Endocrinology and Metabolism

Review Articles

Calcium & bone metabolism
Roles of Parathyroid Hormone and Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease: Yosuke Nakagawa, Hirotaka Komaba; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(3):407-415. Published online May 16, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1978

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Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) each play a central role in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD)-mineral and bone disorder. Levels of both hormones increase progressively in advanced CKD and can lead to damage in multiple organs. Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT), characterized by parathyroid hyperplasia with increased PTH secretion, is associated with fractures and mortality. Emerging evidence suggests that these associations may be partially explained by PTH-induced browning of adipose tissue and increased energy expenditure. Observational studies suggest a survival benefit of PTHlowering therapy, and a recent study comparing parathyroidectomy and calcimimetics further suggests the importance of intensive PTH control. The mechanisms underlying the regulation of FGF23 secretion by osteocytes in response to phosphate load have been unclear, but recent experimental studies have identified glycerol-3-phosphate, a byproduct of glycolysis released by the kidney, as a key regulator of FGF23 production. Elevated FGF23 levels have been shown to be associated with mortality, and experimental data suggest off-target adverse effects of FGF23. However, the causal role of FGF23 in adverse outcomes in CKD patients remains to be established. Further studies are needed to determine whether intensive SHPT control improves clinical outcomes and whether treatment targeting FGF23 can improve patient outcomes.

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Gene expression and hormonal signaling in osteoporosis: from molecular mechanisms to clinical breakthroughs
Gurinderdeep Singh, Ronald Darwin, Krishna Chandra Panda, Shaikh Amir Afzal, Shashwat Katiyar, Ram C. Dhakar, Sangeetha Mani
Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition.2024; : 1. CrossRef

Calcium & Bone Metabolism
Update on Preoperative Parathyroid Localization in Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Hye-Sun Park, Namki Hong, Jong Ju Jeong, Mijin Yun, Yumie Rhee; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(5):744-755. Published online October 25, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1589

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Parathyroidectomy is the treatment of choice for primary hyperparathyroidism when the clinical criteria are met. Although bilateral neck exploration is traditionally the standard method for surgery, minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP), or focused parathyroidectomy, has been widely accepted with comparable curative outcomes. For successful MIP, accurate preoperative localization of parathyroid lesions is essential. However, no consensus exists on the optimal approach for localization. Currently, ultrasonography and technetium-99m-sestamibi–single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography are widely accepted in most cases. However, exact localization cannot always be achieved, especially in cases with multiglandular disease, ectopic glands, recurrent disease, and normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism. Therefore, new modalities for preoperative localization have been developed and evaluated. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography and parathyroid venous sampling have demonstrated improvements in sensitivity and accuracy. Both anatomical and functional information can be obtained by combining these methods. As each approach has its advantages and disadvantages, the localization study should be deliberately chosen based on each patient’s clinical profile, costs, radiation exposure, and the availability of experienced experts. In this review, we summarize various methods for the localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissues in primary hyperparathyroidism.

