Endocrinology and Metabolism

Review Article

Mineral, bone & muscle
Beyond Weight Loss: Skeletal Considerations in Obesity Treatment: Myung Jin Kim, Yun Kyung Cho; Endocrinol Metab. 2026;41(2):210-221. Published online April 8, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2026.2986

4,810 View
136 Download
1 Web of Science
1 Crossref

The rapid evolution of obesity therapeutics, led by glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and metabolic surgery, has achieved unprecedented weight loss. However, the skeletal consequences of such substantial weight reduction are of increasing clinical concern. This review explores the relationship between obesity, weight-loss modalities, and bone health. While obesity was historically viewed as bone-protective due to mechanical loading, recent evidence highlights qualitative bone deterioration and sitespecific fracture risks. Intentional weight loss through caloric restriction or bariatric surgery consistently accelerates bone turnover and reduces bone mineral density (BMD), with surgical interventions showing the most significant impact. Emerging data on GLP-1RAs suggest modest BMD declines, largely proportional to weight loss and likely driven by mechanical unloading. Conversely, preclinical studies indicate that GLP-1 signaling may exert direct osteoanabolic and anti-resorptive effects. To preserve skeletal integrity, obesity management must shift toward a holistic body composition framework. Integrating structured resistance exercise, optimizing nutrition (calcium, vitamin D, and protein), and implementing skeletal monitoring in high-risk individuals are essential. Future obesity care should prioritize the maintenance of bone quality and lean mass alongside fat reduction to ensure long-term skeletal resilience and prevent fragility fractures.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Association Between Lifestyle Factors and the Prevalence of Non-Communicable Diseases in Saudi Adults Across Different Age Groups: A Cross-Sectional Study
Somia A. Nassar
Diseases.2026; 14(5): 163. CrossRef

Original Articles

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Phloretin Ameliorates Succinate-Induced Liver Fibrosis by Regulating Hepatic Stellate Cells: Cong Thuc Le, Giang Nguyen, So Young Park, Hanh Nguyen Dong, Yun Kyung Cho, Jae-Ho Lee, Seung-Soon Im, Dae-Hee Choi, Eun-Hee Cho; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(4):395-405. Published online August 3, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1661

7,185 View
144 Download
5 Web of Science
6 Crossref

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the major cells which play a pivotal role in liver fibrosis. During injury, extracellular stimulators can induce HSCs transdifferentiated into active form. Phloretin showed its ability to protect the liver from injury, so in this research we would like to investigate the effect of phloretin on succinate-induced HSCs activation in vitro and liver fibrosis in vivo study.
Methods
In in vitro, succinate was used to induce HSCs activation, and then the effect of phloretin on activated HSCs was examined. In in vivo, succinate was used to generated liver fibrosis in mouse and phloretin co-treated to check its protection on the liver.
Results
Phloretin can reduce the increase of fibrogenic markers and inhibits the proliferation, migration, and contraction caused by succinate in in vitro experiments. Moreover, an upregulation of proteins associated with aerobic glycolysis occurred during the activation of HSCs, which was attenuated by phloretin treatment. In in vivo experiments, intraperitoneal injection of phloretin decreased expression of fibrotic and glycolytic markers in the livers of mice with sodium succinate diet-induced liver fibrosis. These results suggest that aerobic glycolysis plays critical role in activation of HSCs and succinate can induce liver fibrosis in mice, whereas phloretin has therapeutic potential for treating hepatic fibrosis.
Conclusion
Intraperitoneal injection of phloretin attenuated succinate-induced hepatic fibrosis and alleviates the succinate-induced HSCs activation.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Succinate activates fibroblasts through GPR91-HIF-1α-TGF-β1-Smad signaling
Ziyuan Zhang, Ziwen Wang, Haimei Sun, Deshan Zhou, Wei Ma
Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences.2026; 19(2): 102423. CrossRef
Functional sweet tea in China: species, sweet components and anti-metabolic disease effects
Zi-Yu Yan, Xi-Fan Wei, Gui-Ming Deng, Wen-Bo Yang, Rui Gui, Wen-Xuan Wang, Feng-Hua Kang, Jing Li, Yi-Heng Liu, Kang-Ping Xu, Yi-Kun Wang
Frontiers in Nutrition.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
The role of 8-OxoG and its repair systems in liver diseases progression: responsible mechanisms and promising natural products
Ying Zheng, Junxin Chen, Ze Liu, Kaibo Wang, Hao Zhang
Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines.2025; 23(7): 815. CrossRef
Glycolysis to lactylation: Unraveling the metabolic and epigenetic landscape in tissue fibrosis (Review)
Luna Zhang, Qianqian Li, Yuxin Deng, Yuanxia Zou, Li Wang, Jianchun Li
Molecular Medicine Reports.2025; 32(5): 1. CrossRef
The potential of flavonoids in hepatic fibrosis: A comprehensive review
Zhu Wenbo, Han Jianwei, Liu Hua, Tang Lei, Chen Guijuan, Tian Mengfei
Phytomedicine.2024; 133: 155932. CrossRef
Advancements in Plant-Based Therapeutics for Hepatic Fibrosis: Molecular Mechanisms and Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems
Alina Ciceu, Ferenc Fenyvesi, Anca Hermenean, Simona Ardelean, Simona Dumitra, Monica Puticiu
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(17): 9346. CrossRef

