Endocrinology and Metabolism

Original Articles

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
TAZ WW Domain-Mediated Regulation of Gluconeogenesis and Tumorigenesis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Interaction with the Glucocorticoid Receptor: Hongxiang Huang, Jinhong Chen, Xingyu Tao, Peiyuan Zhong, Yanqiu Meng, Sujuan Peng, Wanying Luo, Zhiyong He, Shuai Luo, Xie Zhu, Zhihui Lu, Li Chen, Yangyang Liu; Endocrinol Metab. 2026;41(2):267-287. Published online February 10, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2025.2471

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality, characterized by poor prognosis due to its high proliferative and invasive potential. Tumor metabolic reprogramming, particularly involving glucose metabolism, is essential for tumor survival. This study investigates the role of the Hippo pathway effector transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) in regulating gluconeogenesis and promoting tumorigenesis in HCC.
Methods
TAZ expression in HCC was analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas data and validated in clinical samples and cell lines. TAZ was overexpressed or silenced in HCC cell lines to evaluate its effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. The expression and prognostic relevance of the gluconeogenesis-related genes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) were examined, along with their correlation with TAZ expression. Tumor growth was assessed in nude mice. Interactions between TAZ and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) were investigated using co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays.
Results
TAZ was significantly upregulated in HCC tissues and cell lines. TAZ overexpression enhanced proliferation, reduced apoptosis, and promoted migration and invasion. In contrast, PCK1 and G6PC were downregulated in HCC and showed a negative correlation with TAZ expression.
Conclusion
TAZ modulates gluconeogenesis and accelerates tumor growth, whereas its knockdown attenuates tumor progression. TAZ interacts with GR, suppressing its transcriptional activity on gluconeogenic gene promoters.

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitor Enhances Hepatic Gluconeogenesis and Reduces Lipid Accumulation via AMPK-SIRT1 Activation and Autophagy Induction: Si Woo Lee, Hyunki Park, Minyoung Lee, Hyangkyu Lee, Eun Seok Kang; Endocrinol Metab. 2025;40(4):583-597. Published online May 12, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2223

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Background
Sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, such as dapagliflozin, are primarily used to lower glucose in type 2 diabetes. Recent studies suggest broader metabolic effects, particularly in the liver. This study explores the molecular mechanisms by which dapagliflozin influences hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, hypothesizing that it activates the 5’-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) pathway to promote gluconeogenesis and reduce lipid accumulation via autophagy.
Methods
HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells were treated with dapagliflozin, and Western blotting, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and fluorescence microscopy were used to assess gluconeogenic enzyme expression and autophagy. In vivo, mice with liver-specific autophagy related 7 (Atg7) deletion and those on a high-fat diet were used to evaluate glucose regulation, lipid metabolism, and autophagy.
Results
Dapagliflozin significantly increased expression of gluconeogenic enzymes like phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in HepG2 cells and enhanced autophagic flux, evidenced by increased light chain 3B (LC3B)-II levels and autophagosome formation. AMPK-Sirt1 activation was confirmed as the underlying mechanism. Additionally, dapagliflozin reduced fatty acid synthesis by suppressing enzymes such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase, while promoting fatty acid degradation via carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1α (CPT1α) upregulation. In high-fat diet mice, dapagliflozin increased hepatic gluconeogenesis and reduced lipid accumulation, though serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were unaffected.
Conclusion
Dapagliflozin enhances hepatic gluconeogenesis and reduces steatosis by activating the AMPK-Sirt1 pathway and promoting autophagy. These findings suggest that SGLT2 inhibitors could offer therapeutic benefits for managing hepatic lipid disorders, beyond glycemic control.

Citations

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The Emerging Therapeutic Promise of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease
Wenjing Zhang, Huaidong Hu
Digestive Diseases and Sciences.2026; 71(3): 852. CrossRef
Association of SGLT2 inhibitors use with a lower risk of biliary diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study
Ming Gao, Qiuyu Lin, Kaiyue Hu, Bei Zhong, Tingyi Zhu, Zheng Gong, Kaini Zhang, Xiaoli Chen, Xinyu Chen, Ying Zhang, Yangyang Li, Shaowen Tang, Dongming Su, Xiubin Liang, Yu Liu
Annals of Medicine.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Redefining SGLT2 inhibitors through cytoprotective mechanisms
Sanja Stankovic, Zoran Miloradovic, Vladimir Petrovic, Milan Stoiljkovic
European Journal of Pharmacology.2026; 1016: 178647. CrossRef
Mechanism of swertiamarin and novel nitrogen-containing metabolites (R)-Gentiandiol and (S)-Gentiandiol in treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats: an untargeted metabolomics study based on UPLC-Q-TOF/MS
Yidan Sun, Fuyan Cui, Shuhan Tang, Pengyu Li, Yaqi Xu, Hao Li, Yige Wang, Xintong Li, Minyue Zhang, Rong Ma, Xianna Li, Hongying Xu, Ying Wang, Hailong Zhang, Zhigang Wang
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
SGLT2 Inhibitors as Systemic Metabolic Modulators: Linking Glucose Excretion to Liver Function Restoration
Seung Wan Noh, Han Sol Ryu, Yong-Ho Kim, Byung-Chul Oh
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(6): 851. CrossRef

Review Articles

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Medical Treatment of Cushing’s Syndrome: Laurence Guignat, Jerome Bertherat; Endocrinol Metab. 2025;40(1):26-38. Published online January 13, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.501

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Endogenous Cushing’s syndrome (CS) refers to the manifestations of chronic cortisol excess. This rare disease is associated with multiple comorbidities, impaired quality of life, and increased mortality. The management of CS remains challenging. Regardless of the underlying cause, surgical resection of the tumor is typically the first-line and preferred treatment. However, when surgery is not feasible or has been unsuccessful, medical therapies may be employed to control CS. The therapeutic strategy should be individualized based on the recommendations of a multidisciplinary team of experts and the patient’s preferences, informed by detailed information on the available options. All medications require careful monitoring, along with adequate instructions for patients and caregivers. The aim of this mini-review is to provide an overview of the main medical therapies currently used to treat CS, including their efficacy, safety, and management. Despite the availability of new drugs in recent years, the need remains for more effective specific targeted pharmacological therapies.

Citations

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Use of osilodrostat in a block-and-replace and titration strategy for cushing’s syndrome: a position paper by French experts
Frédéric Castinetti, Jérôme Bertherat, Philippe Chanson, Gerald Raverot, Jacques Young, Antoine Tabarin
Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders.2026; 27(2): 201. CrossRef
Advances in the medical management of hypercortisolism: current strategies, monitoring, and emerging therapies
Jorge Esteban Mosquera, Leili Rahimi, Oksana Hamidi
Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity.2025; 32(5): 222. CrossRef
Update in the Management of ACTH-Secreting Gastroenteropancreatic and Thoracic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Marina Tsoli, Anat Bel-Ange, Karine Atlan, Simona Ben-Haim, Gregory Kaltsas, Simona Grozinsky-Glasberg
Current Treatment Options in Oncology.2025; 26(11): 1010. CrossRef

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Brown Fat and Metabolic Health: The Diverse Functions of Dietary Components: Zachary Brown, Takeshi Yoneshiro; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(6):839-846. Published online November 20, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2121

