Endocrinology and Metabolism

Original Article

Metabolic Phenotypes of Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Affect the Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Joon Ho Moon, Sookyung Won, Hojeong Won, Heejun Son, Tae Jung Oh, Soo Heon Kwak, Sung Hee Choi, Hak Chul Jang; Received July 10, 2024 Accepted September 23, 2024 Published online November 28, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2089 [Epub ahead of print]

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Background
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects women with diverse pathological phenotypes, but little is known about the effects of this variation on perinatal outcomes. We explored the metabolic phenotypes of GDM and their impact on adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Methods
Women diagnosed with gestational glucose intolerance or GDM were categorized into subgroups according to their prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and the median values of the gestational Matsuda and Stumvoll indices. Logistic regression analysis was employed to assess the odds of adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as large-for-gestational age (LGA), small-for-gestational age, preterm birth, low Apgar score, and cesarean section.
Results
A total of 309 women were included, with a median age of 31 years and a median BMI of 22.3 kg/m². Women with a higher pre-pregnancy BMI had a higher risk of LGA newborns (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] for pre-pregnancy BMI ≥25 kg/m² compared to 20–23 kg/m², 4.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.99 to 9.12; P<0.001; P for trend=0.001), but the risk of other adverse pregnancy outcomes did not differ according to pre-pregnancy BMI. Women with insulin resistance had a higher risk of LGA (aOR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.02 to 3.47; P=0.043) and cesarean section (aOR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.29 to 3.50; P=0.003) than women in the insulin-sensitive group. In contrast, defective β-cell function did not affect adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Conclusion
Different metabolic phenotypes of GDM were associated with heterogeneous pregnancy outcomes. Women with obesity and those with insulin resistance are at greater risk of adverse outcomes and might need strict glycemic management during pregnancy.

Review Article

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Changes in the Epidemiological Landscape of Diabetes in South Korea: Trends in Prevalence, Incidence, and Healthcare Expenditures: Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(5):669-677. Published online September 25, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2073

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Diabetes is a serious public health concern that significantly contributes to the global burden of disease. In Korea, the prevalence of diabetes is 12.5% among individuals aged 19 and older, and 14.8% among individuals aged 30 and older as of 2022. The total number of people with diabetes among those aged 19 and older is estimated to be 5.4 million. The incidence of diabetes decreased from 8.1 per 1,000 persons in 2006 to 6.3 per 1,000 persons in 2014, before rising again to 7.5 per 1,000 persons in 2019. Meanwhile, the incidence of type 1 diabetes increased significantly, from 1.1 per 100,000 persons in 1995 to 4.8 per 100,000 persons in 2016, with the prevalence reaching 41.0 per 100,000 persons in 2017. Additionally, the prevalence of gestational diabetes saw a substantial rise from 4.1% in 2007 to 22.3% in 2023. These changes have resulted in increases in the total medical costs for diabetes, covering both outpatient and inpatient services. Therefore, effective diabetes prevention strategies are urgently needed.

Citations

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Trends in prescribing sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for individuals with type 2 diabetes with and without cardiovascular‐renal disease in South Korea, 2015–2021
Kyoung Hwa Ha, Soyoung Shin, EunJi Na, Dae Jung Kim
Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Article

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Amelioration of Insulin Resistance after Delivery Is Associated with Reduced Risk of Postpartum Diabetes in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Heejun Son, Joon Ho Moon, Sung Hee Choi, Nam H. Cho, Soo Heon Kwak, Hak Chul Jang; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(5):701-710. Published online August 21, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1974

