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Songwon Lecture 2024
Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Mechanisms Underlying Maternal and Fetal Complications
Jooyeop Lee, Na Keum Lee, Joon Ho Moon
Endocrinol Metab. 2025;40(1):10-25.   Published online January 23, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2264
  • 26,359 View
  • 970 Download
  • 33 Web of Science
  • 39 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects over 10% of all pregnancies, both in Korea and worldwide. GDM not only increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preeclampsia, preterm birth, macrosomia, neonatal hypoglycemia, and shoulder dystocia, but it also significantly increases the risk of developing postpartum type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease in the mother. Additionally, GDM is linked to a higher risk of childhood obesity and diabetes in offspring, as well as neurodevelopmental disorders, including autistic spectrum disorder. This review offers a comprehensive summary of clinical epidemiological studies concerning maternal and fetal complications and explores mechanistic investigations that reveal the underlying pathophysiology.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
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    Gökçe Çıplak, Gülsüm Kadıoğlu Şimşek, Özhan Akyol, Aylin Kayalı Akyol, Hayriye Gözde Kanmaz Kutman, Fuat Emre Canpolat
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  • Unveiling Gestational Diabetes: An Overview of Pathophysiology and Management
    Rahul Mittal, Karan Prasad, Joana R. N. Lemos, Giuliana Arevalo, Khemraj Hirani
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(5): 2320.     CrossRef
  • Advancing Early Prediction of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus with Circular RNA Biomarkers
    Joon Ho Moon, Sung Hee Choi
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(3): 403.     CrossRef
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    Shrikrishna Bhagat, Rakshith Hanumanthappa, Ketki Bhokare, Neelabh Datta, Nidhi Vastrad, M. David, N. Maharaj, Krishnan Anand
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    Tuğçe Taşar Yıldırım, Çiğdem Akçabay, Sevler Yıldız, Gülşen Kutluer
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    Linhua Hu, Hongli Liu, Fengbing Liang, Zhi Du, Shudan Jiang, Guoxia Chen, Xiaoting Fang, Lixia Bi
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    Jing Peng, Huazhang Miao, Li Zhang, Jing Jin, Lirong He, Dongdong Xue, Yong Guo, Guocheng Liu
    Frontiers in Endocrinology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Xiaohua Zhou, Hong Sun
    Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Maryam Rahimi, Ladan Haghighi, Mostafa Majidnia, Babak Ghadirzadeh, Yousef Moradi
    Acta Diabetologica.2025; 63(3): 435.     CrossRef
  • Chrononutrition in Gestational Diabetes: Toward Precision Timing in Maternal Care
    Viktoria Xega, Jun-Li Liu
    Journal of Personalized Medicine.2025; 15(11): 534.     CrossRef
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    Yu Liu, Shaik Althaf Hussain, Hua Yue
    Experimental Biology and Medicine.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    N. V. Batrak, I. V. Ivanova
    Problems of Social Hygiene, Public Health and History of Medicine.2025; 33(6): 1414.     CrossRef
  • Is metformin therapy in conjunction with lifestyle modifications more effective than lifestyle modifications alone in lowering the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD
    Venkatachalam Jayaseelan, Murali Subbaiah, Kalaiselvy Arikrishnan, Ramkumar Govindarajalu, Sabita Pulavarthi, Nivedita Nanda, Khadeeja Nasreen Vadakkepeediyakkal, Pazhanivel Mohan, Gayathri Murugesan Sivagurunathan, Mohammed Kais Musthafa, Mahadevan Durai
    BMJ Open.2025; 15(12): e093417.     CrossRef
  • Pathological mechanisms of gestational diabetes mellitus development
    Hanna Salivon
    InterConf.2025; (62(268)): 130.     CrossRef
Close layer
Review Article
Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
The Impact of Taurine on Obesity-Induced Diabetes Mellitus: Mechanisms Underlying Its Effect
Kainat Ahmed, Ha-Neul Choi, Jung-Eun Yim
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(5):482-492.   Published online October 17, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1776
  • 25,261 View
  • 381 Download
  • 13 Web of Science
  • 14 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
This review explores the potential benefits of taurine in ameliorating the metabolic disorders of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), highlighting the factors that bridge these associations. Relevant articles and studies were reviewed to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between obesity and the development of T2D and the effect of taurine on those conditions. The loss of normal β-cell function and development of T2D are associated with obesity-derived insulin resistance. The occurrence of diabetes has been linked to the low bioavailability of taurine, which plays critical roles in normal β-cell function, anti-oxidation, and anti-inflammation. The relationships among obesity, insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, and T2D are complex and intertwined. Taurine may play a role in ameliorating these metabolic disorders through different pathways, but further research is needed to fully understand its effects and potential as a therapeutic intervention.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
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Close layer
Original Articles
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Effect of the Concomitant Use of Subcutaneous Basal Insulin and Intravenous Insulin Infusion in the Treatment of Severe Hyperglycemic Patients
Yejee Lim, Jung Hun Ohn, Joo Jeong, Jiwon Ryu, Sun-wook Kim, Jae Ho Cho, Hee-Sun Park, Hye Won Kim, Jongchan Lee, Eun Sun Kim, Nak-Hyun Kim, You Hwan Jo, Hak Chul Jang
Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(3):444-454.   Published online June 3, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1341
  • 65,589 View
  • 371 Download
  • 15 Web of Science
  • 12 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
