Hypopituitarism is a chronic endocrine illness that caused by varied etiologies. Clinical manifestations of hypopituitarism are variable, often insidious in onset and dependent on the degree and severity of hormone deficiency. However, it is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Therefore, early diagnosis and prompt treatment is necessary. Hypopituitarism can be easily diagnosed by measuring basal pituitary and target hormone levels except growth hormone (GH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency. Dynamic stimulation tests are indicated in equivocal basal hormone levels and GH/ACTH deficiency. Knowledge of the use and limitations of these stimulation tests is mandatory for proper interpretation. It is necessary for physicians to inform their patients that they may require lifetime treatment. Hormone replacement therapy should be individualized according to the specific needs of each patient, taking into account possible interactions. Long-term endocrinological follow-up of hypopituitary patients is important to monitor hormonal replacement regimes and avoid under- or overtreatment.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• Pituitary stem cells: past, present and future perspectives
  María Inés Pérez Millán, Leonard Y. M. Cheung, Florencia Mercogliano, Maria Andrea Camilletti, Gonzalo T. Chirino Felker, Lucia N. Moro, Santiago Miriuka, Michelle L. Brinkmeier, Sally A. Camper
  Nature Reviews Endocrinology.2024; 20(2): 77.     CrossRef
• Idiopathic isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency: a systematic review of a heterogeneous and underreported disease
  E. Van Mieghem, C. De Block, C. De Herdt
  Pituitary.2024; 27(1): 23.     CrossRef
• Perioperative growth hormone levels as an early predictor of new-onset secondary adrenal insufficiency following transsphenoidal pituitary tumor resection
  Fon-Yih Tsuang, Shyang-Rong Shih, Ham-Min Tseng, Huan-Chih Wang
  Asian Journal of Surgery.2024; 47(4): 1746.     CrossRef
• A comprehensive review of the new FIGO classification of ovulatory disorders
  Adam H Balen, Jennifer Tamblyn, Karolina Skorupskaite, Malcolm G Munro
  Human Reproduction Update.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Panhypopituitarism caused by a suprasellar germinoma: A case report
  Jelena Roganovic, Lea Saric, Silvije Segulja, Ana Dordevic, Mia Radosevic
  World Journal of Clinical Cases.2024; 12(10): 1844.     CrossRef
• Decreased mannan-binding lectin level in adults with hypopituitarism; dependence on appropriate hormone replacement therapies
  Aleksandra E. Matusiak, Jan Stępniak, Andrzej Lewiński, Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska
  Frontiers in Immunology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Post-Operative Medium- and Long-Term Endocrine Outcomes in Patients with Non-Functioning Pituitary Adenomas—Machine Learning Analysis
  Ziad Hussein, Robert W. Slack, Hani J. Marcus, Evangelos B. Mazomenos, Stephanie E. Baldeweg
  Cancers.2023; 15(10): 2771.     CrossRef
• Central Endocrine Complications Among Childhood Cancer Survivors Treated With Radiation Therapy: A PENTEC Comprehensive Review
  Greg Wheeler, Clemens Grassberger, Josephine Samers, Mary Dwyer, Kirsty Wiltshire, Patricia Daly, Beatriz Alvarez, Belinda A. Campbell, Amanda J. Kerr, Tomas Kron, Frances K. Duane, Margaret Zacharin, Peter Downie, Elizabeth Kyriakou, Cecile M. Ronckers,
  International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The TRH test provides valuable information in the diagnosis of central hypothyroidism in patients with known pituitary disease and low T4 levels
  Sara Ellegaard Christensen, Liv Norma Smith, Christian Alexander H. Rosendal, Helga Angela Gulisano, Kåre Schmidt Ettrup, Peter Vestergaard, Eigil Husted Nielsen, Jesper Scott Karmisholt, Jakob Dal
  Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Sheehan’s syndrome unveiled after decades without a diagnosis: A case report
  Hadi Rabee’, Tamara Braik, Rezeq Alnatour, Alaa Shamlawi, Ammar Rashed
  SAGE Open Medical Case Reports.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• PAN-HIPOPITUITARISMO SECUNDÁRIO A INFECÇÃO POR SARS-COV-2: RELATO DE CASO
  Rosyane Luz Rufino De Lima, Viviane dos Reis Vieira Yance
