and Validation of a Risk Scoring System Derived from Meta-Analyses of Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Sunghwan Suh, Tae Sik Goh, Yun Hak Kim, Sae-Ock Oh, Kyoungjune Pak, Ju Won Seok, In Joo Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(2):435-442. Published online June 24, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.2.435; Correction in: Endocrinol Metab 2023;38(2):287

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Background
The aim of this study was to develop a scoring system to stratify the risk of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and to select the proper management.
Methods
We performed a systematic search of MEDLINE and Embase. Data regarding patients’ prognoses were obtained from the included studies. Odds ratios (ORs) with statistical significance were extracted from the publications. To generate a risk scoring system (RSS), ORs were summed (RSS1), and summed after natural-logarithmic transformation (RSS2). RSS1 and RSS2 were compared to the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system and the 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines for thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid carcinoma.
Results
Five meta-analyses were eligible for inclusion in the study. Eight variables (sex, tumour size, extrathyroidal extension, BRAF mutation, TERT mutation, histologic subtype, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis) were included. RSS1 was the best of the analysed models.
Conclusion
We developed and validated a new RSS derived from previous meta-analyses for patients with PTC. This RSS seems to be superior to previously published systems.

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Devan Diwanji, Emmanuel Carrodeguas, Youngho Seo, Hyunseok Kang, Myat Han Soe, Janet M. Chiang, Li Zhang, Chienying Liu, Spencer C. Behr, Robert R. Flavell
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(13): 3963. CrossRef
Investigating 18F-FDG PET/CT Parameters as Prognostic Markers for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review
Hongxi Wang, Hongyuan Dai, Qianrui Li, Guohua Shen, Lei Shi, Rong Tian
Frontiers in Oncology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Impact of Multifocality on the Recurrence of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Joohyun Woo, Hyeonkyeong Kim, Hyungju Kwon
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2021; 10(21): 5144. CrossRef

Review Article

Glucocorticoid-Induced Diabetes Mellitus: An Important but Overlooked Problem: Sunghwan Suh, Mi Kyoung Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(2):180-189. Published online May 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.2.180

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Glucocorticoids are widely used as potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs to treat a wide range of diseases. However, they are also associated with a number of side effects, including new-onset hyperglycemia in patients without a history of diabetes mellitus (DM) or severely uncontrolled hyperglycemia in patients with known DM. Glucocorticoid-induced diabetes mellitus (GIDM) is a common and potentially harmful problem in clinical practice, affecting almost all medical specialties, but is often difficult to detect in clinical settings. However, scientific evidence is lacking regarding the effects of GIDM, as well as strategies for prevention and treatment. Similarly to nonsteroid-related DM, the principles of early detection and risk factor modification apply. Screening for GIDM should be considered in all patients treated with medium to high doses of glucocorticoids. Challenges in the management of GIDM stem from wide fluctuations in postprandial hyperglycemia and the lack of clearly defined treatment protocols. Together with lifestyle measures, hypoglycemic drugs with insulin-sensitizing effects are indicated. However, insulin therapy is often unavoidable, to the point that insulin can be considered the drug of choice. The treatment of GIDM should take into account the degree and pattern of hyperglycemia, as well as the type, dose, and schedule of glucocorticoid used. Moreover, it is essential to instruct the patient and/or the patient's family about how to perform the necessary adjustments. Prospective studies are needed to answer the remaining questions regarding GIDM.