No consensus exists regarding the early use of subcutaneous (SC) basal insulin facilitating the transition from continuous intravenous insulin infusion (CIII) to multiple SC insulin injections in patients with severe hyperglycemia other than diabetic ketoacidosis. This study evaluated the effect of early co-administration of SC basal insulin with CIII on glucose control in patients with severe hyperglycemia.
Methods
Patients who received CIII for the management of severe hyperglycemia were divided into two groups: the early basal insulin group (n=86) if they received the first SC basal insulin 0.25 U/kg body weight within 24 hours of CIII initiation and ≥4 hours before discontinuation, and the delayed basal insulin group (n=79) if they were not classified as the early basal insulin group. Rebound hyperglycemia was defined as blood glucose level of >250 mg/dL in 24 hours following CIII discontinuation. Propensity score matching (PSM) methods were additionally employed for adjusting the confounding factors (n=108).
Results
The rebound hyperglycemia incidence was significantly lower in the early basal insulin group than in the delayed basal insulin group (54.7% vs. 86.1%), despite using PSM methods (51.9%, 85.2%). The length of hospital stay was shorter in the early basal insulin group than in the delayed basal insulin group (8.5 days vs. 9.6 days, P=0.027). The hypoglycemia incidence did not differ between the groups.
Conclusion
Early co-administration of basal insulin with CIII prevents rebound hyperglycemia and shorten hospital stay without increasing the hypoglycemic events in patients with severe hyperglycemia.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
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    Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2026; 28(2): 1036.     CrossRef
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    Manoj Chawla, Vijay Viswanathan, Sanjay Agarwal, Anuj Maheshwari, Rakesh Sahay, Pratap Jethwani, Sujoy Ghosh, Sunil Gupta, Nishant Kanodia, A. G. Unnikrishnan, Abhay Kumar Sahoo, Vijaya Kumar, Purvi Chawla, Aravinda Jagadeesha
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    Nuha A. ElSayed, Rozalina G. McCoy, Grazia Aleppo, Kirthikaa Balapattabi, Elizabeth A. Beverly, Kathaleen Briggs Early, Dennis Bruemmer, Justin B. Echouffo-Tcheugui, Laya Ekhlaspour, Rodolfo J. Galindo, Rajesh Garg, Kamlesh Khunti, Rayhan Lal, Ildiko Ling
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    Serena Chong, Hannah Rubinstein, Tang Wong, Ann Poynten
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    Shinae Kang, Seon Mee Kang, Jong Han Choi, Seung-Hyun Ko, Bo Kyung Koo, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Mi Kyung Kim, Sang Yong Kim, Soo-Kyung Kim, Young-eun Kim, Eun Sook Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim, Chong Hwa Kim, Ji Min Kim, Hae Jin Kim, Min Kyong Moon, Sun Joon Moon, Jun Sung
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    Asim Shah, Asad Jamal, Maria Qadri, Muhammad Jibran Afridi, Suleman Khan, Zaryab Bacha, Adil Nawaz, Hammad Iftikhar, Misbah Uddin, Aizaz Anwar Khalid
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    Nuha A. ElSayed, Grazia Aleppo, Raveendhara R. Bannuru, Dennis Bruemmer, Billy S. Collins, Laya Ekhlaspour, Rodolfo J. Galindo, Marisa E. Hilliard, Eric L. Johnson, Kamlesh Khunti, Ildiko Lingvay, Glenn Matfin, Rozalina G. McCoy, Mary Lou Perry, Scott J.
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Close layer
Clinical Study
Association of Vitamin D Deficiency with Diabetic Nephropathy
So-hyeon Hong, Young Bin Kim, Hoon Sung Choi, Tae-Dong Jeong, Jin Taek Kim, Yeon Ah Sung
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(1):106-113.   Published online February 24, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.826
  • 13,665 View
  • 274 Download
  • 38 Web of Science
  • 43 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels are associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the association between 25OHD and metabolic health status or diabetic complications is inconclusive. We evaluated this relationship between vitamin D status and metabolic parameters and complications of T2DM.
Methods
This study included 1,392 patients with T2DM who visited Eulji and Ewha Diabetes Center between January 2011 and August 2016. Anthropometric parameters and laboratory tests including glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profile, liver and kidney function, and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) were evaluated. Diabetic macro- and microvascular complications were determined through a medical record review. Serum 25OHD concentrations were measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay.
Results
The mean 25OHD level was 16.8±9.6 ng/mL. Vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) and severe deficiency (<10 ng/mL) were observed in 990 (71.1%) and 351 (25.2%) participants, respectively. 25OHD level was positively correlated with age and highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level and negatively correlated with HbA1c, triglyceride level, and UACR. HDL-C and UACR were significantly associated with 25OHD after adjusting for other variables. Vitamin D deficiency was independently related to nephropathy after adjusting for confounding variables.
Conclusion
Vitamin D deficiency was common among Korean T2DM patients; it was independently associated with microalbuminuria and HDL level, and positively related to diabetic nephropathy.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
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    Addisu Melake, Misganaw Asmamaw Mengstie
    Journal of the National Medical Association.2026; 118(1): 83.     CrossRef
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    Jie Xiang, Wei Gao, Yao Yao, Chan Lu
    BMC Endocrine Disorders.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Close layer
Clinical Study
Current Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Primary Care Clinics in Korea
Da Hea Seo, Shinae Kang, Yong-ho Lee, Jung Yoon Ha, Jong Suk Park, Byoung-Wan Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Chul Woo Ahn, Bong-Soo Cha
Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(3):282-290.   Published online September 26, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.3.282
  • 9,985 View
  • 105 Download
  • 19 Web of Science
  • 21 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background