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Brown and beige adipocytes utilize a variety of substrates for cold-induced thermogenesis, contributing to the clearance of metabolites in circulation and, consequently, metabolic health. Food-derived compounds that exhibit agonistic activity at temperature-sensitive transient receptor potential channels may serve as cold mimics to elicit thermogenesis and substrate utilization in brown adipose tissue (BAT). In addition to fatty acids and glucose, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), which are essential amino acids obtained from foods, are actively catabolized in BAT through mitochondrial BCAA carrier (MBC). The relative contribution of BCAAs to fueling the tricarboxylic acid cycle as a substrate (i.e., anaplerosis) is estimated to be relatively small, yet BCAA catabolism in BAT exerts a critical role in systemic insulin sensitivity. The nature of this apparent tension remained unclear until the recent discovery that active BCAA catabolism in BAT through MBC is critical for the synthesis of metabolites such as glutathione, which is delivered to the liver to improve hepatic insulin sensitivity through redox homeostasis. Novel mechanistic insights into the control of BAT function and systemic metabolism reveal the therapeutic potential of food-derived compounds for improving metabolic flexibility and insulin sensitivity.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Bioactive Phytoconstituents Targeting Energy Expenditure and Appetite to Combat Obesity: A Comprehensive Review
Gayatri Thapa, Pervej Alom Barbhuiya, Manash Pratim Pathak
Current Nutrition Reports.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Osteocytes orchestrate browning: emerging signals in bone-fat crosstalk: a systematic review
Houmam Anees, Vahid Jahed, Zahra Sabouri, Reem Jamous, Cristian Pablo Pennisi, Christian Heiss, Thaqif El Khassawna
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Beyond Calories: Redox Interactions in Adipose Tissue That Lead to Metabolic Pathologies
Alfredo Miranda-Martínez, Erika Rodríguez-Martínez, Pamela Barragán-Reséndiz, Selva Rivas-Arancibia
Physiologia.2025; 5(4): 50. CrossRef

Original Articles

Thyroid
In Vitro Investigation of HIF-1α as a Therapeutic Target for Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy: Jeongmin Lee, Jinsoo Lee, Hansang Baek, Dong-Jun Lim, Seong-Beom Lee, Jung-Min Lee, Sang-Ah Jang, Moo Il Kang, Suk-Woo Yang, Min-Hee Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(5):767-776. Published online October 16, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1952

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Background
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) involves tissue expansion and inflammation, potentially causing a hypoxic microenvironment. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α is crucial in fibrosis and adipogenesis, which are observed in TAO progression. We investigated the effects of hypoxia on orbital fibroblasts (OFs) in TAO, focusing on the role of HIF-1α in TAO progression.
Methods
OFs were isolated from TAO and non-TAO patients (as controls). In addition to HIF-1α, adipogenic differentiation markers including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (CEBP) were measured by Western blot, and phenotype changes were evaluated by Oil Red O staining under both normoxia and hypoxia. To elucidate the effect of HIF-1α inhibition, protein expression changes after HIF-1α inhibitor treatment were evaluated under normoxia and hypoxia.
Results
TAO OFs exhibited significantly higher HIF-1α expression than non-TAO OFs, and the difference was more distinct under hypoxia than under normoxia. Oil Red O staining showed that adipogenic differentiation of TAO OFs was prominent under hypoxia. Hypoxic conditions increased the expression of adipogenic markers, namely PPARγ and CEBP, as well as HIF-1α in TAO OFs. Interleukin 6 levels also increased in response to hypoxia. The effect of hypoxia on adipogenesis was reduced at the protein level after HIF-1α inhibitor treatment, and this inhibitory effect was sustained even with IGF-1 stimulation in addition to hypoxia.
Conclusion
Hypoxia induces tissue remodeling in TAO by stimulating adipogenesis through HIF-1α activation. These data could provide insights into new treatment strategies and the mechanisms of adipose tissue remodeling in TAO.

Citations

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Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-α in Autoimmune Diseases—Insights from the Paradigm of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: A Narrative Review
Nika Srb, Andrea Milostić-Srb, Lea Sarić, Dubravka Holik, Matej Šapina, Rajko Fureš, Jasminka Talapko, Ivana Škrlec, Darko Katalinić, Borna Kovačić
Medical Sciences.2026; 14(1): 61. CrossRef
Integrative transcriptomic profiling and machine learning reveal hypoxia-associated molecular signatures for precision diagnosis in thyroid eye disease
Weijin Qian, Tianyi Zhu, Jin Liu, Yining Wei, Li Yang, Lianfei Fang, Jing Sun, Yinwei Li, Sijie Fang, Huifang Zhou
Human Genomics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Thyroid
TSHR Gene (rs179247) Polymorphism and Susceptibility to Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Hendra Zufry, Timotius Ivan Hariyanto; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(4):603-614. Published online August 1, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1987

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Background
Both Graves’ disease (GD) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) are classified as autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs). It has been hypothesized that changes in the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene may contribute to the development of these conditions. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between the TSHR rs179247 gene polymorphism and susceptibility to AITD.
Methods
We conducted a thorough search of the Google Scholar, Scopus, Medline, and Cochrane Library databases up until March 2, 2024, utilizing a combination of relevant keywords. This review examines data on the association between TSHR rs179247 and susceptibility to AITD. Random-effect models were employed to assess the odds ratio (OR), and the findings are presented along with their respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Results
The meta-analysis included 12 studies. All genetic models of the TSHR rs179247 gene polymorphism were associated with an increased risk of developing GD. Specifically, the associations were observed in the dominant model (OR, 1.65; P<0.00001), recessive model (OR, 1.65; P<0.00001), as well as for the AA genotype (OR, 2.09; P<0.00001), AG genotype (OR, 1.39; P<0.00001), and A allele (OR, 1.44; P<0.00001). Further regression analysis revealed that these associations were consistent regardless of the country of origin, sample size, age, and sex distribution. However, no association was found between TSHR rs179247 and the risk of HT across all genetic models.
Conclusion
This study suggests that the TSHR rs179247 gene polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of GD, but not with HT, and may therefore serve as a potential biomarker.

Citations

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Genetic Risk Factors in Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses and Evidence Credibility
Anu Shibi Anilkumar, Nithya Ajay, Ramakrishnan Veerabathiran
Immunological Investigations.2026; : 1. CrossRef

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Inhibition of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 during Serum Deprivation Increases Hepatic Gluconeogenesis via the AMPK/AKT/FOXO Signaling Pathway: Jinmi Lee, Seok-Woo Hong, Min-Jeong Kim, Yu-Mi Lim, Sun Joon Moon, Hyemi Kwon, Se Eun Park, Eun-Jung Rhee, Won-Young Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(1):98-108. Published online January 3, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1786

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Background
Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) mediates glucose reabsorption in the renal proximal tubules, and SGLT2 inhibitors are used as therapeutic agents for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to elucidate the effects and mechanisms of SGLT2 inhibition on hepatic glucose metabolism in both serum deprivation and serum supplementation states.
Methods
Huh7 cells were treated with the SGLT2 inhibitors empagliflozin and dapagliflozin to examine the effect of SGLT2 on hepatic glucose uptake. To examine the modulation of glucose metabolism by SGLT2 inhibition under serum deprivation and serum supplementation conditions, HepG2 cells were transfected with SGLT2 small interfering RNA (siRNA), cultured in serum-free Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium for 16 hours, and then cultured in media supplemented with or without 10% fetal bovine serum for 8 hours.
Results
SGLT2 inhibitors dose-dependently decreased hepatic glucose uptake. Serum deprivation increased the expression levels of the gluconeogenesis genes peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), glucose 6-phosphatase (G6pase), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and their expression levels during serum deprivation were further increased in cells transfected with SGLT2 siRNA. SGLT2 inhibition by siRNA during serum deprivation induces nuclear localization of the transcription factor forkhead box class O 1 (FOXO1), decreases nuclear phosphorylated-AKT (p-AKT), and p-FOXO1 protein expression, and increases phosphorylated-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) protein expression. However, treatment with the AMPK inhibitor, compound C, reversed the reduction in the protein expression levels of nuclear p- AKT and p-FOXO1 and decreased the protein expression levels of p-AMPK and PEPCK in cells transfected with SGLT2 siRNA during serum deprivation.
Conclusion
These data show that SGLT2 mediates glucose uptake in hepatocytes and that SGLT2 inhibition during serum deprivation increases gluconeogenesis via the AMPK/AKT/FOXO1 signaling pathway.