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Potent Anti-Inflammatory, Arylpyrazole-Based Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists That Do Not Impair Insulin Secretion
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Acetylation of Hsp90 reverses dexamethasone-mediated inhibition of insulin secretion
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Patterns of Glucose Fluctuation are Challenging in Patients Treated for Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

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Corticothérapie prolongée chez une personne âgée et diabète
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Activation of nuclear receptor PXR impairs glucose tolerance and dysregulates GLUT2 expression and subcellular localization in liver
Fatemeh Hassani-Nezhad-Gashti, Jaana Rysä, Outi Kummu, Juha Näpänkangas, Marcin Buler, Mikko Karpale, Janne Hukkanen, Jukka Hakkola
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Scientific Reports.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Article

Clinical Study
Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide Level Is Associated with the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Sunghwan Suh, Mi Yeon Kim, Soo Kyoung Kim, Kyu Yeon Hur, Mi Kyoung Park, Duk Kyu Kim, Nam H. Cho, Moon-Kyu Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(1):134-141. Published online March 16, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.1.134

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Background

Incretin hormone levels as a predictor of type 2 diabetes mellitus have not been fully investigated. Therefore, we measured incretin hormone levels to examine the relationship between circulating incretin hormones, diabetes, and future diabetes development in this study.

Methods

A nested case-control study was conducted in a Korean cohort. The study included the following two groups: the control group (n=149), the incident diabetes group (n=65). Fasting total glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and total glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) levels were measured and compared between these groups.

Results

Fasting total GIP levels were higher in the incident diabetes group than in the control group (32.64±22.68 pmol/L vs. 25.54±18.37 pmol/L, P=0.034). There was no statistically significant difference in fasting total GLP-1 levels between groups (1.14±1.43 pmol/L vs. 1.39±2.13 pmol/L, P=0.199). In multivariate analysis, fasting total GIP levels were associated with an increased risk of diabetes (odds ratio, 1.005; P=0.012) independent of other risk factors.

Conclusion

Fasting total GIP levels may be a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This association persisted even after adjusting for other metabolic parameters such as elevated fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and obesity in the pre-diabetic period.

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Karlijn A. C. Meeks, Amy R. Bentley, Themistocles L. Assimes, Nora Franceschini, Adebowale A. Adeyemo, Charles N. Rotimi, Ayo P. Doumatey
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Review Article

Thyroid
Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Cardiovascular Disease: Sunghwan Suh, Duk Kyu Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(3):246-251. Published online August 4, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.3.246

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Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is a common disorder that is characterized by elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in conjunction with free thyroxine concentrations within the normal reference range. Thyroid hormones are known to affect the heart and vasculature and, as a result, the impact of SCH on the cardiovascular (CV) system has recently become an important topic of research. Strong evidence points to a link between SCH and CV risk factors such as alterations in blood pressure, lipid levels, and atherosclerosis. Additionally, accumulating evidence indicates that SCH is associated with metabolic syndrome and heart failure. The present review proposes that SCH may be a potentially modifiable risk factor of CV disease and mortality. However, large-scale clinical trials with appropriate power investigating the risks and benefits of SCH treatment are required to determine whether these benefits can be achieved with levothyroxine therapy.

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Editorial

Obesity and Metabolism
Metformin-Associated Lactic Acidosis: Sunghwan Suh; Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(1):45-46. Published online March 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.1.45

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Original Articles

Obesity and Metabolism
Sex Factors in the Metabolic Syndrome as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease: Sunghwan Suh, Jongha Baek, Ji Cheol Bae, Kyoung-Nyoun Kim, Mi Kyoung Park, Duk Kyu Kim, Nam H. Cho, Moon-Kyu Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2014;29(4):522-529. Published online December 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2014.29.4.522

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Background

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a condition characterized by a cluster of metabolic disorders and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study analyzed data from the Korean Health and Genome Study to examine the impact of MetS on CVD.

Methods

A total of 8,898 subjects (4,241 males and 4,657 females), 40 to 69 years of age, were enrolled and evaluated for the development of new onset CVD from 2001 to 2012 (median 8.1 years of follow-up).

