Endocrinology and Metabolism

Original Article

Persistent Adipose Inflammation Despite Metabolic Recovery Reveals Tissue-Specific Immunomodulation by Tirzepatide: Mihye Seo, Maria Averia, Vivi Julietta, Shindy Soedono, Esther Jin Joo, Ellen Budiono, Minjoon Lee, Min-Kyu Kim, Yongsung Hwang, Hyeong Kyu Park, Kyoil Suh, Kae Won Cho; Received November 3, 2025 Accepted January 15, 2026 Published online May 15, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2025.2766 [Epub ahead of print]

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Obesity is characterized by chronic inflammation and fibrosis of adipose tissue; however, the extent to which these pathological features persist during pharmacologically induced weight loss remains poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of tirzepatide, a dual agonist of the glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptors, on adipose tissue inflammation and fibrosis in obese mice.
Methods
Diet-induced obesity was treated with tirzepatide or vehicle for 25 days. Metabolic parameters, tissue inflammation, fibrosis, and macrophage activation were assessed using histology, flow cytometry, gene expression analyses, and immunoblotting. In vitro experiments were conducted to compare the effects of tirzepatide on classically activated and metabolically activated macrophages.
Results
Tirzepatide significantly reduced body weight and adiposity, increased energy expenditure, and upregulated thermogenic and mitochondrial proteins in brown adipose tissue. Hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance were normalized. However, adipose tissue inflammation and fibrosis persisted despite weight loss, as evidenced by sustained immune cell infiltration, collagen deposition, and activation of Yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) signaling. In contrast, hepatic inflammation and fibrosis were substantially improved. Mechanistically, tirzepatide suppressed inflammatory gene expression in classically activated macrophages but not in metabolically activated macrophages, suggesting that the local metabolic context determines tissue responsiveness to its anti-inflammatory actions.
Conclusion
Tirzepatide exerts distinct tissue-specific effects on inflammation and fibrosis during weight loss, ameliorating hepatic pathology while sparing adipose tissue inflammation. These findings identify metabolically activated macrophages as potential determinants of tissue-specific inflammatory persistence and underscore the need for therapeutic strategies that target macrophage activation and fibrotic remodeling to achieve durable metabolic benefits during pharmacological weight loss.

Review Article

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Metformin and Adipose Tissue: A Multifaceted Regulator in Metabolism, Inflammation, and Regeneration: Xin-Li Wei, Ming-Hao Tao, Run-Hao Li, Shi-Hui Ge, Wei Xiao; Endocrinol Metab. 2025;40(4):523-538. Published online August 8, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2025.2371

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Metformin, a first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), has garnered attention due to its pleiotropic effects beyond glycemic control. In addition to improving insulin sensitivity and inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis, metformin modulates inflammation, oxidative stress, and cellular metabolism, particularly within adipose tissue. Adipose tissue is a crucial endocrine organ that plays a central role in metabolic homeostasis and is integral to obesity and T2DM pathogenesis. This review discusses the actions of metformin on white and brown adipose tissues, extracellular matrix remodeling, mature adipocytes, and adipose-derived stem cells. Through both AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent and independent pathways, metformin influences adipogenesis, lipolysis, adipokine secretion, fibrosis, and cellular senescence. We also focus on how the drug concentration influences its biological effects, emphasizing the necessity of physiologically relevant experimental models. These insights deepen our understanding of metformin’s therapeutic potential in metabolic and age-related disorders.