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Background
Identifying risk factors for postpartum type 2 diabetes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is crucial for effective interventions. We examined whether changes in insulin sensitivity after delivery affects the risk of type 2 diabetes in women with GDM.
Methods
This prospective cohort study included 347 women with GDM or gestational impaired glucose tolerance, who attended the follow-up visits at 2 months postpartum and annually thereafter. Changes in insulin sensitivity were calculated using the Matsuda index at GDM diagnosis and at 2 months postpartum (ΔMatsuda index). After excluding women with pregestational diabetes or those followed up only once, we analyzed the risk of postpartum type 2 diabetes based on the ΔMatsuda index tertiles.
Results
The incidence of type 2 diabetes at the two-month postpartum visit decreased with increasing ΔMatsuda index tertiles (16.4%, 9.5%, and 1.8%, P=0.001). During a 4.1-year follow-up, 26 out of 230 women who attended more than two follow-up visits (11.3%) developed type 2 diabetes. Compared to the lowest tertile, subjects in the highest ΔMatsuda index tertile showed a significantly reduced risk of type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio, 0.33; 95% confidence interval, 0.12 to 0.93; P=0.036) after adjusting for confounders.
Conclusion
Improvement in insulin sensitivity after delivery is associated with a reduced risk of postpartum type 2 diabetes in women with GDM. Postpartum changes in insulin sensitivity could be a useful prediction for future type 2 diabetes development in women with GDM.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Evaluation of Maternal Factors Affecting Postpartum Insulin Resistance Markers in Mothers with Gestational Diabetes—A Case–Control Study
Karolina Karcz, Paulina Gaweł, Barbara Królak-Olejnik
Nutrients.2024; 16(22): 3871. CrossRef

Review Article

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
The Benefits Of Continuous Glucose Monitoring In Pregnancy: Jee Hee Yoo, Jae Hyeon Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(5):472-481. Published online October 11, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1805

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Previous studies have consistently demonstrated the positive effects of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) on glycemic outcomes and complications of diabetes in people with type 1 diabetes. Guidelines now consider CGM to be an essential and cost-effective device for managing type 1 diabetes. As a result, insurance coverage for it is available. Evidence supporting CGM continues to grow and expand to broader populations, such as pregnant people with type 1 diabetes, people with type 2 diabetes treated only with basal insulin therapy, and even type 2 diabetes that does not require insulin treatment. However, despite the significant risk of hyperglycemia in pregnancy, which leads to complications in more than half of affected newborns, CGM indications and insurance coverage for those patients are unresolved. In this review article, we discuss the latest evidence for using CGM to offer glycemic control and reduce perinatal complications, along with its cost-effectiveness in pregestational type 1 and type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus. In addition, we discuss future prospects for CGM coverage and indications based on this evidence.

Citations

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Glucose circadian rhythm assessment in pregnant women for gestational diabetes screening
Rafael Bravo, Kyung Hyun Lee, Sarah A. Nazeer, Jocelyn A. Cornthwaite, Michal Fishel Bartal, Claudia Pedroza
International Journal of Obesity.2025; 49(1): 118. CrossRef
Quality of Life in Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Treatment Satisfaction Upon Intermittently Scanned Continuous Glucose Monitoring
Sookyung Won, Hyeon Ji Kim, Jee Yoon Park, Kyung Joon Oh, Sung Hee Choi, Hak Chul Jang, Joon Ho Moon
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Wearable devices for glucose monitoring: A review of state-of-the-art technologies and emerging trends
Mohammad Mansour, M. Saeed Darweesh, Ahmed Soltan
Alexandria Engineering Journal.2024; 89: 224. CrossRef
Diagnosis and Treatment of Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy
Sneha Mohan, Aoife M. Egan
Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America.2024; 53(3): 335. CrossRef

Original Articles

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Predicting the Risk of Insulin-Requiring Gestational Diabetes before Pregnancy: A Model Generated from a Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study in Korea: Seung-Hwan Lee, Jin Yu, Kyungdo Han, Seung Woo Lee, Sang Youn You, Hun-Sung Kim, Jae-Hyoung Cho, Kun-Ho Yoon, Mee Kyoung Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(1):129-138. Published online January 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1609

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Background
The severity of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. We aimed to generate a risk model for predicting insulin-requiring GDM before pregnancy in Korean women.
Methods
A total of 417,210 women who received a health examination within 52 weeks before pregnancy and delivered between 2011 and 2015 were recruited from the Korean National Health Insurance database. The risk prediction model was created using a sample of 70% of the participants, while the remaining 30% were used for internal validation. Risk scores were assigned based on the hazard ratios for each risk factor in the multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model. Six risk variables were selected, and a risk nomogram was created to estimate the risk of insulin-requiring GDM.
Results
A total of 2,891 (0.69%) women developed insulin-requiring GDM. Age, body mass index (BMI), current smoking, fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol, and γ-glutamyl transferase were significant risk factors for insulin-requiring GDM and were incorporated into the risk model. Among the variables, old age, high BMI, and high FBG level were the main contributors to an increased risk of insulin-requiring GDM. The concordance index of the risk model for predicting insulin-requiring GDM was 0.783 (95% confidence interval, 0.766 to 0.799). The validation cohort’s incidence rates for insulin-requiring GDM were consistent with the risk model’s predictions.
Conclusion
A novel risk engine was generated to predict insulin-requiring GDM among Korean women. This model may provide helpful information for identifying high-risk women and enhancing prepregnancy care.