Citations

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Development of Cellular Energy Metabolism During Differentiation of Human iPSCs into Cortical Neurons
Šárka Danačíková, Petr Pecina, Alena Pecinová, Jan Svoboda, David Vondrášek, Davide Alessandro Basello, Tomáš Čajka, Daniel Hadraba, Tomáš Mráček, Vladimír Kořínek, Jakub Otáhal
Molecular Neurobiology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Move beyond free radical theory of aging
Xiaofeng Dai, Meilan Hu, Ruohan Lyu
iMetaOmics.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
The AMPK/NRF2/FOXO Axis in CKD—Molecular and Clinical Perspectives
Ivan Lučić, Marina Vojković, Lidija Milković
Antioxidants.2026; 15(4): 409. CrossRef
Differential expression and correlation analysis of whole transcriptome for type 2 diabetes mellitus
Fang Liu, Aihong Peng, Xiaoli Zhu, Guangming Wang
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors on Transcription Regulation of AgRP and POMC Genes
Dong Hee Kim, Min Jin Lee, Dasol Kang, Ah Reum Khang, Ji Hyun Bae, Joo Yeon Kim, Su Hyun Kim, Yang Ho Kang, Dongwon Yi
Current Issues in Molecular Biology.2024; 46(7): 7505. CrossRef
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors ameliorate ER stress-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression by inhibiting CD36 in NAFLD progression in vitro
Jinmi Lee, Seok-Woo Hong, Min-Jeong Kim, Yu-Mi Lim, Sun Joon Moon, Hyemi Kwon, Se Eun Park, Eun-Jung Rhee, Won-Young Lee
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.2024; 735: 150620. CrossRef

Mineral, Bone & Muscle
MicroRNA-181a-5p Curbs Osteogenic Differentiation and Bone Formation Partially Through Impairing Runx1-Dependent Inhibition of AIF-1 Transcription: Jingwei Liu, Xueying Chang, Daming Dong; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(1):156-173. Published online January 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1516

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Background
Evidence has revealed the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in modulating osteogenic differentiation, implying the promise of miRNA-based therapies for treating osteoporosis. This study investigated whether miR-181a-5p influences osteogenic differentiation and bone formation and aimed to establish the mechanisms in depth.
Methods
Clinical serum samples were obtained from osteoporosis patients, and MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with osteogenic induction medium (OIM) to induce osteogenic differentiation. miR-181a-5p-, Runt-related transcription factor 1 (Runx1)-, and/or allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1)-associated oligonucleotides or vectors were transfected into MC3T3-E1 cells to explore their function in relation to the number of calcified nodules, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and activity, expression levels of osteogenesis-related proteins, and apoptosis. Luciferase activity, RNA immunoprecipitation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were employed to validate the binding relationship between miR-181a-5p and Runx1, and the transcriptional regulatory relationship between Runx1 and AIF-1. Ovariectomy (OVX)-induced mice were injected with a miR-181a-5p antagonist for in vivo verification.
Results
miR-181a-5p was highly expressed in the serum of osteoporosis patients. OIM treatment decreased miR-181a-5p and AIF-1 expression, but promoted Runx1 expression in MC3T-E1 cells. Meanwhile, upregulated miR-181a-5p suppressed OIM-induced increases in calcified nodules, ALP content, and osteogenesis-related protein expression. Mechanically, miR-181a-5p targeted Runx1, which acted as a transcription factor to negatively modulate AIF-1 expression. Downregulated Runx1 suppressed the miR-181a-5p inhibitor-mediated promotion of osteogenic differentiation, and downregulated AIF-1 reversed the miR-181a-5p mimic-induced inhibition of osteogenic differentiation. Tail vein injection of a miR-181a-5p antagonist induced bone formation in OVX-induced osteoporotic mice.
Conclusion
In conclusion, miR-181a-5p affects osteogenic differentiation and bone formation partially via the modulation of the Runx1/AIF-1 axis.

Citations

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Su-Nan Liang, Ming-Hui Xia, Long-Fei Wu, Pei He, Xin Lu, Fei-Yan Deng, Shu-Feng Lei
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.2026; 814: 153661. CrossRef
Interruption of mitochondrial symbiosis is associated with the development of osteoporosis
Haoling Zhang, Rui Zhao, Xuemei Wang, Yaqian Qi, Doblin Sandai, Wei Wang, Zhijing Song, Qiudong Liang
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Novel therapeutic targets for metabolism-related diseases: proteomic Mendelian randomization and colocalization analyses
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Metformin promotes osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells via KLF2-mediated activation of miR-181a-5p under lipopolysaccharide stimulation
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Review Article

Thyroid
The Role of Thyroid Hormone in the Regulation of Cerebellar Development: Sumiyasu Ishii, Izuki Amano, Noriyuki Koibuchi; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(4):703-716. Published online August 9, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1150

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The proper organized expression of specific genes in time and space is responsible for the organogenesis of the central nervous system including the cerebellum. The epigenetic regulation of gene expression is tightly regulated by an intrinsic intracellular genetic program, local stimuli such as synaptic inputs and trophic factors, and peripheral stimuli from outside of the brain including hormones. Some hormone receptors are expressed in the cerebellum. Thyroid hormones (THs), among numerous circulating hormones, are well-known major regulators of cerebellar development. In both rodents and human, hypothyroidism during the postnatal developmental period results in abnormal morphogenesis or altered function. THs bind to the thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) in the nuclei and with the help of transcriptional cofactors regulate the transcription of target genes. Gene regulation by TR induces cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, which are necessary for brain development and plasticity. Thus, the lack of TH action mediators may directly cause aberrant cerebellar development. Various kinds of animal models have been established in a bid to study the mechanism of TH action in the cerebellum. Interestingly, the phenotypes differ greatly depending on the models. Herein we summarize the actions of TH and TR particularly in the developing cerebellum.

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Hang Min, Xingqi Liu, Lianping Zhao, Xueni Yang, Limin Tian
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Izuki Amano, Ayane Ninomiya, Noriyuki Koibuchi
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Histone Deacetylase 3 Inhibitor Alleviates Cerebellar Defects in Perinatal Hypothyroid Mice by Stimulating Histone Acetylation and Transcription at Thyroid Hormone-Responsive Gene Loci
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Long-term depression–inductive stimulation causes long-term potentiation in mouse Purkinje cells with a mutant thyroid hormone receptor
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Articles

Clinical Study
Molecular Correlates and Nuclear Features of Encapsulated Follicular-Patterned Thyroid Neoplasms: Chan Kwon Jung, Andrey Bychkov, Dong Eun Song, Jang-Hee Kim, Yun Zhu, Zhiyan Liu, Somboon Keelawat, Chiung-Ru Lai, Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa, Kaori Kameyama, Kennichi Kakudo; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(1):123-133. Published online February 24, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.860

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Background
Assessing nuclear features is diagnostically challenging in the aspect of thyroid pathology. The aim of this study was to determine whether pathologists could distinguish BRAF-like and RAS-like nuclear features morphologically and identify morphological features to differentiate thyroid tumors with RAS-like mutations from encapsulated papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) with predominant follicular growth and BRAFV^600E mutation.
Methods
Representative whole slide images of 16 encapsulated thyroid tumors with predominant follicular growth were reviewed by 12 thyroid pathologists using a web browser-based image viewer. Total nuclear score was calculated from semi-quantitatively scored eight nuclear features. The molecular profile of RAS and BRAF genes was determined by Sanger sequencing.
Results
Total nuclear score ranging 0 to 24 could differentiate BRAF-like tumors from RAS-like tumors with a cut-off value of score 14. The interobserver agreement was the highest for the assessment of nuclear pseudoinclusions (NPIs) but the lowest for nuclear elongation and sickle-shaped nuclei. NPIs were found in tumors with BRAFV^600E mutation, but not in tumors with RAS-like mutations. Total nuclear scores were significantly higher for tumors with BRAFV^600E than for those with RAS-like mutations (P<0.001).
Conclusion
Our results suggest that NPIs and high nuclear scores have diagnostic utility as rule-in markers for differentiating PTC with BRAFV^600E mutation from benign or borderline follicular tumors with RAS-like mutations. Relaxation of rigid criteria for nuclear features resulted in an overdiagnosis of PTC. Immunostaining or molecular testing for BRAFV^600E mutation is a useful adjunct for cases with high nuclear scores to identify true PTC.