Results

The prevalence of MetS at baseline was 22.0% (932/4,241) and 29.7% (1,383/4,657) in males and females, respectively. MetS was associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD; hazard ratio [HR], 1.818; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.312 to 2.520 in males; HR, 1.789; 95% CI, 1.332 to 2.404 in females) and CVD (HR, 1.689; 95% CI, 1.295 to 2.204 in males; HR, 1.686; 95% CI, 1.007 to 2.192 in females). Specifically, MetS was associated with risk of future stroke in females only (HR, 1.486; 95% CI, 1.007 to 2.192). Among MetS components, abdominal obesity and hypertension were independent predictors of both CHD and CVD. In addition, a higher number of MetS components correlated with higher CVD risk.

Conclusion

MetS is a significant risk factor for the development of CVD although its impact varies between sexes.

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Adrenal gland
Clinical Characteristics, Management, and Outcome of 22 Cases of Primary Hypophysitis: Sun Mi Park, Ji Cheol Bae, Ji Young Joung, Yoon Young Cho, Tae Hun Kim, Sang-Man Jin, Sunghwan Suh, Kyu Yeon Hur, Kwang-Won Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2014;29(4):470-478. Published online December 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2014.29.4.470

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Background

Primary hypophysitis causes varying degrees of endocrine dysfunction and mass effect. The natural course and best treatment have not been well established.

Methods

Medical records of 22 patients who had been diagnosed with primary hypophysitis between January 2001 and March 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Based on the anatomical location, we classified the cases as adenohypophysitis (AH), infundibuloneurohypophysitis (INH), and panhypophysitis (PH). Clinical presentation, endocrine function, pathologic findings, magnetic resonance imaging findings, and treatment courses were reviewed.

Results

Among 22 patients with primary hypophysitis, 81.8% (18/22) had involvement of the posterior pituitary lobe. Two patients of the AH (2/3, 66.6%) and three patients of the PH (3/10, 30%) groups initially underwent surgical mass reduction. Five patients, including three of the PH (3/10, 33.3%) group and one from each of the AH (1/3, 33.3%) and INH (1/9, 11.1%) groups, initially received high-dose glucocorticoid treatment. Nearly all of the patients treated with surgery or high-dose steroid treatment (9/11, 82%) required continuous hormone replacement during the follow-up period. Twelve patients received no treatment for mass reduction due to the absence of acute symptoms and signs related to a compressive mass effect. Most of them (11/12, 92%) did not show disease progression, and three patients recovered partially from hormone deficiency.

Conclusion

Deficits of the posterior pituitary were the most common features in our cases of primary hypophysitis. Pituitary endocrine defects responded less favorably to glucocorticoid treatment and surgery. In the absence of symptoms related to mass effect and with the mild defect of endocrine function, it may not require treatment to reduce mass except hormone replacement.