Citations

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Frequency and characteristics of ectopic parathyroid adenomas in a cohort of patients referred for 18F-fluorocholine PET/CT
Friso M. van der Zant, Maurits Wondergem, Wouter A.M. Broos, Sergiy V. Lazarenko, Remco J.J. Knol
Nuclear Medicine Communications.2025; 46(1): 89. CrossRef
Navigating diagnostic dilemmas: Localizing parathyroid adenoma in the presence of MIBI-avid thyroid nodules: A case report and literature review
Zohreh Maghsoomi, Maryam Rafieemanesh, Atefeh kashanizadeh, Behnaz Boozari, Mohammad Reza Babaei, Neda Hatami, Mohammad E․ Khamseh, Mehran Arab-Ahmadi
Radiology Case Reports.2025; 20(2): 1041. CrossRef
Expression of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor on Normal and Abnormal Parathyroid and Thyroid Tissue
Anne L. Worth, Mesrop Ayrapetyan, Susan J. Maygarden, Zibo Li, Zhanhong Wu, Chris B. Agala, Lawrence T. Kim
Journal of Surgical Research.2024; 293: 618. CrossRef
Use of [18F]fluorocholine PET/CT in the detection of primary hyperparathyroidism in paediatrics: a case report
Helena Martínez Sánchez, Francisca Moreno Macián, Sara León Cariñena, Carmen de Mingo Alemany, Lidia Blasco González, Raquel Sánchez Vañó
Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 37(6): 580. CrossRef
Primary hyperparathyroidism caused by a tiny mediastinal parathyroid adenoma with non-localising imaging studies
Pedro Polastri Lima Peixoto, Daniella de Freitas Pereira Calheir Durço, Luiz Carlos Conti de Freitas
BMJ Case Reports.2024; 17(7): e258728. CrossRef
Diagnostic Ability and Correlation of Digital 11C-Methionine PET/CT in Primary Hyperparathyroidism with Inconclusive Standard Imaging
Hee Beom Jeong, Yong-il Kim, Soyoon Yoon, Dong Yun Lee, Beom-Jun Kim, Seung Hun Lee, Jin-Sook Ryu
Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Risk factors of transient and permanent hypoparathyroidism after thyroidectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Kang Ning, Yongchao Yu, Xinyi Zheng, Zhenyu Luo, Zan Jiao, Xinyu Liu, Yiyao Wang, Yarong Liang, Zhuoqi Zhang, Xianglin Ye, Weirui Wu, Jian Bu, Qiaorong Chen, Fuxiang Cheng, Lizhen Liu, Mingjie Jiang, Ankui Yang, Tong Wu, Zhongyuan Yang
International Journal of Surgery.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Bone Mineral Density and First Line Imaging with [18F]fluorocholine PET/CT in Normocalcemic and Hypercalcemic Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Results from a Single Center
Dagmar Schaffler-Schaden, Gregor Schweighofer-Zwink, Lukas Hehenwarter, Antje van der Zee-Neuen, Maria Flamm, Mohsen Beheshti, Christian Pirich
Diagnostics.2024; 14(22): 2466. CrossRef
Parathyroid Miss—Does it Exist? A Critical Review
Sunil Chumber, Gopal Puri, Reva S Sahu, Piyush Ranjan, Brijesh K Singh, Nishikant Damle
Indian Journal of Endocrine Surgery and Research.2024; 19(2): 70. CrossRef
Localization in primary hyperparathyroidism
Piyush Aggarwal, Vinisha Gunasekaran, Ashwani Sood, Bhagwant Rai Mittal
Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024; : 101967. CrossRef
A Rare Case of Hyperfunctioning Lipoadenoma Presenting as a Cystic Pararthyroid Lesion
Jinyoung Kim, Ohjoon Kwon, Tae-Jung Kim, So Lyung Jung, Eun Ji Han, Ki-Ho Song
Journal of Bone Metabolism.2023; 30(2): 201. CrossRef
Role of 18F-Fluorocholine Positron Emission Tomography (PET)/Computed Tomography (CT) in Diagnosis of Elusive Parathyroid Adenoma
Janan R Badier, Pokhraj P Suthar, Jagadeesh S Singh, Miral D Jhaveri
Cureus.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Pitfalls of DualTracer 99m-Technetium (Tc) Pertechnetate and Sestamibi Scintigraphy before Parathyroidectomy: Between Primary-Hyperparathyroidism-Associated Parathyroid Tumour and Ectopic Thyroid Tissue
Mara Carsote, Mihaela Stanciu, Florina Ligia Popa, Oana-Claudia Sima, Eugenia Petrova, Anca-Pati Cucu, Claudiu Nistor
Medicina.2023; 60(1): 15. CrossRef
Diagnostic Performance of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Parathyroid Localization of Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Systematic Review
Max H. M. C. Scheepers, Zaid Al-Difaie, Lloyd Brandts, Andrea Peeters, Bjorn Winkens, Mahdi Al-Taher, Sanne M. E. Engelen, Tim Lubbers, Bas Havekes, Nicole D. Bouvy, Alida A. Postma
Diagnostics.2023; 14(1): 25. CrossRef