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Mutational status of non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP): molecular analysis should be performed for NIFTPs with nuclear score 3
Ayaka Sako, Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa, Michiko Matsuse, Miyoko Higuchi, Akira Miyauchi, Takashi Akamizu, Atsushi Kawakami, Norisato Mitsutake
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The fascinating history of papillary thyroid carcinoma nuclei: revelation of two nuclear morphologies—“Classical papillary” and “papillary‐like”, with different pathobiologic characteristics
N. Paul Ohori, Jeremy M. Minkowitz, Yuri E. Nikiforov, Raja R. Seethala
Cancer Cytopathology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Prognosis of invasive encapsulated follicular variant and classical papillary thyroid carcinoma: a propensity score-matched study using the SEER database
Shuai Jin, Lang Xie, Gongyou Zhang, Lei Liu, Kaide Xia, Hongzhou Liu, Haiwang Zhang, Peng Li
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Nuclear pseudoinclusion is associated with BRAFV600E mutation: Analysis of nuclear features in papillary thyroid carcinoma
Agnes Stephanie Harahap, Dina Khoirunnisa, Salinah, Maria Francisca Ham
Annals of Diagnostic Pathology.2025; 75: 152434. CrossRef
“Letter to the Editor: Nuclear pseudo inclusion is associated with BRAFV600E mutation: Analysis of nuclear features in papillary thyroid carcinoma”
Noor Ul Huda, Hafsa Ahsun, Muhammad Fahad Mukhtar
Annals of Diagnostic Pathology.2025; 79: 152516. CrossRef
DICER1 mutations in Bethesda category II, III, and IV thyroid nodules: A mutually exclusive relationship with BRAFV600E mutation
Yulian Wang, Guangqi Li, Weimao Kong, Jianxia Hu, Longnv Bao, Xingzhu Pan, Xueqing Li, Jigang Wang
Cancer Cytopathology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Differentiating BRAF V600E- and RAS-like alterations in encapsulated follicular patterned tumors through histologic features: a validation study
Chankyung Kim, Shipra Agarwal, Andrey Bychkov, Jen-Fan Hang, Agnes Stephanie Harahap, Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa, Kennichi Kakudo, Somboon Keelawat, Chih-Yi Liu, Zhiyan Liu, Truong Phan-Xuan Nguyen, Chanchal Rana, Huy Gia Vuong, Yun Zhu, Chan Kwon Jung
Virchows Archiv.2024; 484(4): 645. CrossRef
Clinicopathologic Features and Cytologic Correlation of ALK-Rearranged Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Series of Eight Cases
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The Asian Thyroid Working Group, from 2017 to 2023
Kennichi Kakudo, Chan Kwon Jung, Zhiyan Liu, Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa, Andrey Bychkov, Huy Gia Vuong, Somboon Keelawat, Radhika Srinivasan, Jen-Fan Hang, Chiung-Ru Lai
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Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-like Nuclear Features (NIFTP): Tumour Entity with a Short History. A Review on Challenges in Our Microscopes, Molecular and Ultrasonographic Profile
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Endocrine Research
Danshen Extracts Prevents Obesity and Activates Mitochondrial Function in Brown Adipose Tissue: Yoon Hee Cho, Cheol Ryong Ku, Young-Suk Choi, Hyeon Jeong Lee, Eun Jig Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(1):185-195. Published online February 24, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.835

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Background
Danshen has been widely used in oriental medicine to improve body function. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of water-soluble Danshen extract (DE) on weight loss and on activation proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) in obese mice.
Methods
BAT was isolated from 7-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats, and expression of proteins related to mitochondrial biogenesis was confirmed in both brown preadipocytes and mature brown adipocytes treated with DE. For the in vivo study, low-density lipoprotein receptor knock out mice were divided into three groups and treated for 17 weeks with: standard diet; high fat diet (HFD); HFD+DE. Body weight was measured every week, and oral glucose tolerance test was performed after DE treatment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. To observe the changes in markers related to thermogenesis and adipogenesis in the BAT, white adipose tissue (WAT) and liver of experimental animals, tissues were removed and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen.
Results
DE increased the expression of uncoupling protein 1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha in brown preadipocytes, and also promoted the brown adipocyte differentiation and mitochondrial function in the mature brown adipocytes. Reactive oxygen species production in brown preadipocytes was increased depending on the concentration of DE. DE activates thermogenesis in BAT and normalizes increased body weight and adipogenesis in the liver due to HFD. Browning of WAT was increased in WAT of DE treatment group.
Conclusion
DE protects against obesity and activates mitochondrial function in BAT.

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Salvia miltiorrhiza components and gut microbiota interactions in Helicobacter pylori infection
Shao-jian Li, Jin-xin Miao, Fei Wang, Hao-yu Wang, Yao-wu Ma, Ying Jiang, Xia Xue
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Cho Hyun Hwang, Eungyeong Jang, Jang-Hoon Lee
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Clinical Study
Identification of Novel Genetic Variants Related to Trabecular Bone Score in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Sung Hye Kong, Ji Won Yoon, Jung Hee Kim, JooYong Park, Jiyeob Choi, Ji Hyun Lee, A Ram Hong, Nam H. Cho, Chan Soo Shin; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(4):801-810. Published online November 24, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.735

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Background
As the genetic variants of trabecular bone microarchitecture are not well-understood, we performed a genome-wide association study to identify genetic determinants of bone microarchitecture analyzed by trabecular bone score (TBS).
Methods
TBS-associated genes were discovered in the Ansung cohort (discovery cohort), a community-based rural cohort in Korea, and then validated in the Gene-Environment Interaction and Phenotype (GENIE) cohort (validation cohort), consisting of subjects who underwent health check-up programs. In the discovery cohort, 2,451 participants were investigated for 1.42 million genotyped and imputed markers.
Results
In the validation cohort, identified as significant variants were evaluated in 2,733 participants. An intronic variant in iroquois homeobox 3 (IRX3), rs1815994, was significantly associated with TBS in men (P=3.74E-05 in the discovery cohort, P=0.027 in the validation cohort). Another intronic variant in mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5 (MAP2K5), rs11630730, was significantly associated with TBS in women (P=3.05E-09 in the discovery cohort, P=0.041 in the validation cohort). Men with the rs1815994 variant and women with the rs11630730 variant had lower TBS and lumbar spine bone mineral density. The detrimental effects of the rs1815994 variant in men and rs11630730 variant in women were also identified in association analysis (β=–0.0281, β=–0.0465, respectively).
Conclusion
In this study, the rs1815994 near IRX3 in men and rs11630730 near MAP2K5 in women were associated with deterioration of the bone microarchitecture. It is the first study to determine the association of genetic variants with TBS. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings and identify additional variants contributing to the trabecular bone microarchitecture.

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Endocrine Research
Serotonin Regulates De Novo Lipogenesis in Adipose Tissues through Serotonin Receptor 2A: Ko Eun Shong, Chang-Myung Oh, Jun Namkung, Sangkyu Park, Hail Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(2):470-479. Published online June 24, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.2.470; Correction in: Endocrinol Metab 2020;35(3):672

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Background
Obesity is defined as excessive fat mass and is a major cause of many chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Increasing energy expenditure and regulating adipose tissue metabolism are important targets for the treatment of obesity. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptophan [5-HT]) is a monoamine metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan. Here, we demonstrated that 5-HT in mature adipocytes regulated energy expenditure and lipid metabolism.
Methods
Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) is the rate-limiting enzyme during 5-HT synthesis in non-neural peripheral tissues. We generated adipose tissue-specific Tph1 knockout (Tph1 FKO) mice and adipose tissue-specific serotonin receptor 2A KO (Htr2a FKO) mice and analyzed their phenotypes during high-fat diet (HFD) induced obesity.
Results
Tph1 FKO mice fed HFD exhibited reduced lipid accumulation, increased thermogenesis, and resistance to obesity. In addition, Htr2a FKO mice fed HFD showed reduced lipid accumulation in white adipose tissue and resistance to obesity.
Conclusion
These data suggest that the inhibition of serotonin signaling might be an effective strategy in obesity.