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The Gut–Adipose–Tumor Axis in Obesity-Related Cancer
Juan Feng, Yiyang Huang, Sien Lai, Tianhang Zhao, Yufen Xie, Xiangxing Zhu, Lian Liu, Dongsheng Tang, Aifen Yan
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Original Articles

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Antilipolytic Insulin Sensitivity Indices Measured during an Oral Glucose Challenge: Associations with Insulin-Glucose Clamp and Central Adiposity in Women without Diabetes: Foued Naimi, Christophe Richer dit Laflèche, Marie-Claude Battista, André C. Carpentier, Jean-Patrice Baillargeon; Endocrinol Metab. 2025;40(4):561-573. Published online March 18, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2129

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Background
Tissue overexposure to non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) contributes to the development of metabolic conditions, with insulin-mediated suppression of lipolysis being an important mechanism in limiting this overexposure. We investigated which dynamic NEFA insulin-suppression indices derived from the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were best associated with those derived from the insulin-glucose clamp, as well as with central adiposity and glucoregulatory parameters.
Methods
This cross-sectional study recruited 29 women without diabetes, 15 healthy women, and 14 women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The OGTT indices of NEFA insulin-suppression were the decremental NEFA area under the curve, negative log-linear NEFA slope, percentage of NEFA suppression (%NEFA_supp) and time to suppress NEFA levels by 50% (T50_NEFA). The indices derived from the two-step euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (low-dose insulin step) were delta NEFA and %NEFA_supp.
Results
Among the OGTT and clamp indices, T50_NEFA[OGTT] and %NEFA_supp[clamp] showed the closest associations in both subgroups (r=–0.58). Additionally, T50_NEFA correlated significantly in all women with waist circumference (r=0.64), body fat percentage (r=0.60), fasting insulinemia (r=0.53), and M-value insulin sensitivity index (r=–0.45). Similarly, %NEFA_supp[clamp] correlated significantly in all women with waist circumference (r=–0.57), body fat percentage (r=–0.54), fasting insulinemia (r=–0.55), and M-value insulin sensitivity index (r=0.51). T50_NEFA and %NEFA_supp[clamp] also correlated with other anthropometric and metabolic parameters associated with lipotoxicity.
Conclusion
For dynamic testing of NEFA insulin-suppression in women, T50_NEFA was the OGTT-derived index best correlated with a clamp index (%NEFA_supp). These indices were also the most closely associated with anthropometric and glucoregulatory parameters. Thus, the OGTT-derived T50_NEFA appears valid for assessing dynamic antilipolytic insulin action.

Citations

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Yuxuan Wang, Yushan Jia, Gentu Ge, Jian Bao, Xia Ding, Xiangdong Liu, Zhijun Wang
Microorganisms.2026; 14(2): 288. CrossRef
From Adipose Dysfunction to Multi-Organ Steatosis: Defining the Metabolic Steatotic Axis
Almir Fajkić, Yun Wah Lam, Rijad Jahić, Ivan Ćavar, Antonio Markotić, Andrej Belančić
Current Issues in Molecular Biology.2026; 48(2): 178. CrossRef
Impact of a high dietary fiber cereal meal intervention on the progression of liver fibrosis in T2DM with MASLD
Xi-Shuang Chen, Hui-Zhen Liu, Fang Huang, Jian Meng, Jing-Xian Fang, Yu Han, Hui-Ming Zou, Qing Gu, Xue Hu, Qian-Wen Ma, Yue-Xia Han, Sui-Jun Wang
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Alterations in Adipose Tissue and Adipokines in Heterozygous APE1/Ref-1 Deficient Mice: Eun-Ok Lee, Hao Jin, Sungmin Kim, Hee Kyoung Joo, Yu Ran Lee, Soo Yeon An, Shuyu Piao, Kwon Ho Lee, Byeong Hwa Jeon; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(6):932-945. Published online November 20, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2061