Citations

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Establishment and validation of a nomogram to predict the neck contracture after skin grafting in burn patients: A multicentre cohort study
Rui Li, Yangyang Zheng, Xijuan Fan, Zilong Cao, Qiang Yue, Jincai Fan, Cheng Gan, Hu Jiao, Liqiang Liu
International Wound Journal.2023; 20(9): 3648. CrossRef
Predicting the Need for Insulin Treatment: A Risk-Based Approach to the Management of Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Anna S. Koefoed, H. David McIntyre, Kristen S. Gibbons, Charlotte W. Poulsen, Jens Fuglsang, Per G. Ovesen
Reproductive Medicine.2023; 4(3): 133. CrossRef
Prepregnancy Glucose Levels Within Normal Range and Its Impact on Obstetric Complications in Subsequent Pregnancy: A Population Cohort Study
Ho Yeon Kim, Ki Hoon Ahn, Geum Joon Cho, Soon-Cheol Hong, Min-Jeong Oh, Hai-Joong Kim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Risk of Cause-Specific Mortality across Glucose Spectrum in Elderly People: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
Joonyub Lee, Hun-Sung Kim, Kee-Ho Song, Soon Jib Yoo, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(5): 525. CrossRef
The CHANGED Score—A New Tool for the Prediction of Insulin Dependency in Gestational Diabetes
Paul Rostin, Selina Balke, Dorota Sroka, Laura Fangmann, Petra Weid, Wolfgang Henrich, Josefine Theresia Königbauer
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(22): 7169. CrossRef

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Risk and Risk Factors for Postpartum Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Women with Gestational Diabetes: A Korean Nationwide Cohort Study: Mi Jin Choi, Jimi Choi, Chae Weon Chung; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(1):112-123. Published online February 28, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1276

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Background
There are differences in risk and risk factor findings of postpartum type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after gestational diabetes depending on study design and subjects of previous studies. This study aimed to assess these risk and risk factors more accurately through a population-based study to provide basic data for prevention strategies.
Methods
This open retrospective cohort included data of 419,101 women with gestational diabetes and matched 1,228,802 control women who delivered between 2004 and 2016 from the South Korea National Health Information Database of the National Health Insurance Service. Following 14 (median 5.9) years of follow-up, the incidence and hazard ratio (HR) of postpartum T2DM were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional regression models.
Results
The incidence and HR of postpartum T2DM in women with gestational diabetes (compared to women without gestational diabetes) after the 14-year follow-up was 21.3% and 2.78 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.74 to 2.82), respectively. Comorbid obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥25 kg/m²) increased postpartum T2DM risk 7.59 times (95% CI, 7.33 to 7.86). Significant risk factors for postpartum T2DM were fasting glucose level, BMI, age, family history of diabetes, hypertension, and insulin use during pregnancy.
Conclusion
This population-based study showed higher postpartum T2DM risk in women with gestational diabetes than in those without, which was further increased by comorbid obesity. BMI and fasting glucose level were important postpartum risk factors. The management of obesity and glycemic control may be important strategies to prevent the incidence of diabetes after delivery.

Citations

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Antenatal factors and risk of postpartum hyperglycemia in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A central India prospective cohort study
Nilajkumar Bagde, Madhuri Bagde, Vijayalakshmi Shanbhag, Pragati Trigunait, Nagma Sheikh, Sarita Agrawal
Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.2024; 13(1): 59. CrossRef
Changes in the Epidemiological Landscape of Diabetes in South Korea: Trends in Prevalence, Incidence, and Healthcare Expenditures
Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(5): 669. CrossRef
Prevalence and risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Kaiqi Chen, Lichao Tang, Xinwei Wang, Yunhua Li, Xijian Zhang, Shikui Cui, Wei Chen, Zhao Jin, Danping Zhu
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Integration of nutrigenomics, melatonin, serotonin and inflammatory cytokines in the pathophysiology of pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence in women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Danielle Cristina Honorio França, Eduardo Luzía França, Luis Sobrevia, Angélica Mércia Pascon Barbosa, Adenilda Cristina Honorio-França, Marilza Vieira Cunha Rudge
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease.2023; 1869(6): 166737. CrossRef
Risk factors associated with early postpartum glucose intolerance in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zhe Liu, Qianghuizi Zhang, Leyang Liu, Weiwei Liu
Endocrine.2023; 82(3): 498. CrossRef