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Endocrine Research
Transformation of Mature Osteoblasts into Bone Lining Cells and RNA Sequencing-Based Transcriptome Profiling of Mouse Bone during Mechanical Unloading: A Ram Hong, Kwangsoo Kim, Ji Yeon Lee, Jae-Yeon Yang, Jung Hee Kim, Chan Soo Shin, Sang Wan Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(2):456-469. Published online June 24, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.2.456; Correction in: Endocrinol Metab 2021;36(6):1314

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Background
We investigated RNA sequencing-based transcriptome profiling and the transformation of mature osteoblasts into bone lining cells (BLCs) through a lineage tracing study to better understand the effect of mechanical unloading on bone loss.
Methods
Dmp1-CreERt2(+):Rosa26R mice were injected with 1 mg of 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen three times a week starting at postnatal week 7, and subjected to a combination of botulinum toxin injection with left hindlimb tenotomy starting at postnatal week 8 to 10. The animals were euthanized at postnatal weeks 8, 9, 10, and 12. We quantified the number and thickness of X-gal(+) cells on the periosteum of the right and left femoral bones at each time point.
Results
Two weeks after unloading, a significant decrease in the number and a subtle change in the thickness of X-gal(+) cells were observed in the left hindlimbs compared with the right hindlimbs. At 4 weeks after unloading, the decrease in the thickness was accelerated in the left hindlimbs, although the number of labeled cells was comparable. RNA sequencing analysis showed downregulation of 315 genes in the left hindlimbs at 2 and 4 weeks after unloading. Of these, Xirp2, AMPD1, Mettl11b, NEXN, CYP2E1, Bche, Ppp1r3c, Tceal7, and Gadl1 were upregulated during osteoblastogenic/osteocytic and myogenic differentiation in vitro.
Conclusion
These findings demonstrate that mechanical unloading can accelerate the transformation of mature osteoblasts into BLCs in the early stages of bone loss in vivo. Furthermore, some of the genes involved in this process may have a pleiotropic effect on both bone and muscle.

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Review Article

Miscellaneous
Rare PTH Gene Mutations Causing Parathyroid Disorders: A Review: Joon-Hyop Lee, Munkhtugs Davaatseren, Sihoon Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(1):64-70. Published online March 19, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.1.64

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Since parathyroid hormone (PTH) was first isolated and its gene (PTH) was sequenced, only eight PTH mutations have been discovered. The C18R mutation in PTH, discovered in 1990, was the first to be reported. This autosomal dominant mutation induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and subsequent apoptosis in parathyroid cells. The next mutation, which was reported in 1992, is associated with exon skipping. The substitution of G with C in the first nucleotide of the second intron results in the exclusion of the second exon; since this exon includes the initiation codon, translation initiation is prevented. An S23P mutation and an S23X mutation at the same residue were reported in 1999 and 2012, respectively. Both mutations resulted in hypoparathyroidism. In 2008, a somatic R83X mutation was detected in a parathyroid adenoma tissue sample collected from a patient with hyperparathyroidism. In 2013, a heterozygous p.Met1_Asp6del mutation was incidentally discovered in a case-control study. Two years later, the R56C mutation was reported; this is the only reported hypoparathyroidism-causing mutation in the mature bioactive part of PTH. In 2017, another heterozygous mutation, M14K, was detected. The discovery of these eight mutations in the PTH gene has provided insights into its function and broadened our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying mutation progression. Further attempts to detect other such mutations will help elucidate the functions of PTH in a more sophisticated manner.

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Hypoparathyroidism: Similarities and differences between Western and Eastern countries
Yu-ying Yang, Yan-hua Deng, Li-hao Sun, Lars Rejnmark, Ling Wang, Peter Pietschmann, Claus‐Christian Glüer, Aliya A. Khan, Salvatore Minisola, Jian-min Liu
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Case report: Familial hypoparathyroidism with elevated parathyroid hormone due to an inactivating PTH mutation
Noha Mukhtar, Balgees Alghamdi, Meshael Alswailem, Afaf Alsagheir, Ali S. Alzahrani
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Primary Hyperparathyroidism With Undetectable Intact Parathyroid Hormone
Zhixing Song, Jessica McMullin, Forest Huls, Richard Rosenthal, Sravani Bantu, Christopher Wu, Herbert Chen, Brenessa Lindeman
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Enhancing bone regeneration and osseointegration using rhPTH(1-34) and dimeric R25CPTH(1-34) in an osteoporotic beagle model
Jeong-Oh Shin, Jong-Bin Lee, Sihoon Lee, Jin-Woo Kim
eLife.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular and Clinical Spectrum of Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Smita Jha, William F Simonds
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Rare cause of persistent hypocalcaemia in infancy due to PTH gene mutation
Savita Khadse, Vrushali Satish Takalikar, Radha Ghildiyal, Nikhil Shah
BMJ Case Reports.2023; 16(9): e256358. CrossRef
Homozygous Ser-1 to Pro-1 mutation in parathyroid hormone identified in hypocalcemic patients results in secretion of a biologically inactive pro-hormone
Patrick Hanna, Ashok Khatri, Shawn Choi, Severine Brabant, Matti L. Gild, Marie L. Piketty, Bruno Francou, Dominique Prié, John T. Potts, Roderick J. Clifton-Bligh, Agnès Linglart, Thomas J. Gardella, Harald Jüppner
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Homozygous missense variant of PTH (c.166C>T, p.(Arg56Cys)) as the cause of familial isolated hypoparathyroidism in a three-year-old child
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Case Report

A Case of Thyroid Hemiagenesis with Papillary Adenocarcinoma.: Je Ho Han, Bong Yun Cha, Ho Young Son, Yoo Bae Ahn, Kwang Woo Lee, Sung Koo Kang, Se Jeong Oh, Jong Soon Na, Sang Ah Jang, Moo Il Kang; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1994;9(4):385-389. Published online November 6, 2019

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Abstract PDF: Variation in the gross anatomy of the thyroid is relatively common. Although thyroid hemiagenesis is considered to be a rare congenital anomaly, its incidence is probably underestimated because the diagnosis is usually incidental.We present the case of a 26-year-old woman with right thyroid hemiagenesis associated with papillary adenocarcinoma. The diagnosis of hemiagenesis was established by isotope imaging, which showed hot nodule, thyroid ultrasonography and surgical exploration for proper management of a nodule in the left lobe of thyroid gland. As she was diagnosed to have papillary adenocarcinoma, total thyroidectomy was performed and at present she remains disease-free.

Original Article

Endocrine Research
Expression of NF2 Modulates the Progression of BRAF^V600E Mutated Thyroid Cancer Cells: Mi-Hyeon You, Min Ji Jeon, Tae Yong Kim, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Gu Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(2):203-212. Published online June 24, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.2.203

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Background

We previously reported the frequent neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) gene mutations in anaplastic thyroid cancers in association with the BRAF^V600E mutation. We aimed to investigate the role of NF2 in thyroid cancer with BRAF mutation.

Methods

To identify the function of NF2 in thyroid cancers, we investigated the changes in cell proliferation, colon formation, migration and invasion of thyroid cancer cells (8505C, BHT101, and KTC-1) with BRAF^V600E mutation after overexpression and knock-down of NF2. We also examined how cell proliferation changed when NF2 was mutagenized. Human NF2 expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) was analyzed using the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data.

Results

First, NF2 was overexpressed in 8505C and KTC-1 cells. Compared to control, NF2 overexpressed group of both thyroid cancer cells showed significant inhibition in cell proliferation and colony formation. These results were also confirmed by cell migration and invasion assay. After knock-down of NF2 in 8505C cells, there were no significant changes in cell proliferation and colony formation, compared with the control group. However, after mutagenized S288^* and Q470^* sites of NF2 gene, the cell proliferation increased compared to NF2 overexpression group. In the analysis of TCGA data, the mRNA expression of NF2 was significantly decreased in PTCs with lateral cervical lymph node (LN) metastasis compared with PTCs without LN metastasis.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that NF2 might play a role as a tumor suppressor in thyroid cancer with BRAF mutation. More studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism how NF2 acts in thyroid cancer with BRAF mutation.