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The role of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1) in adipose tissue remains poorly understood. This study investigates adipose tissue dysfunction in heterozygous APE1/Ref-1 deficiency (APE1/Ref-1^+/-) mice, focusing on changes in adipocyte physiology, oxidative stress, adipokine regulation, and adipose tissue distribution.
Methods
APE1/Ref-1 mRNA and protein levels in white adipose tissue (WAT) were measured in APE1/Ref-1^+/- mice, compared to their wild-type (APE1/Ref-1+/+) controls. Oxidative stress was assessed by evaluating reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted to observe adipocyte size and macrophage infiltration of WAT. Adipokine expression was measured, and micro-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to quantify abdominal fat volumes.
Results
APE1/Ref-1^+/- mice exhibited significant reductions in APE1/Ref-1 mRNA and protein levels in WAT and liver tissue. These mice also showed elevated ROS levels, suggesting a regulatory role for APE1/Ref-1 in oxidative stress in WAT and liver. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses revealed hypertrophic adipocytes and macrophage infiltration in WAT, while Oil Red O staining demonstrated enhanced ectopic fat deposition in the liver of APE1/Ref-1^+/- mice. These mice also displayed altered adipokine expression, with decreased adiponectin and increased leptin levels in the WAT, along with corresponding alterations in plasma levels. Despite no significant changes in overall body weight, microMRI assessments demonstrated a significant increase in visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat volumes in APE1/Ref-1^+/- mice.
Conclusion
APE1/Ref-1 is crucial in adipokine regulation and mitigating oxidative stress. These findings suggest its involvement in adipose tissue dysfunction, highlighting its potential impact on abdominal fat distribution and its implications for obesity and oxidative stress-related conditions.

Review Articles

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
The Emerging Importance of Mitochondria in White Adipocytes: Neither Last nor Least: Juan Cai, Fenfen Wang, Mengle Shao; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(5):493-503. Published online October 10, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1813

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The growing recognition of mitochondria’s crucial role in the regulation of white adipose tissue remodeling and energy balance underscores its significance. The marked metabolic diversity of mitochondria provides the molecular and cellular foundation for enabling adipose tissue plasticity in response to various metabolic cues. Effective control of mitochondrial function at the cellular level, not only in thermogenic brown and beige adipocytes but also in energy-storing white adipocytes, exerts a profound influence on adipose homeostasis. Furthermore, mitochondria play a pivotal role in intercellular communication within adipose tissue via production of metabolites with signaling properties. A more comprehensive understanding of mitochondrial regulation within white adipocytes will empower the development of targeted and efficacious strategies to enhance adipose function, leading to advancements in overall metabolic health.

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Mineral, Bone & Muscle
New Insights into Calorie Restriction Induced Bone Loss: Linyi Liu, Clifford J. Rosen; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(2):203-213. Published online April 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1673

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Caloric restriction (CR) is now a popular lifestyle choice due to its ability in experimental animals to improve lifespan, reduce body weight, and lessen oxidative stress. However, more and more emerging evidence suggests this treatment requires careful consideration because of its detrimental effects on the skeletal system. Experimental and clinical studies show that CR can suppress bone growth and raise the risk of fracture, but the specific mechanisms are poorly understood. Reduced mechanical loading has long been thought to be the primary cause of weight loss-induced bone loss from calorie restriction. Despite fat loss in peripheral depots with calorie restriction, bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) increases, and this may play a significant role in this pathological process. Here, we update recent advances in our understanding of the effects of CR on the skeleton, the possible pathogenic role of BMAT in CR-induced bone loss, and some strategies to mitigate any potential side effects on the skeletal system.

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Miscellaneous
Brown Adipose Tissue: Activation and Metabolism in Humans: Imane Hachemi, Mueez U-Din; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(2):214-222. Published online March 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1659

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Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic organ contributing to non-shivering thermogenesis. BAT becomes active under cold stress via sympathetic nervous system activation. However, recent evidence has suggested that BAT may also be active at thermoneutrality and in a postprandial state. BAT has superior energy dissipation capacity compared to white adipose tissue (WAT) and muscles. Thus, it has been proposed that the recruitment and activation of additional BAT may increase the overall energy-expending capacity in humans, potentially improving current whole-body weight management strategies. Nutrition plays a central role in obesity and weight management. Thus, this review discusses human studies describing BAT hyper-metabolism after dietary interventions. Nutritional agents that can potentially recruit brown adipocytes via the process of BAT-WAT transdifferentiation are also discussed.