Bone Metabolism
Normocalcemic Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Need for a Standardized Clinical Approach: Guido Zavatta, Bart L. Clarke; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(3):525-535. Published online June 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1061

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Since normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (NHPT) was first defined at the Third International Workshop on the Management of Asymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism in 2008, many papers have been published describing its prevalence and possible complications. Guidelines for the management of this condition are still lacking, and making the diagnosis requires fulfillment of strict criteria. Recent studies have shown that intermittent oscillations of serum calcium just below and slightly above the normal limits are very frequent, therefore challenging the assumption that serum calcium must be consistently normal to make the diagnosis. There is debate if these variations in serum calcium outside the normal range should be included under the rubric of NHPT or, rather, a milder form of classical primary hyperparathyroidism. Innovative approaches to define NHPT have been proposed that still need to be validated in prospective studies. Non-classical complications, especially cardiovascular complications, have been associated with NHPT, indicating that hyperparathyroidism may be a cardiovascular risk factor. New associations between parathyroid hormone (PTH) and several other comorbidities have also been reported from observational studies, suggesting that excessive PTH secretion might cause tissue dysfunction independent of serum calcium. Heterogeneous studies using different definitions of NHPT, however, make it difficult to draw definitive conclusions regarding the role of PTH excess when complications other than osteoporosis or kidney stones are described. This review will focus on clinical aspects and suggest an approach to NHPT.