This study investigated the overall status of diabetes control and screening for diabetic microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending primary care clinics in Korea.

Methods

In this cross-sectional observational study, 191 primary care clinics were randomly selected across Korea from 2015 to 2016. In total, 3,227 subjects were enrolled in the study.

Results

The patients followed at the primary care clinics were relatively young, with a mean age of 61.4±11.7 years, and had a relatively short duration of diabetes (mean duration, 7.6±6.5 years). Approximately 14% of subjects had diabetic microvascular complications. However, the patients treated at the primary care clinics had suboptimal control of hemoglobin A1c levels, blood pressure, and serum lipid levels, along with a metabolic target achievement rate of 5.9% according to the Korean Diabetes Association guidelines. The screening rates for diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy within the past 12 months were 28.4%, 23.3%, and 13.3%, respectively.

Conclusion

The overall status of diabetes management, including the frequency of screening for microvascular complications, was suboptimal in the primary care clinics. More efforts should be made and more resources need to be allocated for primary care physicians to promote adequate healthcare delivery, which would result in stricter diabetes control and improved management of diabetic complications.

Citations

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Close layer
Diabetes
Effects of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors on Renal Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Jae Hyun Bae, Sunhee Kim, Eun-Gee Park, Sin Gon Kim, Seokyung Hahn, Nam Hoon Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(1):80-92.   Published online March 21, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.1.80
  • 13,421 View
  • 318 Download
  • 46 Web of Science
  • 49 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background

To investigate the effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors on renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of DPP-4 inhibitors from inception to September 2017. We selected eligible RCTs comparing DPP-4 inhibitors with placebo or other antidiabetic agents and reporting at least one renal outcome. A meta-analysis was conducted to calculate standardized mean differences, weighted mean differences (WMDs), relative risks (RRs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each renal outcome.