  REVISTA FOCO.2023; 16(12): e3832.     CrossRef
• Navigating the “specific etiology” steatohepatitis category: Evaluation and management of nonalcoholic/nonmetabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis
  Mohammad Qasim Khan, Sara Hassan, Blanca C. Lizaola-Mayo, Mamatha Bhat, Kymberly D. Watt
  Hepatology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular Axis: Pathophysiology of Hypogonadism
  Aditi Sharma, Channa N. Jayasena, Waljit S. Dhillo
  Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America.2022; 51(1): 29.     CrossRef
• Penetrating brain injury with hypopituitarism
  Rachel D. Appelbaum, Kristina E. Neri, Kristin A. Rebo, Samuel P. Carmichael
  Trauma Case Reports.2022; 38: 100628.     CrossRef
• Risk of Mental Illnesses in Patients With Hypopituitarism: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
  I-Hua Wei, Chih-Chia Huang
  Psychiatry Investigation.2022; 19(6): 418.     CrossRef
• Pituitary Apoplexy and Subdural Hematoma after Caesarean Section
  Van Trung Hoang, The Huan Hoang, Thanh Tam Thi Nguyen, Vichit Chansomphou, Duc Thanh Hoang, Kyousuke Takeuchi
  Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology.2022; 2022: 1.     CrossRef
• A Unique Case Mimicking Sepsis
  Vivek Dave, Anish Joshi
  Journal of Acute Care.2022; 1(1): 29.     CrossRef
• Correlation between shift work and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among male workers in the steel manufacturing company of Korea: a cross-sectional study
  Kiseok Kim, Yong-Jin Lee, Soon-Chan Kwon, Young-Sun Min, Hyun Kyo Lee, Gwangin Baek, Sang Hyeon Kim, Eun-Chul Jang
  Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease across endocrinopathies: Interaction with sex hormones
  Sara Arefhosseini, Mehrangiz Ebrahimi-Mameghani, Farzad Najafipour, Helda Tutunchi
  Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Primary hypothyroidism and postmenopause as the causes of delayed diagnosis of panhypopituitarism in a patient with nonfunctional pituitary adenoma
  E. G. Ryzhkova, D. O. Ladygina
  Problems of Endocrinology.2022; 68(5): 32.     CrossRef
• Efficacy and Safety of Stereotactic Radiotherapy in Cushing’s Disease: A Single Center Experience
  Tugce Apaydin, Hande Mefkure Ozkaya, Sebnem Memis Durmaz, Rasim Meral, Pinar Kadioglu
  Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes.2021; 129(07): 482.     CrossRef
• Metabolic and Endocrine Challenges
  Gennaro Martucci, Eleonora Bonicolini, Dhruv Parekh, Onn Shaun Thein, Mario Scherkl, Karin Amrein
  Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.2021; 42(01): 078.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Pituitary Gland Disorders on Glucose Metabolism: From Pathophysiology to Management
  Guy I. Sydney, Konstantinos Michalakis, Ilias P. Nikas, Eleftherios Spartalis, Stavroula A. Paschou
  Hormone and Metabolic Research.2021; 53(01): 16.     CrossRef
• Congenital hypopituitarism in two brothers with a duplication of the ‘acrogigantism gene’ GPR101: clinical findings and review of the literature
  Melitza S. M. Elizabeth, Annemieke J. M. H. Verkerk, Anita C. S. Hokken-Koelega, Joost A. M. Verlouw, Jesús Argente, Roland Pfaeffle, Sebastian J. C. M. M. Neggers, Jenny A. Visser, Laura C. G. de Graaff
  Pituitary.2021; 24(2): 229.     CrossRef
• Association between Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Endocrinopathies: Clinical Implications
  Ana-Maria Singeap, Carol Stanciu, Laura Huiban, Cristina Maria Muzica, Tudor Cuciureanu, Irina Girleanu, Stefan Chiriac, Sebastian Zenovia, Robert Nastasa, Catalin Sfarti, Camelia Cojocariu, Anca Trifan, Branka Filipović
  Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2021; 2021: 1.     CrossRef
• The evaluation of pituitary damage associated with cardiac arrest: An experimental rodent model
  Yu Okuma, Tomoaki Aoki, Santiago J. Miyara, Kei Hayashida, Mitsuaki Nishikimi, Ryosuke Takegawa, Tai Yin, Junhwan Kim, Lance B. Becker, Koichiro Shinozaki
  Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Functional Restoration of Pituitary after Pituitary Allotransplantation into Hypophysectomized Rats
  Jai Ho Choi, Jung Eun Lee, Hong-Lim Kim, Seung Hyun Ko, Se Hoon Kim, Seung Ho Yang
  Cells.2021; 10(2): 267.     CrossRef