Clinical Study
Vitamin D Deficiency at Mid-Pregnancy Is Associated with a Higher Risk of Postpartum Glucose Intolerance in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Kyung-Soo Kim, Seok Won Park, Yong-Wook Cho, Soo-Kyung Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(1):97-105. Published online March 19, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.1.97

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Background

To evaluate the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) at mid-pregnancy and postpartum glucose intolerance in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Methods

We enrolled 348 pregnant women diagnosed with GDM from August 2012 to October 2016. We measured serum 25(OH)D levels at mid-pregnancy and carried out a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test at 6 to 12 weeks after delivery. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum 25(OH)D <20 ng/mL.

Results

The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 76.7% (n=267). Women with vitamin D deficiency had a higher prevalence of postpartum glucose intolerance than did those without vitamin D deficiency (48.7% vs. 32.1%, P=0.011). Serum 25(OH)D level was negatively correlated with hemoglobin A1c at antepartum and postpartum period (antepartum: r=−0.186, P=0.001; postpartum: r=−0.129, P=0.047). Homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function was positively correlated with serum 25(OH)D level only postpartum (r=0.138, P=0.035). The risk of postpartum glucose intolerance was 2.00 times (95% confidence interval, 1.13 to 3.55) higher in women with vitamin D deficiency than in those without vitamin D deficiency (P=0.018).

Conclusion

In women with GDM, vitamin D deficiency at mid-pregnancy is associated with an elevated risk of postpartum glucose intolerance.

Citations

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Evaluating the effect of vitamin D 3 fortification on physicochemical and sensory properties of yogurt
Saneela Saleem, Zahra Khan, Imtiaz Hussain, Faran Khan, Fahad Al-Asmari, Faima Atta Khan, Alyan Ali Zafar, Muhammad Abdul Rahim, Zongo Eliasse, Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan
Cogent Food & Agriculture.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Predictive Utility of Biochemical Markers for the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Sathaphone Inthavong, Phudit Jatavan, Theera Tongsong
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(21): 11666. CrossRef
Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and gestational diabetes: a narrative review
Caiqiong Lin, Haiwei Liu
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Vitamin D Supplementation for the Outcomes of Patients with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Neonates: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review
Chunfeng Wu, Yang Song, Xueying Wang, Pier P. Sainaghi
International Journal of Clinical Practice.2023; 2023: 1. CrossRef
Influence of hypovitaminosis D during pregnancy on glycemic and lipid profile, inflammatory indicators and anthropometry of pregnant and newborn
Sara de Figueiredo dos Santos, Paula Normando dos Reis Costa, Thaise Gasser Gouvêa, Nathalia Ferreira Antunes de Almeida, Felipe de Souza Cardoso
Clinical Nutrition ESPEN.2023; 54: 81. CrossRef
Risk factors associated with early postpartum glucose intolerance in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zhe Liu, Qianghuizi Zhang, Leyang Liu, Weiwei Liu
Endocrine.2023; 82(3): 498. CrossRef
Postprandial Free Fatty Acids at Mid-Pregnancy Increase the Risk of Large-for-Gestational-Age Newborns in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
So-Yeon Kim, Young Shin Song, Soo-Kyung Kim, Yong-Wook Cho, Kyung-Soo Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2022; 46(1): 140. CrossRef
Effect of Evidence-Based Diet Nursing on Intestinal Flora and Maternal and Infant Prognosis in Patients with Gestational Diabetes
Ying Jiang, Chunbo Qiu, Yuanping Wang, Bin He, Peng-Yue Zhang
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef
Vitamin D in gestational diabetes: A broadened frontier
Yu Zhu, Ling Li, Ping Li
Clinica Chimica Acta.2022; 537: 51. CrossRef
The Clinical Characteristics of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Korea: A National Health Information Database Study
Kyung-Soo Kim, Sangmo Hong, Kyungdo Han, Cheol-Young Park
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(3): 628. CrossRef
Fetal Abdominal Obesity Detected At 24 to 28 Weeks of Gestation Persists Until Delivery Despite Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetes Metab J 2021;45:547-57)
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Case Report