Results

We included 23 RCTs with 19 publications involving 41,359 patients. Overall changes in urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio were comparable between DPP-4 inhibitors and controls (P=0.150). However, DPP-4 inhibitors were associated with significantly lower risk of incident microalbuminuria (RR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.80 to 0.98; P=0.022) and macroalbuminuria (RR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.97; P=0.027), as well as higher rates of regression of albuminuria (RR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.35; P<0.001) compared with controls. Although DPP-4 inhibitors were associated with small but significantly lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (WMD, −1.11 mL/min/1.73 m2; 95% CI, −1.78 to −0.44; P=0.001), there was no difference in the risk of end-stage renal disease between two groups (RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.76 to 1.14; P=0.475).

Conclusion

DPP-4 inhibitors had beneficial renal effects mainly by reducing the risk of development or progression of albuminuria compared with placebo or other antidiabetic agents.

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Review Article
Diabetes
Evolution of Diabetes Care in Hong Kong: From the Hong Kong Diabetes Register to JADE-PEARL Program to RAMP and PEP Program
Ivy H.Y. Ng, Kitty K.T. Cheung, Tiffany T.L. Yau, Elaine Chow, Risa Ozaki, Juliana C.N. Chan
Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(1):17-32.   Published online March 21, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.1.17
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

The rapid increase in diabetes prevalence globally has contributed to large increases in health care expenditure on diabetic complications, posing a major health burden to countries worldwide. Asians are commonly observed to have poorer β-cell function and greater insulin resistance compared to the Caucasian population, which is attributed by their lower lean body mass and central obesity. This “double phenotype” as well as the rising prevalence of young onset diabetes in Asia has placed Asians with diabetes at high risk of cardiovascular and renal complications, with cancer emerging as an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The experience from Hong Kong had demonstrated that a multifaceted approach, involving team-based integrated care, information technological advances, and patient empowerment programs were able to reduce the incidence of diabetic complications, hospitalizations, and mortality. System change and public policies to enhance implementation of such programs may provide solutions to combat the burgeoning health problem of diabetes at a societal level.

Citations

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Original Article
Multi-country Study on the Prevalence and Clinical Features of Peripheral Arterial Disease in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Who are at High Risk for Atherosclerosis.
Sang Youl Rhee, Seungjoon Oh, Young Kil Choi, Doo Man Kim, Bong Yun Cha, Hyun Chul Lee, Seung Woo Ha, In Kyu Lee, Tae Sun Park, Min Young Chung, In Joo Kim, Moon Kyu Lee, Sung Soo Koong, Kyung Soo Park, Kyung Wan Min, Young Seol Kim
J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(4):290-301.   Published online August 1, 2006
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.4.290
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
PAD-SEARCH (Peripheral Arterial Disease-Screening and Evaluation of diabetic patients in Asian Regions Characterized by High risk factors) is the first international study to investigate the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in Asian type 2 diabetic patients and to demonstrate the relationships between the putative risk factors and PAD in this population. METHODS: A total of 6,625 type 2 diabetic patients (2,873 males and 3,752 females aged 50 and older) were enrolled in PAD-SEARCH in Korea, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Thailand and Philippines from October 2003 to March 2004. The Fukuda vascular profile VS-1000(TM) was used to determine the ankle-brachial index (ABI) and the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). RESULTS: The mean patient age was 63.7 +/- 8.2 years and the mean duration of diabetes was 10.3 +/- 8.0 years. 1,172 (17.7%) subjects were diagnosed as PAD by the ABI (< or = 0.9). Subjects with PAD had a significantly longer duration of diabetes or hypertension, a higher HbA1c level and a significantly lower mean BMI than did the non-PAD subjects. In terms of the lipid profiles, triglyceride was the only significant variable. Notably, the mean ABI and baPWV in the females were significantly poorer than the age matched males for the in subjects with a normal ABI. However, the mean ABI and baPWV in males were significantly poorer than those of the age matched females for the subjects with PAD. On the multivariate analysis, gender, age, BMI, smoking status, duration of diabetes and a previous history of cerebrovascular disease were identified as the independent risk factors of PAD. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that PAD is a common complication in Asian type 2 diabetic patients. Therefore, PAD screening and treatment should be emphasized for Asian diabetic patients with high risk factors.
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