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How has the diagnostic approach to parathyroid localization techniques evolved in the past decade? Insights from a single-center experience
Giuseppe Cacciatore, Manuela Mastronardi, Lucia Paiano, Hussein Abdallah, Carmelo Crisafulli, Franca Dore, Stella Bernardi, Nicolò de Manzini, Margherita Sandano, Chiara Dobrinja
Updates in Surgery.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Surgery for Normocalcemic Hyperparathyroidism
Pallavi Kulkarni, David Goldenberg
Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America.2024; 57(1): 111. CrossRef
Linea guida sulla gestione terapeutica dell’iperparatiroidismo primario sporadico nell’adulto
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L'Endocrinologo.2024; 25(2): 222. CrossRef
Evaluation of the Thiazide Challenge Test to Differentiate Primary From Hypercalciuria-Related Hyperparathyroidism
Ewout Verly, Bruno Lapauw, Charlotte Verroken
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Secular trends in the incidence and treatment patterns of primary hyperparathyroidism in Korea: a nationwide cohort study
Kyoung Jin Kim, Seungjin Baek, Min Heui Yu, Sungjae Shin, Sungjoon Cho, Yumie Rhee, Namki Hong
JBMR Plus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Primary hyperparathyroidism: from guidelines to outpatient clinic
Andrea Palermo, Gaia Tabacco, Polyzois Makras, Guido Zavatta, Pierpaolo Trimboli, Elena Castellano, Maria P. Yavropoulou, Anda Mihaela Naciu, Athanasios D. Anastasilakis
Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders.2024; 25(5): 875. CrossRef
Primary hyperparathyroidism caused by an ectopic parathyroid adenoma in the mediastinum (case report)
Y. B. Topolnitskiy, T. A. Milovanova, D. G. Apalkov, Е. Е. Bibik, A. I. Goncharova, M. O. Tsvetukhin
Endocrine Surgery.2024; 18(3): 36. CrossRef
DXA-based bone strain index in normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism
Gaia Tabacco, Anda Mihaela Naciu, Carmelo Messina, Gianfranco Sanson, Luca Rinaudo, Roberto Cesareo, Stefania Falcone, Nicola Napoli, Fabio Massimo Ulivieri, Andrea Palermo
Osteoporosis International.2023; 34(5): 999. CrossRef
Iperparatiroidismo primario normocalcemico
Silvia Egiddi, Luigi Bonifazi Meffe, Anda Mihaela Naciu, Gaia Tabacco, Nicola Napoli, Andrea Palermo
L'Endocrinologo.2023; 24(3): 249. CrossRef
The Russian registry of primary hyperparathyroidism, latest update
Natalia G. Mokrysheva, Anna K. Eremkina, Alina R. Elfimova, Elena V. Kovaleva, Anastasiia P. Miliutina, Ekaterina E. Bibik, Anna M. Gorbacheva, Ekaterina A. Dobreva, Irina S. Maganeva, Julia A. Krupinova, Rustam H. Salimkhanov, Lizaveta A. Aboishava, Elen
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Incidental Normocalcemic Primary Hyperparathyroidism Presenting With Symptomatic Hypophosphatemia: A Case Report
Omar Tabbikha, Joanne Chamy, Michael El Khoury
Cureus.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Long-term effects of hypercalcemia in kidney transplant recipients with persistent hyperparathyroidism
Juan Carlos Ramirez-Sandoval, Lluvia Marino, Gabriel Cojuc-Konigsberg, Estefania Reul-Linares, Nathalie Desire Pichardo-Cabrera, Cristino Cruz, Elisa Naomi Hernández-Paredes, Nathan Berman-Parks, Vanessa Vidal-Ruíz, Jonathan Mauricio Estrada-Linares, Alfr
Journal of Nephrology.2023; 37(6): 1497. CrossRef
Evaluating Patients for Secondary Causes of Osteoporosis
E. Michael Lewiecki
Current Osteoporosis Reports.2022; 20(1): 1. CrossRef
Preoperative Thoracic Muscle Mass Predicts Bone Density Change After Parathyroidectomy in Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Seung Won Burm, Namki Hong, Seunghyun Lee, Gi Jeong Kim, Sang Hyun Hwang, Jongju Jeong, Yumie Rhee
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2022; 107(6): e2474. CrossRef
Applications of Metabolomics in Calcium Metabolism Disorders in Humans
Beata Podgórska, Marta Wielogórska-Partyka, Joanna Godzień, Julia Siemińska, Michał Ciborowski, Małgorzata Szelachowska, Adam Krętowski, Katarzyna Siewko
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(18): 10407. CrossRef
Serum Calcium/Phosphorus Ratio in Biochemical Screening of Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Nagihan Bestepe, Fatma Neslihan Cuhaci, Burcak Polat, Berna Evranos Ogmen, Didem Ozdemir, Reyhan Ersoy, Bekir Cakir
Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira.2022; 68(12): 1668. CrossRef

Original Articles

Clinical Study
Radioactive Parathyroid Adenomas on Sestamibi Scans: Low Parathyroid Hormone Secretory Potential and Large Volume: Sung Hye Kong, Jung Hee Kim, Sang Wan Kim, Chan Soo Shin; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):351-358. Published online April 6, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.823

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Background
We investigated the clinical characteristics of parathyroid adenomas according to radioactivity on ^99mTc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (^99mTc-MIBI) single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) patients.
Methods
The study included 217 patients diagnosed with PHPT from 2000 to 2019 at Seoul National University Hospital who underwent ^99mTc-MIBI SPECT/CT scans. On SPECT/CT, the radioactivity of parathyroid adenomas was measured as the ratio of the mean radioactivity count of the parathyroid adenoma to that of the contralateral thyroid.
Results
Tumors were localized by MIBI scans in 190 patients (MIBI [+] group) and by ultrasound or parathyroid four-dimensional CT in 27 patients (MIBI [–] group). The mean age was 55 years, and mean body mass index was 23.4 kg/m². Patients in the MIBI (+) group had higher parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and lower 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels than those in the MIBI (–) group (168.0 pg/mL [interquartile range, IQR, 111.0 to 250.7] vs. 134.7 pg/mL [IQR, 98.2 to 191.2], P=0.049; 15.4 ng/mL [IQR, 11.1 to 20.8] vs. 21.2 ng/mL [IQR, 13.9 to 24.8], P=0.012, respectively). Patients in the MIBI (+) group had larger tumor volumes, but lower iPTH/volume ratios than those in the MIBI (–) group (1,216.66 [IQR, 513.40 to 2,663.02], 499.82 mm³ [IQR, 167.77 to 1,229.80], P=0.002; 0.18 [IQR, 0.08 to 0.46], 0.40 pg/mL/mm³ [IQR, 0.16 to 1.29], P=0.016, respectively). Adenoma radioactivity was positively correlated with calcium, iPTH, and volume (r=0.180, P=0.020; r=0.208, P=0.006; r=0.288, P<0.001, respectively), but not with iPTH/volume.
Conclusion
Parathyroid adenomas with positive MIBI scans had larger volumes and higher iPTH than adenomas with negative scans, but lower iPTH per unit volume.