Citations

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Małgorzata Grzanka, Anna Stachurska-Skrodzka, Anna Adamiok-Ostrowska, Ewa Gajda, Barbara Czarnocka
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Mitofusin-2 modulates the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in thyroid cancer progression
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Review Articles

Miscellaneous
Search for Novel Mutational Targets in Human Endocrine Diseases: So Young Park, Myeong Han Seo, Sihoon Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(1):23-28. Published online March 21, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.1.23

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The identification of disease-causing genetic variations is an important goal in the field of genetics. Advancements in genetic technology have changed scientific knowledge and made it possible to determine the basic mechanism and pathogenesis of human disorders rapidly. Many endocrine disorders are caused by genetic variations of a single gene or by mixed genetic factors. Various genetic testing methods are currently available, enabling a more precise diagnosis of many endocrine disorders and facilitating the development of a concrete therapeutic plan. In this review article, we discuss genetic testing technologies for genetic endocrine disorders, with relevant examples. We additionally describe our research on implementing genetic analysis strategies to identify novel causal mutations in hypocalcemia-related disorders.

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A novel gain-of-function mutation (W818R) of calcium-sensing receptor in a family with autosomal dominant hypocalcemia type 1
Min Fu, Yanxiang Luo, Kexin Xu, Lixin Guo, Qi Pan
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Mineral, Bone & Muscle
Recent Topics in Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva: Takenobu Katagiri, Sho Tsukamoto, Yutaka Nakachi, Mai Kuratani; Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(3):331-338. Published online September 18, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.3.331

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Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disease that is characterized by the formation of heterotopic bone tissues in soft tissues, such as skeletal muscle, ligament, and tendon. It is difficult to remove such heterotopic bones via internal medicine or invasive procedures. The identification of activin A receptor, type I (ACVR1)/ALK2 gene mutations associated with FOP has allowed the genetic diagnosis of FOP. The ACVR1/ALK2 gene encodes the ALK2 protein, which is a transmembrane kinase receptor in the transforming growth factor-β family. The relevant mutations activate intracellular signaling in vitro and induce heterotopic bone formation in vivo. Activin A is a potential ligand that activates mutant ALK2 but not wild-type ALK2. Various types of small chemical and biological inhibitors of ALK2 signaling have been developed to establish treatments for FOP. Some of these are in clinical trials in patients with FOP.

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Original Article

Thyroid
Combined Effects of Baicalein and Docetaxel on Apoptosis in 8505c Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells via Downregulation of the ERK and Akt/mTOR Pathways: Chan Ho Park, Se Eun Han, Il Seong Nam-Goong, Young Il Kim, Eun Sook Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(1):121-132. Published online March 21, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.1.121

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Background

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is one of the most lethal human malignancies. Docetaxel, a microtubule stabilizer, is a common chemotherapeutic agent used to treat various metastatic cancers. However, prolonged use results in various side effects and drug resistance. Flavonoids, such as baicalein, are accepted chemotherapeutic and dietary chemopreventive agents with many advantages, such as greater accessibility, affordability, and lower toxicity, compared with traditional chemotherapy agents. In this study, we evaluated whether baicalein enhances the effects of docetaxel on apoptosis and metastasis in 8505c ATC cells.

Methods

The 8505c cells were treated with baicalein or docetaxel individually and in combination. Cell viability was measured by MTT (thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide) assay, and apoptosis was detected by fluorescence microscopy of Hoechst-stained cells. The expression of apoptotic (Bax and caspase-3), anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2), angiogenic (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], transforming growth factor β [TGF-β], E-cadherin, and N-cadherin), and signaling (extracellular signal-regulated kinase [ERK] mitogen activated protein kinase [MAPK], Akt, and mammalian target of rapamycin [mTOR]) proteins was determined by Western blot analysis.

Results

The combination of baicalein (50 or 100 µM) and docetaxel (10 nM) significantly inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis compared with monotherapies. The combination treatment significantly inhibited the expression of Bax, caspase-3, VEGF, TGF-β1, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and mTOR, but decreased the expression of Bcl-2 and significantly decreased the phosphorylation of ERK and Akt.

Conclusion

The combination of baicalein and docetaxel effectively induced apoptosis and inhibited metastasis in 8505c cells through downregulation of apoptotic and angiogenic protein expression and blocking of the ERK and Akt/mTOR pathways in 8505c cells. These results suggest that baicalein enhances the anticancer effects of docetaxel in ATC.

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Review Article

The SCAP/SREBP Pathway: A Mediator of Hepatic Steatosis: Young-Ah Moon; Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(1):6-10. Published online January 19, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.1.6

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is strongly associated with insulin resistance, obesity, and dyslipidemia. NAFLD encompasses a wide range of states from the simple accumulation of triglycerides in the hepatocytes to serious states accompanied by inflammation and fibrosis in the liver. De novo lipogenesis has been shown to be a significant factor in the development of hepatic steatosis in insulin-resistant states. Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) is the main transcription factor that mediates the activation of lipogenesis, and SREBP cleavage activating protein (SCAP) is required for the activation of SREBPs. Here, recent animal studies that suggest SCAP as a therapeutic target for hepatic steatosis and hypertriglyceridemia are discussed.

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Original Articles

Mineral, Bone & Muscle
Expression of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor during Osteogenic Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: Yun Kyung Jeon, Min Jung Bae, Ju In Kim, Joo Hyoung Kim, Soo Jong Choi, Su Kyoung Kwon, Joon Hyop An, Sang Soo Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, Yong Ki Kim, In Joo Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2014;29(4):567-573. Published online December 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2014.29.4.567

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Background

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone well known for its glucose-lowering effect, was recently reported to exert an anabolic effect on bone. Although the exact mechanism is not known, it likely involves the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R), which is expressed in some osteoblastic cell lines. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have mesenchymal stem cell-specific characteristics, including osteoblastic differentiation potential. We evaluated the expression of GLP-1R during osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs.

Methods

ADSCs were isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue obtained from three male donors during plastic surgery and were subjected to osteogenic induction. Mineralization was assessed by Alizarin Red staining on day 21. Expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OC), and GLP-1R was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction in triplicate for each patient on days 0, 7, 14, and 21. Target mRNA expression levels were normalized to that of β-actin.

Results

ADSCs were fibroblast-like in morphology, adhered to plastic, and had multipotent differentiation potential, as assessed using specific antigen markers. The osteogenic markers ALP and OC were notably upregulated at 21 days. Osteogenic differentiation resulted in a time-dependent increase in the expression of GLP-1R (P=0.013).

Conclusion

We demonstrated upregulation of GLP-1R gene expression during osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs. This finding suggests that GLP-1 may induce osteogenic differentiation in bone tissue.

Citations

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Obesity and Metabolism
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Inactivation Induces Cell Senescence through Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1-Mediated Lipogenesis in Chang Cells: You-Mie Kim, Insun Song, Yong-Hak Seo, Gyesoon Yoon; Endocrinol Metab. 2013;28(4):297-308. Published online December 12, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2013.28.4.297

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Background

Enhanced lipogenesis plays a critical role in cell senescence via induction of expression of the mature form of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), which contributes to an increase in organellar mass, one of the indicators of senescence. We investigated the molecular mechanisms by which signaling molecules control SREBP1-mediated lipogenesis and senescence.

Methods

We developed cellular models for stress-induced senescence, by exposing Chang cells, which are immortalized human liver cells, to subcytotoxic concentrations (200 µM) of deferoxamine (DFO) and H₂O₂.