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Brief Report

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Sestrin2 Regulates Beneficial β3-Adrenergic Receptor-Mediated Effects Observed in Inguinal White Adipose Tissue and Soleus Muscle: Min Jeong Park, Joo Won Kim, Eun Roh, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Hwan-Jin Hwang, Hye Jin Yoo; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(3):552-557. Published online June 29, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1421

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Sestrin2, a well-known adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulator, plays a protective role against metabolic stress. The β3-adrenergic receptor (β3AR) induces fat browning and inhibits muscle atrophy in an AMPK-dependent manner. However, no prior research has examined the relationship of sestrin2 with β3AR in body composition changes. In this study, CL 316,243 (CL), a β3AR agonist, was administered to wild-type and sestrin2-knockout (KO) mice for 2 weeks, and fat and muscle tissues were harvested. CL induced AMPK phosphorylation, expression of brown-fat markers, and mitochondrial biogenesis, which resulted in the reduction of lipid droplet size in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT). These effects were not observed in sestrin2-KO mice. In CL-treated soleus muscle, sestrin2-KO was related to decreased myogenic gene expression and increased levels of muscle atrophy-related molecules. Our results suggest that sestrin2 is associated with beneficial β3AR-mediated changes in body composition, especially in iWAT and in the soleus.

Citations

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The role of sestrin2 in skeletal muscle regeneration after injury
Chae Young Hwang, Sang-Min Park, Hoyeon Lee, Seung-Min Lee, Jeong Yi Choi, Su-Jin Baek, Taeyoung Kim, Yong Ryoul Yang, Ki-Sun Kwon
The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology.2026; 30(1): 19. CrossRef
Sesn2 is Associated with Attenuated Muscle Atrophy and Altered Expression of Key Myogenic and Autophagy Markers in Mdx Mice
Zubiao Song, Qing Lin, Jiahui Liang, Juanjuan He, Weixi Zhang
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Age-related changes in adrenergic regulation of contractility and redox status of glycolytic and oxidative skeletal muscles
Julia G. Odnoshivkina, Guzel V. Sibgatullina, Svetlana A. Dmitrieva, Anastasia A. Ponomareva, Venera F. Khuzakhmetova, Ellya A. Bukharaeva, Alexey M. Petrov
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Sestrin2 levels in patients with anxiety and depression myocardial infarction was up-regulated and suppressed inflammation and ferroptosis by LKB1-mediated AMPK activation
Yufeng Qian, Lian Chen, Beibei Gao, Xianhua Ye
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Sestrin2 in diabetes and diabetic complications
Xiaodan Zhang, Zirui Luo, Jiahong Li, Yaxuan Lin, Yu Li, Wangen Li
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Original Articles

Endocrine Research
Danshen Extracts Prevents Obesity and Activates Mitochondrial Function in Brown Adipose Tissue: Yoon Hee Cho, Cheol Ryong Ku, Young-Suk Choi, Hyeon Jeong Lee, Eun Jig Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(1):185-195. Published online February 24, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.835

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Background
Danshen has been widely used in oriental medicine to improve body function. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of water-soluble Danshen extract (DE) on weight loss and on activation proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) in obese mice.
Methods
BAT was isolated from 7-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats, and expression of proteins related to mitochondrial biogenesis was confirmed in both brown preadipocytes and mature brown adipocytes treated with DE. For the in vivo study, low-density lipoprotein receptor knock out mice were divided into three groups and treated for 17 weeks with: standard diet; high fat diet (HFD); HFD+DE. Body weight was measured every week, and oral glucose tolerance test was performed after DE treatment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. To observe the changes in markers related to thermogenesis and adipogenesis in the BAT, white adipose tissue (WAT) and liver of experimental animals, tissues were removed and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen.
Results
DE increased the expression of uncoupling protein 1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha in brown preadipocytes, and also promoted the brown adipocyte differentiation and mitochondrial function in the mature brown adipocytes. Reactive oxygen species production in brown preadipocytes was increased depending on the concentration of DE. DE activates thermogenesis in BAT and normalizes increased body weight and adipogenesis in the liver due to HFD. Browning of WAT was increased in WAT of DE treatment group.
Conclusion
DE protects against obesity and activates mitochondrial function in BAT.