Citations

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Protein Signatures of Parathyroid Adenoma according to Tumor Volume and Functionality
Sung Hye Kong, Jeong Mo Bae, Jung Hee Kim, Sang Wan Kim, Dohyun Han, Chan Soo Shin
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(2): 375. CrossRef
Incidentally detected follicular thyroid carcinoma mimicking parathyroid adenoma on Tc-99m MIBI scan: A case report
Yeon-Hee Han, Hwan-Jeong Jeong, Sun Young Lee, Seok Tae Lim
Medicine.2024; 103(18): e38107. CrossRef
Atypical parathyroid tumor: clinical and parathyroid hormone response to surgical treatment
Antonio Giulio Napolitano, Massimo Monacelli, Valeria Liparulo, Eleonora Coviello, Domenico Pourmolkara, Stefano Avenia, Andrea Polistena
Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research.2023; 105(2): 76. CrossRef
The Relationship between Planar and SPECT/CT Parameters and Functional Markers in Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Guler Silov, Serpil Erdogan Ozbodur
Diagnostics.2023; 13(20): 3182. CrossRef

Clinical Study
Association of Hyperparathyroidism and Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Multicenter Retrospective Study: Chaiho Jeong, Hye In Kwon, Hansang Baek, Hun-Sung Kim, Dong-Jun Lim, Ki-Hyun Baek, Jeonghoon Ha, Moo Il Kang; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(4):925-932. Published online December 10, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.725

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Background
Concomitant papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and hyperparathyroidism (HPT) have been reported in several studies. Our study aimed to investigate the incidence of concomitant PTC in HPT patients upon preoperative diagnosis and present a clinical opinion on detecting thyroid malignancy in case of parathyroidectomy.
Methods
Patients who underwent parathyroidectomy between January 2009 and December 2019 in two medical centers were included. Of the 279 participants 154 were diagnosed as primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) and 125 as secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT). The incidence of concomitant PTC and its clinical characteristics were compared with 98 patients who underwent thyroidectomy and were diagnosed with classical PTC during the same period.
Results
Concurrent PTC was detected in 14 patients (9.1%) with pHPT and in nine patients (7.2%) with sHPT. Ten (71.4%) and seven (77.8%) PTCs were microcarcinomas in the pHPT and sHPT cases respectively. In the pHPT patients, vitamin D was lower in the pHPT+PTC group (13.0±3.7 ng/mL) than in the pHPT-only group (18.5±10.4 ng/mL; P=0.01). Vitamin D levels were also lower in the sHPT+PTC group (12.3±5.6 ng/mL) than in the sHPT-only group (18.0±10.2 ng/mL; P=0.12). In the concomitant PTC group, lymph node ratio was higher than in the classical PTC group (P=0.00).
Conclusion
A high prevalence of concomitant PTC was seen in patients with pHPT and sHPT. Those concomitant PTCs were mostly microcarcinomas and had more aggressive features, suggesting that efforts should be made to detect concomitant malignancies in the preoperative parathyroidectomy evaluation.