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Kyla Wright, Hyon Kim, Travis Hill, Matthew Lee, Cordelia Orillac, Nikita Mogar, Donato Pacione, Nidhi Agrawal
Pituitary.2022; 25(4): 602. CrossRef
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Diane Donegan, Jürgen Honegger
Endocrine Practice.2022; 28(9): 901. CrossRef
Rare Case of a Disappearing Pituitary Adenoma During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic
David P. Bray, C. Arturo Solares, Nelson M. Oyesiku
World Neurosurgery.2021; 146: 148. CrossRef
Diabetes insipidus secondary to sellar/parasellar lesions
Anna Angelousi, Chrysoula Mytareli, Paraskevi Xekouki, Eva Kassi, Konstantinos Barkas, Ashley Grossman, Gregory Kaltsas
Journal of Neuroendocrinology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical presentation and management of hypophysitis: An observational study of case series
Marouan Karrou, Salma Benyakhlef, Achwak Alla, Najoua Messaoudi, Asmae Oulad Amar, Siham Rouf, Imane Kamaoui, Noureddine Oulali, Faycal Moufid, Naima Abda, Hanane Latrech
Surgical Neurology International.2021; 12: 304. CrossRef
Clinical aspects of autoimmune hypothalamitis, a variant of autoimmune hypophysitis: Experience from one center
Qian Wei, Guoqing Yang, Zhaohui Lue, Jingtao Dou, Li Zang, Yijun Li, Jin Du, Weijun Gu, Yiming Mu
Journal of International Medical Research.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Primary and Ipilimumab-induced Hypophysitis: A Single-center Case Series
Paul Atkins, Ehud Ur
Endocrine Research.2020; 45(4): 246. CrossRef
Hypophysitis (Including IgG4 and Immunotherapy)
Anna Angelousi, Krystallenia Alexandraki, Marina Tsoli, Gregory Kaltsas, Eva Kassi
Neuroendocrinology.2020; 110(9-10): 822. CrossRef
Hypophysitis in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitors and immunoglobulin G4-related disease
Leen Wehbeh, Sama Alreddawi, Roberto Salvatori
Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism.2019; 14(3): 167. CrossRef
Immune check point inhibitors-induced hypophysitis: a retrospective analysis of the French Pharmacovigilance database
Julie Garon-Czmil, Nadine Petitpain, Franck Rouby, Marion Sassier, Samy Babai, Mélissa Yéléhé-Okouma, Georges Weryha, Marc Klein, Pierre Gillet
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical Features, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Treatment Experience of 20 Patients with Lymphocytic Hypophysitis in a Single Center
Qiang Zhu, Ke Qian, Guijun Jia, Gang Lv, Jisheng Wang, Liyong Zhong, Shuqing Yu
World Neurosurgery.2019; 127: e22. CrossRef
Idiopathic granulomatous hypophysitis presenting with galactorrhea, headache, and nausea in a woman: a case report and review of the literature
Guive Sharifi, Mohammad Reza Mohajeri-Tehrani, Behrouz Navabakhsh, Bagher Larijani, Touraj Valeh
Journal of Medical Case Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Paciente de 31 años con polidipsia
A.R. Benavides Aramburu, M. Seguí Díaz
Medicina de Familia. SEMERGEN.2018; 44(2): e77. CrossRef
Primary hypophysitis and other autoimmune disorders of the sellar and suprasellar regions
Sriram Gubbi, Fady Hannah-Shmouni, Constantine A. Stratakis, Christian A. Koch
Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders.2018; 19(4): 335. CrossRef
Primary lymphocytic hypophysitis: Clinical characteristics and treatment of 50 cases in a single centre in China over 18 years
Shuchang Wang, Linjie Wang, Yong Yao, Feng Feng, Hongbo Yang, Zhiyong Liang, Kan Deng, Hui You, Jian Sun, Bing Xing, Zimeng Jin, Renzhi Wang, Hui Pan, Huijuan Zhu
Clinical Endocrinology.2017; 87(2): 177. CrossRef
Clinical presentation and outcome of children with central diabetes insipidus associated with a self‐limited or transient pituitary stalk thickening, diagnosed as infundibuloneurohypophysitis
J. Schaefers, M. Cools, K. De Waele, I. Gies, V. Beauloye, P. Lysy, I. Francois, D. Beckers, J. De Schepper
Clinical Endocrinology.2017; 87(2): 171. CrossRef
Intrachiasmatic abscess caused by IgG4-related hypophysitis
Georgios F. Hadjigeorgiou, Eva Løbner Lund, Lars Poulsgaard, Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen, Åse Krogh Rasmussen, Marianne Wegener, Kåre Fugleholm
Acta Neurochirurgica.2017; 159(11): 2229. CrossRef
Granulomatous and lymphocytic hypophysitis – are they immunologically distinct?
Shilpa Rao, Anita Mahadevan, Tanmoy Maiti, Manish Ranjan, Shivayogi Durgad Shwetha, Arimappamagan Arivazhagan, Jitender Saini
APMIS.2016; 124(12): 1072. CrossRef
Articles in 'Endocrinology and Metabolism' in 2014
Won-Young Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2015; 30(1): 47. CrossRef

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