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Salvia miltiorrhiza components and gut microbiota interactions in Helicobacter pylori infection
Shao-jian Li, Jin-xin Miao, Fei Wang, Hao-yu Wang, Yao-wu Ma, Ying Jiang, Xia Xue
Journal of Integrative Medicine.2025; 23(5): 462. CrossRef
Pharmacological Benefits and Underlying Mechanisms of Salvia miltiorrhiza against Molecular Pathology of Various Liver Diseases: A Review
Cho Hyun Hwang, Eungyeong Jang, Jang-Hoon Lee
The American Journal of Chinese Medicine.2023; 51(07): 1675. CrossRef

Endocrine Research
Serotonin Regulates De Novo Lipogenesis in Adipose Tissues through Serotonin Receptor 2A: Ko Eun Shong, Chang-Myung Oh, Jun Namkung, Sangkyu Park, Hail Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(2):470-479. Published online June 24, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.2.470; Correction in: Endocrinol Metab 2020;35(3):672

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Background
Obesity is defined as excessive fat mass and is a major cause of many chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Increasing energy expenditure and regulating adipose tissue metabolism are important targets for the treatment of obesity. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptophan [5-HT]) is a monoamine metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan. Here, we demonstrated that 5-HT in mature adipocytes regulated energy expenditure and lipid metabolism.
Methods
Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) is the rate-limiting enzyme during 5-HT synthesis in non-neural peripheral tissues. We generated adipose tissue-specific Tph1 knockout (Tph1 FKO) mice and adipose tissue-specific serotonin receptor 2A KO (Htr2a FKO) mice and analyzed their phenotypes during high-fat diet (HFD) induced obesity.
Results
Tph1 FKO mice fed HFD exhibited reduced lipid accumulation, increased thermogenesis, and resistance to obesity. In addition, Htr2a FKO mice fed HFD showed reduced lipid accumulation in white adipose tissue and resistance to obesity.
Conclusion
These data suggest that the inhibition of serotonin signaling might be an effective strategy in obesity.

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Carmen Arto, Elena Cristina Rusu, Helena Clavero‐Mestres, Andrea Barrientos‐Riosalido, Laia Bertran, Razieh Mahmoudian, Carmen Aguilar, David Riesco, Javier Ugarte Chicote, David Parada, Salomé Martínez, Fàtima Sabench, Cristóbal Richart, Teresa Auguet
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Clinical Study
The Role of Circulating Slit2, the One of the Newly Batokines, in Human Diabetes Mellitus: Yea Eun Kang, Sorim Choung, Ju Hee Lee, Hyun Jin Kim, Bon Jeong Ku; Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(3):383-388. Published online September 18, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.3.383

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Background

Slit2 is a new secreted protein from adipose tissue that improves glucose hemostasis in mice; however, there is no study about the serum levels and precise role of Slit2 in human. The aim of this study is to explore the serum level of Slit2 in human, and to identify the role of Slit2 in diabetes mellitus (DM).

Methods

The participants of this study consist of 38 subjects with newly diagnosed DM, and 75 healthy subjects as a control group. Serum Slit2 levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Relationship between circulating Slit2 and diabetic related factors was investigated in diabetic group compared with non-diabetic group. Additionally, the correlations between the serum level of Slit2 and diverse metabolic parameters were analyzed.

Results

Circulating Slit2 level was more decreased in diabetic group than in control group, but there was no significant difference statistically. Interestingly, serum levels of Slit2 were significantly negatively correlated to the serum concentrations of fasting glucose (coefficient r=–0.246, P=0.008), the serum concentrations of postprandial glucose (coefficient r=–0.233, P=0.017), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c; coefficient r=–0.357, P<0.001).

Conclusion

From our study, the first report of circulating Slit2 levels in human, circulating Slit2 level significantly negatively correlated with serum glucose and HbA1c. Our results suggest that the circulating Slit2 may play a role in maintainence of glucose homeostasis in human, even though exact contribution and mechanism are not yet known.