Citations

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The unexpected effect of parathyroid adenoma on inflammation
Ahmet Tarik Harmantepe, Belma Kocer, Zulfu Bayhan, Emre Gonullu, Ugur Can Dulger
Updates in Surgery.2024; 76(2): 589. CrossRef
Risk of Malignant Neoplasm in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Nipith Charoenngam, Thanitsara Rittiphairoj, Chalothorn Wannaphut, Watsachon Pangkanon, Sakditat Saowapa
Calcified Tissue International.2024; 115(1): 1. CrossRef
Complimentary Role of [18F]FDG and [18F]NaF-PET/CT in Evaluating Synchronous Thyroid Carcinoma and Parathyroid Adenoma with Brown Tumors
Yeshwanth Edamadaka, Rahul V. Parghane, Sandip Basu
World Journal of Nuclear Medicine.2024; 23(03): 220. CrossRef
Primary hyperparathyroidism in patients with thyroid cancer: prevalence and prognosis in a retrospective monocentric study
I. Patelli, M. Comina, L. Musso, A. De’Luca Di Pietralata, L. Vera, M. Minuto, M. Albertelli, M. Giusti, M. Bagnasco, D. Ferone, S. Gay
Endocrine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of Nodular Goiter and Papillary Thyroid Cancer Coincidence in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Mustafa ÇALIŞKAN, Hasret CENGİZ, Taner DEMİRCİ
Düzce Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi.2023; 25(2): 200. CrossRef
Papillary thyroid carcinoma coexisting with benign thyroid and parathyroid pathology: clinical and pathomorphological features
A. Dinets, M. Gorobeiko, V. Hoperia, A. Lovin, S. Tarasenko
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine).2023; 19(4): 274. CrossRef
The Nexus of Hyperparathyroidism and Thyroid Carcinoma: Insights into Pathogenesis and Diagnostic Challenges—A Narrative Review
Gregorio Scerrino, Nunzia Cinzia Paladino, Giuseppina Orlando, Giuseppe Salamone, Pierina Richiusa, Stefano Radellini, Giuseppina Melfa, Giuseppa Graceffa
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 13(1): 147. CrossRef
Is preoperative parathyroid localization necessary for tertiary hyperparathyroidism?
Rongzhi Wang, Peter Abraham, Brenessa Lindeman, Herbert Chen, Jessica Fazendin
The American Journal of Surgery.2022; 224(3): 918. CrossRef
Papillary thyroid carcinoma prevalence and its predictors in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism
Elif Tutku DURMUŞ, Ayşegül ATMACA, Mehmet KEFELİ, Ramis ÇOLAK, Buğra DURMUŞ, Cafer POLAT
Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine.2022; 5(5): 1499. CrossRef
Association of Hyperparathyroidism and Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Multicenter Retrospective Study (Endocrinol Metab 2020;35:925-32, Chaiho Jeong et al.)
Chaiho Jeong, Jeonghoon Ha, Moo Il Kang
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(1): 205. CrossRef
Association of Hyperparathyroidism and Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Multicenter Retrospective Study (Endocrinol Metab 2020;35:925-32, Chaiho Jeong et al.)
Burcu Candemir, Coşkun Meriç
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(1): 203. CrossRef

Review Article

Miscellaneous
Rare PTH Gene Mutations Causing Parathyroid Disorders: A Review: Joon-Hyop Lee, Munkhtugs Davaatseren, Sihoon Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(1):64-70. Published online March 19, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.1.64

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Since parathyroid hormone (PTH) was first isolated and its gene (PTH) was sequenced, only eight PTH mutations have been discovered. The C18R mutation in PTH, discovered in 1990, was the first to be reported. This autosomal dominant mutation induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and subsequent apoptosis in parathyroid cells. The next mutation, which was reported in 1992, is associated with exon skipping. The substitution of G with C in the first nucleotide of the second intron results in the exclusion of the second exon; since this exon includes the initiation codon, translation initiation is prevented. An S23P mutation and an S23X mutation at the same residue were reported in 1999 and 2012, respectively. Both mutations resulted in hypoparathyroidism. In 2008, a somatic R83X mutation was detected in a parathyroid adenoma tissue sample collected from a patient with hyperparathyroidism. In 2013, a heterozygous p.Met1_Asp6del mutation was incidentally discovered in a case-control study. Two years later, the R56C mutation was reported; this is the only reported hypoparathyroidism-causing mutation in the mature bioactive part of PTH. In 2017, another heterozygous mutation, M14K, was detected. The discovery of these eight mutations in the PTH gene has provided insights into its function and broadened our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying mutation progression. Further attempts to detect other such mutations will help elucidate the functions of PTH in a more sophisticated manner.