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Prognostic Value of Triglyceride and Glucose Index for Incident Type 2 Diabetes beyond Metabolic Health and Obesity: Hwi Seung Kim, Jiwoo Lee, Yun Kyung Cho, Eun Hee Kim, Min Jung Lee, Hong-Kyu Kim, Joong-Yeol Park, Woo Je Lee, Chang Hee Jung; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(5):1042-1054. Published online October 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1184

11,320 View
163 Download
5 Web of Science
5 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
Metabolically healthy obese (MHO) phenotype is metabolically heterogeneous in terms of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Previously, the triglyceride and glucose (TyG) index has been considered for identifying metabolic health and future risk of T2D. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of incident T2D according to obesity status and metabolic health, categorized by four different criteria and the TyG index.
Methods
The study included 39,418 Koreans without T2D at baseline. The risk of T2D was evaluated based on four different definitions of metabolic health and obesity status and according to the baseline TyG index within each metabolic health and obesity group.
Results
During the median follow-up at 38.1 months, 726 individuals developed T2D. Compared with the metabolically healthy non-obese (MHNO) group with low TyG index, the MHO group with high TyG index showed increased risk of T2D in all four definitions of metabolic health with multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios of 2.57 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.76 to 3.75), 3.72 (95% CI, 2.15 to 6.43), 4.13 (95% CI, 2.67 to 6.38), and 3.05 (95% CI, 2.24 to 4.15), when defined by Adult Treatment Panel III, Wildman, Karelis, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) criteria, respectively.
Conclusion
MHO subjects with high TyG index were at an increased risk of developing T2D compared with MHNO subjects, regardless of the definition of metabolic health. TyG index may serve as an additional factor for predicting the individual risk of incident T2D in MHO subjects.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Relationship between obesity and the triglyceride–glucose index in adults: A systematic review
Yury Rosales-Ricardo
Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Bridging the gap in obesity research: A consensus statement from the European Society for Clinical Investigation
Federico Carbone, Jean‐Pierre Després, John P. A. Ioannidis, Ian J. Neeland, Gabriella Garruti, Luca Busetto, Luca Liberale, Stefano Ministrini, Gemma Vilahur, Thomas H. Schindler, Maria Paula Macedo, Agostino Di Ciaula, Marcin Krawczyk, Andreas Geier, Gy
European Journal of Clinical Investigation.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between triglyceride-glucose index and depression in patients with type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study from NHANES
Jiaju Ren, Cheng Lv, Jia Wang
Medicine.2024; 103(32): e39258. CrossRef
Ling-gui-zhu-gan promotes adipocytes browning via targeting the miR-27b/PRDM16 pathway in 3T3-L1 cells
Zimengwei Ye, Yi Zhao, Yanjing Cui, Bingrui Xu, Fan Wang, Dandan Zhao, Guangtong Dong, Zhufeng Wang, Rui Wu
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Insight into the Predictive Power of Surrogate Diagnostic Indices for Identifying Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome
Shaghayegh Hosseinkhani, Katayoon Forouzanfar, Nastaran Hadizadeh, Farideh Razi, Somayeh Darzi, Fatemeh Bandarian
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets.2024; 24(11): 1291. CrossRef

Brief Report

Adrenal gland
Novel ABCD1 Gene Mutation in a Korean Patient with X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy Presenting with Addison's Disease: Yun Kyung Cho, Seo-Young Lee, Sang-Wook Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(1):188-191. Published online March 19, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.1.188

7,307 View
88 Download
1 Web of Science
1 Crossref

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) occurs due to mutations in the ABCD1 gene that encodes the peroxisomal membrane protein peroxisomal transporter ATP-binding cassette sub-family D member 1 (ABCD1). Degradation of very long-chain fatty acids in peroxisomes is impaired owing to ABCD dysfunction, subsequently leading to adrenomyeloneuropathy, cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy, and adrenal insufficiency. X-ALD frequently induces idiopathic Addison's disease in young male patients. Here, we confirmed the diagnosis of X-ALD in a young male patient with primary adrenal insufficiency, and identified a novel ABCD1 gene mutation (p.Trp664*, c.1991 G>A).

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Ocular findings and genomics of X-linked recessive disorders: A review
Asima Hassan, Yaser R Mir, Raja A H Kuchay
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology.2022; 70(7): 2386. CrossRef

Case Report

A Case of Acromegaly First Diagnosed in Pregnancy.: Jinny Suh, Hyun Kyung Cho, Yoon Jung Kim, Eun Gyoung Hong, Bong Nam Chae, Seong Kyu Lee, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwan Woo Lee, Kyung Joo Hwang, Hyeon Man Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1999;14(1):148-152. Published online January 1, 2001

1,740 View
30 Download

Abstract PDF: Pregnancy in acromegaly is very rare. Amenorrhea and infertility are common manifestations in acromegaly. The pregnancy may be influenced by acromegaly in many ways and pregnancy itself may influence the course of a pituitary tumor. We report of a case of pregnancy in a woman who was diagnosed with acromegaly during the course of pregnancy. Her pregnancy was uneventful and she delivered a healthy baby at 38 weeks by cesarean section. No treatment was undertaken during the pregnancy and transsphenoidal surgery was performed after the delivery.

First
Prev
Page of 1
Next
Last

Search