Results

In this model of stress-induced cell senescence using DFO and H₂O₂, the phosphorylation profile of glycogen synthase kinase 3α (GSK3α) and β corresponded closely to the expression profile of the mature form of SREBP-1 protein. Inhibition of GSK3 with a subcytotoxic concentration of the selective GSK3 inhibitor SB415286 significantly increased mature SREBP1 expression, as well as lipogenesis and organellar mass. In addition, GSK3 inhibition was sufficient to induce senescence in Chang cells. Suppression of GSK3 expression with siRNAs specific to GSK3α and β also increased mature SREBP1 expression and induced senescence. Finally, blocking lipogenesis with fatty acid synthase inhibitors (cerulenin and C75) and siRNA-mediated silencing of SREBP1 and ATP citrate lyase (ACL) significantly attenuated GSK3 inhibition-induced senescence.

Conclusion

GSK3 inactivation is an important upstream event that induces SREBP1-mediated lipogenesis and consequent cell senescence.

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Review Article

Adrenal gland
The Molecular Pathogenesis of Pituitary Adenomas: An Update: Xiaobing Jiang, Xun Zhang; Endocrinol Metab. 2013;28(4):245-254. Published online December 12, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2013.28.4.245

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Pituitary tumors represent the most common intracranial neoplasms accompanying serious morbidity through mass effects and inappropriate secretion of pituitary hormones. Understanding the etiology of pituitary tumorigenesis will facilitate the development of satisfactory treatment for pituitary adenomas. Although the pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas is largely unknown, considerable evidence indicates that the pituitary tumorigenesis is a complex process involving multiple factors, including genetic and epigenetic changes. This review summarized the recent progress in the study of pituitary tumorigenesis, focusing on the role of tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes and microRNAs.

Citations

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Case Report

A Case of Ectopic Thyroid Tissue Diagnosed by Fine Needle Aspiration in the Lateral Neck.: Kyung Nam Lee, Sang Mi Kim, Jin Hee Choi, Kwang Duck Ryu, Bo Won Kim, Min Ji Shin, Bo Hyun Kim, In Ju Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2012;27(3):217-221. Published online September 19, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2012.27.3.217

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Abstract PDF

Ectopic thyroid glands generally occur in the midline as a result of abnormal median migration and their presence in lateral to the midline is rare. Embryologically, the thyroid gland is derived from two anlages: a large median endodermal anlage and two lateral anlages. The median anlage produces most of the thyroid parenchyma, whereas the lateral anlage is derived from the fourth pharyngeal pouch and contributes 1-30% of the thyroid weight. In rare cases, failure of the lateral anlage to fuse with the median anlage can result in lateral ectopic thyroid gland. For many years, lateral, aberrant thyroid tissue in adults was a term used almost exclusively for metastatic thyroid carcinoma. However, aberrant, benign ectopic thyroid tissue rarely occurs. We present a 47-year-old man who had incidentally detected mass on the right lateral neck. He was clinically in a euthyroid status and the thyroid function test results were normal as well. Neck ultrasonography revealed a mild diffuse goiter and a 1.22 x 0.65 cm sized ovoid mass like lesion was located in the right level IV of the neck. The result of fine needle aspiration cytology was adenomatous goiter without lymphoid tissue or any malignancy. We rarely report aberrant, benign ectopic thyroid presence as a lateral neck mass.

Citations

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Ectopic Thyroid Mimicking Lymph Node Metastasis of Thyroid Cancer
Min Young Cho, Dong Young Kim
Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.2023; 66(6): 417. CrossRef
A Case of Lateral Ectopic Thyroid Mimicking the Metastatic Lymphadenopathy
Seung Ho Kim, Jung Heob Sohn, Jung Yeon Kim
Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.2019; 62(10): 588. CrossRef

Review Article

RET: A Multi-Faceted Gene in Human Cancer.: Massimo Santoro, Francesca Carlomagno, Rosa Marina Melillo; Endocrinol Metab. 2012;27(3):173-179. Published online September 19, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2012.27.3.173

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Abstract PDF: REarranged during Transfection (RET) gene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase and it was initially discovered as an in vitro transforming gene. For many years, RET has been involved in papillary thyroid carcinoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma. More recently, lung adenocarcinoma and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia samples have been found to display RET gene rearrangements. This knowledge is stimulating the search for protein kinase inhibitors to combat RET-driven malignancies.

Case Reports

A Case of Complete Agenesis of the Dorsal Pancreas in a Patient with Newly Diagnosed Diabetes Mellitus.: Dong Pil Kim, Kang Seo Park, Dong Sun Kim, Bong Suk Ko, Ji Hae Lee, Jae Hyuk Lee, Jong Ho Shin, Byung Jun Kim, Hyun Jin Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2010;25(1):78-83. Published online March 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2010.25.1.78

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Abstract PDF: Agenesis of the dorsal pancreas is a rare congenital anomaly caused by underdevelopment or agenesis of the dorsal pancreatic bud that forms the upper head, neck, body and tail of the pancreas. We report a case of agenesis of the dorsal pancreas, which was found under examination of diabetes mellitus (DM). A 16-year-old girl was transferred to our hospital because of a positive urine glucose reading during a school-conducted examination. Abdominal computed tomography and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography revealed the deficit of the pancreatic body and tail. Diabetes-associated autoimmune antibodies were negative in a blood test. Decreased beta-cell function was demonstrated by oral glucose tolerance and glucagon stimulation tests. Although the notion that agenesis of the dorsal pancreas leads to decreased endocrine or exocrine function is controversial, the results of this study suggest that we should consider these causes of diabetes mellitus. When treating a young patient with diabetes mellitus, we should consider causes of diabetes mellitus such as congenital anomaly or maturity onset diabetes, in addition to type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

A Case of Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma Associated with Hemiagenesis of Thyroid Gland.: Bu Kyung Kim, Hyun Joo Jung, Ye Na Kim, Young Sik Choi, Yo Han Park, Hee Kyoung Chang, Jeong Hoon Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2010;25(1):46-49. Published online March 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2010.25.1.46

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Abstract PDF

Thyroid hemiagenesis is a rare congenital anomaly, in which one thyroid lobe fails to develop. Thyroid hemiagenesis is associated with thyroid diseases such as Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, colloidal goiter and thyroid follicular and papillary cancer. A 53-year-old female patient was diagnosed with a thyroid nodule on health examination. A 99mTc pertechnetate thyroid scan showed absent uptake in the left lobe and cold nodule on the right lobe of thyroid gland. By ultrasonography, we found hemiagenesis in the left thyroid gland and an irregular shaped thyroid nodule on the right lobe of thyroid gland. We performed ultrasonography guided fine needle aspiration and cytologic analysis showed indeterminate nature. Thyroidectomy was performed and finally diagnosed follicular carcinoma of thyroid gland. The authors report this case with a literature review.

Citations

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A Case of Thyroid Hemiagenesis with Concurrent Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Ye-Mo Nam, June Sik Park, Kyung Jin Na, Dongbin Ahn
Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.2011; 54(8): 557. CrossRef

A Case of Type I Osteogenesis Imperfecta Differentially Diagnosed as a Cause of a Spinal Compression Fracture.: Sang Youl Rhee, Soo Young Moon, Suk Chon, In Kyung Jeong, Seungjoon Oh, Kyu Jeung Ahn, Ho Yeon Chung, Jeong Taek Woo, Sung Woon Kim, Young Seol Kim, Jin Woo Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(6):446-452. Published online December 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.6.446

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Abstract PDF: Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disease that is caused by a synthetic anomaly of type I collagen. It is characterized by such features as low bone density, multiple fractures, bone deformities and chronic bone pain. According to the hereditary pattern and degree of phenotypical expression, it also has various extraskeletal manifestations such as blue sclera, hearing deformities and dentinogenesis imperfecta. Recently, an expanded seven subgroup classification of OI has been suggested by means of its clinical severity and mutational characteristics. However, most of the OI cases reported in Korea have been classified as type II or III that can be diagnosed easily and present with severe clinical manifestations. Only rare type I OI cases have been currently reported in Korea. Herein, we report a case of type I OI that was differentially diagnosed as a cause of a spinal compression fracture.