Citations

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The Molecular Biology of Placental Transport of Calcium to the Human Foetus
Valerie Walker
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(1): 383. CrossRef
Hypoparathyroidism: Similarities and differences between Western and Eastern countries
Yu-ying Yang, Yan-hua Deng, Li-hao Sun, Lars Rejnmark, Ling Wang, Peter Pietschmann, Claus‐Christian Glüer, Aliya A. Khan, Salvatore Minisola, Jian-min Liu
Osteoporosis International.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Intricacies of Renal Phosphate Reabsorption—An Overview
Valerie Walker
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(9): 4684. CrossRef
Case report: Familial hypoparathyroidism with elevated parathyroid hormone due to an inactivating PTH mutation
Noha Mukhtar, Balgees Alghamdi, Meshael Alswailem, Afaf Alsagheir, Ali S. Alzahrani
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Primary Hyperparathyroidism With Undetectable Intact Parathyroid Hormone
Zhixing Song, Jessica McMullin, Forest Huls, Richard Rosenthal, Sravani Bantu, Christopher Wu, Herbert Chen, Brenessa Lindeman
Clinical Medicine Insights: Endocrinology and Diabetes.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Enhancing bone regeneration and osseointegration using rhPTH(1-34) and dimeric R25CPTH(1-34) in an osteoporotic beagle model
Jeong-Oh Shin, Jong-Bin Lee, Sihoon Lee, Jin-Woo Kim
eLife.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular and Clinical Spectrum of Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Smita Jha, William F Simonds
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Rare cause of persistent hypocalcaemia in infancy due to PTH gene mutation
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BMJ Case Reports.2023; 16(9): e256358. CrossRef
Homozygous Ser-1 to Pro-1 mutation in parathyroid hormone identified in hypocalcemic patients results in secretion of a biologically inactive pro-hormone
Patrick Hanna, Ashok Khatri, Shawn Choi, Severine Brabant, Matti L. Gild, Marie L. Piketty, Bruno Francou, Dominique Prié, John T. Potts, Roderick J. Clifton-Bligh, Agnès Linglart, Thomas J. Gardella, Harald Jüppner
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Homozygous missense variant of PTH (c.166C>T, p.(Arg56Cys)) as the cause of familial isolated hypoparathyroidism in a three-year-old child
Stine Linding Andersen, Anja Lisbeth Frederiksen, Astrid Bruun Rasmussen, Mette Madsen, Ann-Margrethe Rønholt Christensen
Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism.2022; 35(5): 691. CrossRef
Novel PTH Gene Mutations Causing Isolated Hypoparathyroidism
Colin P Hawkes, Jamal M Al Jubeh, Dong Li, Susan E Tucker, Tara Rajiyah, Michael A Levine
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2022; 107(6): e2449. CrossRef

Original Article

Clinical Study
Impact of Subtotal Parathyroidectomy on Clinical Parameters and Quality of Life in Hemodialysis Patients with Secondary Hyperparathyroidism: Mohamed Mimi Abd Elgawwad El-kholey, Ghada El-said Ibrahim, Osama Ibrahim Elshahat, Ghada El-Kannishy; Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(4):367-373. Published online December 23, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.4.367

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Background

Impairment of quality of life (QOL) is a key clinical characteristic of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and can be especially severe in the presence of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). Despite the proven success of parathyroidectomy (PTX) in controlling biochemical parameters in patients with severe SHPT, evidence is lacking regarding the effects of PTX on various clinical outcomes, including QOL.