Obesity and Metabolism
Two Cases of Allergy to Insulin in Gestational Diabetes: Gi Jun Kim, Shin Bum Kim, Seong Il Jo, Jin Kyeong Shin, Hee Sun Kwon, Heekyung Jeong, Jang Won Son, Seong Su Lee, Sung Rae Kim, Byung Kee Kim, Soon Jib Yoo; Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(3):402-407. Published online May 18, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.3.402

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Allergic reaction to insulin is uncommon since the introduction of human recombinant insulin preparations and is more rare in pregnant than non-pregnant females due to altered immune reaction during pregnancy. Herein, we report two cases of allergic reaction to insulin in gestational diabetes that were successfully managed. One case was a 33-year-old female using isophane-neutral protamine Hagedorn human insulin and insulin lispro. She experienced dyspnea, cough, urticaria and itching sensation at the sites of insulin injection immediately after insulin administration. We discontinued insulin therapy and started oral hypoglycemic agents with metformin and glibenclamide. The other case was a 32-year-old female using insulin lispro and insulin detemer. She experienced pruritus and burning sensation and multiple nodules at the sites of insulin injection. We changed the insulin from insulin lispro to insulin aspart. Assessments including immunoglobulin E (IgE), IgG, eosinophil, insulin antibody level and skin biopsy were performed. In the two cases, the symptoms were resolved after changing the insulin to oral agents or other insulin preparations. We report two cases of allergic reaction to human insulin in gestational diabetes due to its rarity.

Citations

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Non-glycemic Adverse Effects of Insulin
Alissa M. Guarneri , Robert P. Hoffman
Current Diabetes Reviews.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Faulty Injection Technique: A Preventable But Often Overlooked Factor in Insulin Allergy
Partha Pratim Chakraborty, Sugata Narayan Biswas, Shinjan Patra
Diabetes Therapy.2016; 7(1): 163. CrossRef

Original Article

Obesity and Metabolism
A Novel Mutation in the Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Gene Identified in a Patient Presenting with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Yun Hyi Ku, Chang Ho Ahn, Chan-Hyeon Jung, Jie Eun Lee, Lee-Kyung Kim, Soo Heon Kwak, Hye Seung Jung, Kyong Soo Park, Young Min Cho; Endocrinol Metab. 2013;28(4):320-325. Published online December 12, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2013.28.4.320

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Background

Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is an autosomal dominantly inherited, multisystemic tumor syndrome caused by mutations in the VHL gene. To date, more than 1,000 germline and somatic mutations of the VHL gene have been reported. We present a novel mutation in the VHL tumor suppressor gene that presented with gestational diabetes mellitus.

Methods

A 30-year-old woman presented with gestational diabetes mellitus. She sequentially showed multiple pancreatic cysts, spinal cord hemangioblastoma, cerebellar hemangioblastoma, and clear cell type renal cell carcinomas. Also, her father and brother had brain hemangioblastomas. Each of the three exons of the VHL gene was individually amplified by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing was performed using an ABI 3730 DNA analyzer.

Results

DNA sequence analysis to determine the presence of VHL mutation in her family revealed del291C, a novel frameshift mutation.

Conclusion

We found a novel mutation in the VHL tumor suppressor gene that presented with gestational diabetes mellitus.

Citations

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Diversities of Mechanism in Patients with VHL Syndrome and diabetes: A Report of Two Cases and Literature Review
Yanlei Wang, Zhaoxiang Liu, Wenhui Zhao, Chenxiang Cao, Luqi Xiao, Jianzhong Xiao
Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity.2024; Volume 17: 1611. CrossRef
Retinal hemangioblastoma in a patient with Von Hippel-Lindau disease: A case report and literature review
Yikeng Huang, Weiwen Hu, Xionggao Huang
Frontiers in Oncology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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Claudia von Arx, Monica Capozzi, Elena López-Jiménez, Alessandro Ottaiano, Fabiana Tatangelo, Annabella Di Mauro, Guglielmo Nasti, Maria Lina Tornesello, Salvatore Tafuto
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2019; 8(9): 1277. CrossRef
Brief Review of Articles in 'Endocrinology and Metabolism' in 2013
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Endocrinology and Metabolism.2014; 29(3): 251. CrossRef

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