Citations

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Intermuscular Adipose Tissue Content and Intramyocellular Lipid Fatty Acid Saturation Are Associated with Glucose Homeostasis in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Jung Eun Kim, Keagan Dunville, Junjie Li, Ji Xin Cheng, Travis B. Conley, Cortni S. Couture, Wayne W. Campbell; Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(2):257-264. Published online May 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.2.257

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader

Background

Insulin resistance is associated with the higher content of intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) and the saturation of intramyocellular lipid (IMCL), but a paucity of data exist in humans. This study examined associations among IMAT content, IMCL saturation, and fasting glucose concentration in middle-aged and older adults with overweight or obesity.

Methods

Seventy-five subjects (26 males, 49 females) were recruited and thigh muscle and IMAT were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging. Vastus lateralis tissue was acquired from a subset of nine subjects and IMCL content and saturation were assessed using nonlinear dual complex microscopy.

Results

The characteristics of the 75 subjects were as follows: age 59±11 years, body mass index 30±5 kg/m², fasting glucose concentration 5.2±0.5 mmol/L, fasting insulin concentration 12.2±7.3 µU/mL, fasting homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) 2.9±2.0 (mean±SD). IMAT to muscle tissue (MT) volume ratio was positively associated with the saturated fatty acid to unsaturated fatty acid ratio in IMCL. IMAT:MT was positively associated with fasting glucose concentration and HOMA-IR. IMCL saturation was positively associated with fasting glucose concentration while muscle cell area, IMCL area, and % IMCL in muscle cell were not associated with fasting glucose concentration.

Conclusion

These results indicate that higher intermuscular fat content and IMCL saturation may impact fasting glucose concentration in middle-aged and older adults with overweight or obesity. The centralization of adipose tissue in the appendicular region of the body may promote insulin resistance.

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Isolation of Density Enrichment Fraction of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells from Stromal Vascular Fraction by Gradient Centrifugation Method.: Min Kyung Kim, Yong Soon Park, Hee Soon Park, Jung Mook Choi, Won Jun Kim, Se Eun Park, Eun Jung Rhee, Cheol Young Park, Won Young Lee, Ki Won Oh, Sung Woo Park, Sun Woo Kim, Kwang Sik Suh, Jeong Taek Woo; Endocrinol Metab. 2010;25(2):103-109. Published online June 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2010.25.2.103

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Adipose tissues include multipotent cells, the same as bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. The stromal vascular fractions (SVFs) from adipose tissues represent a heterogeneous cell population. The purpose of this study was to isolate and purify adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) in SVFs by the density gradient method. METHODS: SVFs were extracted from the subcutaneous, epididymal, mesenteric and retroperitoneal adipose tissue of 8 weeks old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 15) and these were separated into 4 layers according to a Nycodenz gradient (Fx-1: < 11%, Fx-2: 11-13%, Fx-3: 13-19% and Fx-4: 19-30%). The post-confluent SVFs were cultured in adipogenic medium for 2 days, in insulin medium for 2 days and in 10% fetal bovine serum medium for 5 days. To observe lipid droplets in SVFs, we performed Oil Red O staining. RESLTS: The SVFs' cellular fractions (Fx-1, Fx-2, Fx-3 and Fx-4) were isolated by density gradient centrifugation from the adipose tissues of rats. The SVFs extracted to fraction 3 (Fx-3) had the most abundant cells compared to that of the other fractions. However fraction 1 (Fx-1) or 2 (Fx-2) had a superior ability to make lipid droplets. The adipogenic differentiation of Fx-1 or 2 was higher than that of the unfractionated cells. The SVFs extracted from retroperitoneal adipose tissue had the highest efficiency for adipogenic differentiation, whereas the SVFs from mesenteric adipose tissue did not differentiate. CONCLUSION: This density gradient fractionated method leads to efficient isolation and purification of cells with the characteristics of ASCs.

Citations

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