• Experience of a Pituitary Clinic for US Military Veterans With Traumatic Brain Injury
  Jonathan Lee, Lindsey J Anderson, Dorota Migula, Kevin C J Yuen, Lisa McPeak, Jose M Garcia
  Journal of the Endocrine Society.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Biogenic zinc-oxide nanoparticles of Moringa oleifera leaves abrogates rotenone induced neuroendocrine toxicity by regulation of oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase activity
  J.K. Akintunde, T.I. Farai, M.R. Arogundade, J.T. Adeleke
  Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports.2021; 26: 100999.     CrossRef
• Heart Rate Variability in Postoperative Patients with Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenoma
  Jeonghoon Ha, Hansang Baek, Chaiho Jeong, Minsoo Yeo, Seung-Hwan Lee, Jae Hyoung Cho, Ki-Hyun Baek, Moo Il Kang, Dong-Jun Lim
  Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(3): 678.     CrossRef
• Aetiologies and clinical patterns of hypopituitarism in Sudanese children
  Samar Hassan, Renson Mukhwana, Salwa Musa, Areej Ibrahim, Omer Babiker, Mohamed Abdullah
  Sudanese Journal of Paediatrics.2021; : 53.     CrossRef
• Recent advances in proteomics and its implications in pituitary endocrine disorders
  Arghya Banerjee, Atul Goel, Abhidha Shah, Sanjeeva Srivastava
  Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics.2021; 1869(11): 140700.     CrossRef
• Morning Serum Cortisol as a Predictor for the HPA Axis Recovery in Cushing’s Disease
  Q. Cui, D. Liu, B. Xiang, Q. Sun, L. Fan, M. He, Y. Wang, X. Zhu, H. Ye, Giorgio Borretta
  International Journal of Endocrinology.2021; 2021: 1.     CrossRef
• Three different faces of TACI mutations
  Sukru Cekic, Fatih Cicek, Yasin Karali, Orhan Gorukmez, Erdal Eren, Sara Sebnem Kilic
  Scandinavian Journal of Immunology.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Treatment of a Woman with Inoperable Meningioma Using Mifepristone for 26 Years
  Maria das Dores Medina-Lopes, Luiz Augusto Casulari
  Case Reports in Neurological Medicine.2020; 2020: 1.     CrossRef
• Diagnosis and Treatment of Growth Hormone Deficiency: A Position Statement from Korean Endocrine Society and Korean Society of Pediatric Endocrinology
  Jung Hee Kim, Hyun Wook Chae, Sang Ouk Chin, Cheol Ryong Ku, Kyeong Hye Park, Dong Jun Lim, Kwang Joon Kim, Jung Soo Lim, Gyuri Kim, Yun Mi Choi, Seong Hee Ahn, Min Ji Jeon, Yul Hwangbo, Ju Hee Lee, Bu Kyung Kim, Yong Jun Choi, Kyung Ae Lee, Seong-Su Moon
  Endocrinology and Metabolism.2020; 35(2): 272.     CrossRef
• Phenytoin- Medication That Warrants Deviation From Standard Approach for Thyroid Lab Interpretation
  Vishwanath Pattan, Narsimha Candula, Ramesh Adhikari, Rahul Kashyap
  Cureus.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Pituitary Disorders in Pregnancy
  Whitney W. Woodmansee
  Neurologic Clinics.2019; 37(1): 63.     CrossRef
• A clinical case of partial hypopituitarism
  T. E. Pomytkina
  Fundamental and Clinical Medicine.2019; 4(3): 122.     CrossRef
• Mesencephalic Astrocyte-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (MANF) Is Highly Expressed in Mouse Tissues With Metabolic Function
  Tatiana Danilova, Emilia Galli, Emmi Pakarinen, Erik Palm, Päivi Lindholm, Mart Saarma, Maria Lindahl
  Frontiers in Endocrinology.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Functional survival of rat pituitary gland in hypothermic storage for pituitary transplantation
  Jai Ho Choi, Jung Eun Lee, Se Hoon Kim, Hong-Lim Kim, Sin Soo Jeun, Seung Ho Yang
  Pituitary.2019; 22(4): 353.     CrossRef
• Fertility after transsphenoidal surgery in patients with prolactinomas: A meta-analysis
  Nayan Lamba, Nadia Noormohamed, Thomas Simjian, Mona Y. Alsheikh, Alykhan Jamal, Joanne Doucette, Hasan Zaidi, Timothy R. Smith, Rania A. Mekary
  Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery.2019; 176: 53.     CrossRef
• Traumatic brain injury and hypopituitarism
  Sarah Leeder
  Advances in Clinical Neuroscience & Rehabilitation.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Long-acting FC-fusion rhGH (GX-H9) shows potential for up to twice-monthly administration in GH-deficient adults