A Case of Colon Cancer in Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser (MRKH) Syndrome with Gonadal Agenesis.: Jae Youn Park, Seoung Young Kim, Jin Nam Kim, Seo Jung Yang, Ju Ri Park, Bo Sung Kwan, Dong Jin Kim, Kye Won Lee, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Moon Kyoung Joo, Jin Soo Chang; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(5):414-418. Published online October 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.5.414

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Abstract PDF

Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome is the second frequent cause of primary amenorrhea. There have been several reports concerning gynecologic disease in MRKH syndrome, but there has been no case about a colon cancer in a patient with this condition. A 43 years old woman, who reported primary amenorrhea with sexual infantilism, was evaluated in our department because of lower abdominal pain: she presented with a suprapubic mass. To evaluate the suprapubic abdominal mass and primary amenorrhea, abdominal MRI, colonoscopy and endocrine tests were done. She had no gynecologic organs, and she finally was diagnosed as having colon cancer with the atypical form of MRKH syndrome (bilateral gonadal agenesis 46 XX). To the best of our knowledge this is the first case concerning primary colon cancer in a patient with MRKH syndrome.

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Long-term follow-up on MURCS (Müllerian duct, renal, cervical somite dysplasia) association and a review of the literature
Sun Kim, Yeong Seok Lee, Dong Hyun Kim, Aram Yang, Tack Lee, Seun Deuk Hwang, Dae Gyu Kwon, Ji Eun Lee
Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism.2019; 24(3): 207. CrossRef

Original Article

Effects of Pamidronate Treatment on Osteogenesis Imperfecta.: Seung Won Lee, Hyon J Kim, Jae Hyun Cho, Hyoung Suk Lee, Youn Mu Jung, Dae Jung Kim, Kwan Woo Lee, Yoon Sok Chung; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2004;19(5):485-491. Published online October 1, 2004

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a congenital disorder of type I collagen, with variable phenotypes, due to increased bone fragility and low bone mass. Previous pharmacological treatments for OI have been attempted with calcitonin and growth hormone but with little beneficial effects. Recently, Glorieux reported the beneficial effects of bisphosphonates in OI. METHODS: In this study, the effects of pamidronate treatment were evaluated in 9 patients with OI. All patients received intravenous pamidronate infusions, which was dose adjusted according to the patients' age. The outcome measures included the biochemical bone markers; serum alkaline phosphatase, urine deoxy-pyridinoline, urine Ca/Cr ratio, and bone mineral density (BMD). RESULTS: Serum alkaline phosphatase, urine deoxypyridinoline, and urine Ca/Cr ratio were slightly decreased after 1 year of therapy, although these changes were not statistically significant. The BMDs of the lumbar spine and proximal femur were significantly increased after 1-year of pamidronate treatment. No fractures were reported during the 1 year treatment periods. CONCLUSION: Pamidronate treatment had an effect on the BMD in osteogenesis imperfecta, probably due to decreasing bone resorption

Case Reports

Clinical Characteristics of 10 Cases of Korean Osteogenesis Imperfecta.: Hyoung Suk Lee, Hyon J Kim, Jae Hyun Cho, Seong Won Lee, Hyun A Kim, Joon Hyuck Choi, Young Jun Song, Dae Jung Kim, Kwan Woo Lee, Yoon Sok Chung; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2003;18(5):496-503. Published online October 1, 2003

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Abstract PDF: Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is a relatively rare hereditary disease, which is characterized by multiple bone fractures and spine scoliosis, due to the fragility of bone, and is often associated with blue sclerae, deafness and dentinogenesis imperfecta. Four types of OI can be distinguished, according to the clinical findings. Although mutations affecting type I collagen are responsible for the disease in most patients, the mechanism by which the genetic defects cause abnormal bone development remains to be fully understood. Here, the clinical characteristics of 10 OI patient cases are reported, with a review of the literature. All the cases, including 4 type I, 4 type III and 2 type IV, inherited OI as an autosomal dominant trait. All the subjects had multiple old fractures and decreased bone densities. In this study, the biochemical marker of bone formation, serum alkaline phosphatase, was found to be increased only in the pediatric OI patients, while the biochemical marker of bone resorption, urinary deoxypyridinoline, was increased in all cases. The mobility score was found to correlate with the severity of the type on diagnosis.

A Case of Anterior Pituitary Agenesis in an Adult Woman.: Tae Sik Jung, Jong Ryeal Hahm, Kang Wan Lee, Jung Hwa Jung, Soo Hee Kim, Jong Ha, Hwal Suk Cho, Sun Il Chung; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2002;17(2):263-268. Published online April 1, 2002

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Abstract PDF: Dear Author, You have used abbreviations that will need to be defined in the main paper, i.e. PIT1, PROP1 and MRI. This is just for your advice. Pituitary agenesis is an uncommon cause of panhypopituitarism. It has been proposed that breech delivery, or birth trauma, is a major factor causing pituitary agenesis. Recent studies have suggested that genetic defects in the PIT1 or PROP1 gene might be involved in the pathogenesis of pituitary agenesis. In this case we report on the diagnosis of a 33-years old female patient with-growth retardation and sexual infantilism. We diagnosed anterior pituitary hormones deficiencies, with the exception of adrenocorticotropic hormone, by a combined pituitary stimulation test. We observed pituitary agenesis using sella MRI. Involvement of the PIT1 or PROP1 genes in this case remains to be determined. Here we report a case of pituitary agenesis found in an adult woman together with a brief review about this disease entity.

Histomorphometry of Osteogenesis Imperfecta I.: Seong Bin Hong, Suk Myun Ko, Yong Koo Park, Young Joo Park, Yoon Juo Oh, Young Wan Kim, Sung Ki Kim, Moon Suk Nam, Yong Seong Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2002;17(1):117-123. Published online February 1, 2002

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Abstract PDF: Osteoporosis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disorder characterized by fragility of bone, deafness, blue sclerae; and laxity of joints. Four types of OI are distinguished by clinical findings. Although mutations affecting collagen I are responsible for the disease in the most patients, the mechanism by which the genetic defects cause abnormal bone development has not been well established. Therefore we evaluated static and dynamic bone histomorphometry of type I OI in the case study of a 15 year old boy with OI who had blue sclerae, a history of frequent fracture and a familial history of blue sclerae. Biopsy of the ilium showed loss of connection between the cortical bone and trabecular bones. The Harversian system in the cortical bone was poorly developed. In the trabecular bones, the lamellar pattern was poorly developed. Mineral apposition rate of the cortical bone was 1.0 m/day and of the trabecular bone was 0.79 m/day. Thus OI might be regard as a disease whereby abnormal collagen synthesis interferes with bone strength by multiple mechanisms.

A Case of Delayed Puberty due to Hypoplasia of Anterior Pituitary Gland with Pituitary Stalk Agenesis and Ectopic Neurohypophysis.: Seung Yong Shin, Jin Young Kim, Seung Jae Yoon, Sung Ki Kim, Seong Bin Hong, Yeo Joo Kim, Moon Suk Nam, Mi Rim Kim, Yong Seong Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1999;14(3):578-586. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: Hypopituitarism is not a common cause of delayed puberty, however it should always be considered, especially if there are such signs as severe dwarfism, dollish face, truncal obesity, small hands and feet, and microgenitalia. Either congenital or acquired, hypopituitarism can be resulted from hypothalamic and hypophyseal lesions. The clinical feature can be diverse depending on age of the patients, rate of progression, degree of hormone deficiency and characteristics of the lesion. The recent high interest in delayed puberty and the improved detection of hypothalamic hypophyseal lesions using combined pituitary fuction stimulation test, brain CT and MRJ, has made the differential diagnosis of hypopituitarism possible as the cause of delayed puberty. MRI has shown hypophyeal hypoplasia accompanied by anterior pituitary hypoplasia and ectopic neurohypophysis in some of the patients with hypopituitasm, and although the anatomical abnormality around the hypophysis in these patients is considered the reason for hypopituitarism, the pathogensis of which has not yet to be known. We, here, report a case of delayed puberty by hypopituitarism due to hypoplasia of anterior pituitary gland, pituitary stalk agenesis and ectopic neurohypophysis with brief review of the litereature.

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