  Cheol Ryong Ku, Thierry Brue, Katharina Schilbach, Stanislav Ignatenko, Sandor Magony, Yoon-Sok Chung, Byung-Joon Kim, Kyu Yeon Hur, Ho-Cheol Kang, Jung Hee Kim, Min Seon Kim, Aldona Kowalska, Marek Bolanowski, Marek Ruchala, Svetozar Damjanovic, Juraj Pa
  European Journal of Endocrinology.2018; 179(3): 169.     CrossRef
• Prolactinomas Resistant to Treatment With Dopamine Agonists: Long-Term Follow-Up of Six Cases
  Maria de Fátima de Magalhães Gonzaga, Lucas Faria de Castro, Luciana Ansaneli Naves, José Luiz Mendonça, Benicio Oton de Lima, Iruena Kessler, Luiz Augusto Casulari
  Frontiers in Endocrinology.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Oxytocin and Naltrexone Successfully Treat Hypothalamic Obesity in a Boy Post-Craniopharyngioma Resection
  Eugenie A Hsu, Jennifer L Miller, Francisco A Perez, Christian L Roth
  The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2018; 103(2): 370.     CrossRef
• Spectrum of Sellar and Parasellar Region Lesions: A retrospective study from Basrah, Iraq
  Abbas Ali Mansour, Ali Hussain Ali Alhamza, Ammar Mohammed Saeed Abdullah Almomin, Ibrahim Abbood Zaboon, Nassar Taha Yaseen Alibrahim, Rudha Naser Hussein, Muayad Baheer Kadhim, Haider Ayad Yassin Alidrisi, Hussein Ali Nwayyir, Adel Gassab Mohammed, Dhey
  F1000Research.2018; 7: 430.     CrossRef
• Delayed Complications After Transsphenoidal Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
  Gmaan Alzhrani, Walavan Sivakumar, Min S. Park, Philipp Taussky, William T. Couldwell
  World Neurosurgery.2018; 109: 233.     CrossRef
• Hypopituitarism: Case Study Involving Hypernatremia Prompting Discovery of a Pituitary Disorder in a Patient With Lymphoma
  Jace Johnny
  Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing.2018; 22(4): E115.     CrossRef
• Reflex and reflective testing strategies for early detection of pituitary dysfunction
  Manal Elnenaei, Derek Minney, David B. Clarke, Andrew Kumar-Misir, Syed Ali Imran
  Clinical Biochemistry.2018; 54: 78.     CrossRef
• Clinical Parameters to Distinguish Silent Corticotroph Adenomas from Other Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas
  Daham Kim, Cheol Ryong Ku, Se Hee Park, Ju Hyung Moon, Eui Hyun Kim, Sun Ho Kim, Eun Jig Lee
  World Neurosurgery.2018; 115: e464.     CrossRef
• The Incidence of Anterior Pituitary Hormone Deficiencies in Patients with Pituitary Microadenoma and Idiopathic Hyperprolactinaemia. A Retrospective Single Centre Study
  
  Journal of Clinical Review & Case Reports.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Spectrum of Pituitary disorders: A retrospective study from Basrah, Iraq
  Abbas Ali Mansour, Ali Hussain Ali Alhamza, Ammar Mohammed Saeed Abdullah Almomin, Ibrahim Abbood Zaboon, Nassar Taha Yaseen Alibrahim, Rudha Naser Hussein, Muayad Baheer Kadhim, Haider Ayad Yassin Alidrisi, Hussein Ali Nwayyir, Adel Gassab Mohammed, Dhey
  F1000Research.2018; 7: 430.     CrossRef
• Growth Hormone & Hypopituitarism
  Lahiry  Sandeep
  Journal of Analytical & Pharmaceutical Research.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Using the Complexity of Hypopituitarism Aetiology to Understand and Teach Hormone Function in Endocrinology
  Ayisha Qureshi
  MOJ Anatomy & Physiology.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Delayed diagnosis of pituitary stalk interruption syndrome with severe recurrent hyponatremia caused by adrenal insufficiency
  Kyung Mi Jang, Cheol Woo Ko
  Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism.2017; 22(3): 208.     CrossRef
• Indicaciones e interpretación diagnóstica de las pruebas funcionales hipofisarias
  C. Tasende Fernández, M.J. Rodríguez Troyano, D.S. Trifu, P. Gómez Montes
  Medicine - Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado.2016; 12(15): 865.     CrossRef
• Hypopituitarism in the elderly: a narrative review on clinical management of hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal, hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axes dysfunction
  L. Curtò, F. Trimarchi
  Journal of Endocrinological Investigation.2016; 39(10): 1115.     CrossRef
• Hipopituitarismo. Panhipopituitarismo
  N. Peláez Torres, D.S. Trifu, M.P Gómez Montes, E. Atienza Sánchez
  Medicine - Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado.2016; 12(15): 857.     CrossRef