Methods

Twenty ESRD patients on maintenance hemodialysis with SHPT who underwent subtotal PTX were included in an observational longitudinal study. All studied patients underwent history-taking, clinical examinations, and laboratory investigations, including a complete blood count and measurements of serum calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and albumin levels preoperatively and at 3 months postoperatively. QOL was assessed before surgery and at 3 months after surgery using the Kidney Disease Quality of Life 36-Item Short-Form instrument.

Results

After PTX, significant decreases in serum PTH and phosphorus levels were observed, as well as a significant increase in serum magnesium levels. Significant weight gain and improvements of QOL were also detected postoperatively.

Conclusion

Subtotal PTX seems to be an efficient alternative to medical management in uncontrolled cases of SHPT, as it is capable of controlling the biochemical derangements that occur in hyperparathyroidism. Furthermore, PTX had a beneficial effect on clinical outcomes, as shown by weight gain and improvements in all QOL scales.

Citations

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Abnormalities of serum magnesium levels in dialysis patients undergoing parathyroidectomy
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Review Article

Miscellaneous
Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Monitoring in the Surgical Management of Sporadic Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Zahra F. Khan, John I. Lew; Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(4):327-339. Published online December 23, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.4.327

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Intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring (IPM) has been shown to be a useful adjunct during parathyroidectomy to ensure operative success at many specialized medical centers worldwide. Using the Miami or “>50% intraoperative PTH drop” criterion, IPM confirms the complete excision of all hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue before the operation is finished, and helps guide the surgeon to identify additional hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands that may necessitate further extensive neck exploration when intraoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels do not drop sufficiently. The intraoperative PTH assay is also used to differentiate parathyroid from non-parathyroid tissues during operations using fine needle aspiration samples and to lateralize the side of the neck harboring the hypersecreting parathyroid through differential jugular venous sampling when preoperative localization studies are negative or equivocal. The use of IPM underscores the recognition and understanding of sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism (SPHPT) as a disease of function rather than form, where the surgeon is better equipped to treat such patients with quantitative instead of qualitative information for durable long-term operative success. There has been a significant paradigm shift over the last 2 decades from conventional to focused parathyroidectomy guided by IPM. This approach has proven to be a safe and rapid operation requiring minimal dissection performed in an ambulatory setting for the treatment of SPHPT.

Citations

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Case Reports

A Case of Mediastinal parathyroid adenoma localized by technetium-99m sestamibi scanning.: Bong Yun Cha, Kwang Woo Lee, Ho Young Son, Sung Koo Kang, Ki Ho Song, Sung Hee Lee, Won Hee Han, Hyung Sun Sohn; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1996;11(2):227-232. Published online November 7, 2019

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Abstract PDF: We present a patient with primary hyperparathyroidism in whom preoperative Tc-99m sestarnibi scanning cleary demonstrated mediastinal parathyroid adenoma. After resectian of tumor through median sternotomy, he was restored to the normocalcemia. This case suggests that Tc-99m sestamibi scanning may be a useful method in the preoperative localization of mediastinal parathyroid adenoma.

A Case of Primary Parathyroid Carcinoma with full-brown Symptom.: Chang Soo Ryu, Deok Ki Kim, Kee Hyun Park, Shi Gyeong Seong, Dong Ho Kim, Sang Min Woo, In Sung Cho; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1996;11(2):221-226. Published online November 7, 2019

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Abstract PDF: Primary hyperparathyroicism is a state of hypersecretion of PTH by the parathyroid. The etiology has not been established. The three possible etiologies of piimary hyperparathyroidism and incidences are adencena(83%), hyperplasia(15%), and carcinoma(1~2%). Parathyroid carcinoma usually presents in the fourth decades. The hallmark preoperative signs are hypercalcemia(serum calcium 15mg/dl). Palpable neck mass and bane and renal disease. Patients may present with multiple signs and syrnptoms, including recurrent nephrolithiasis, peptic ulcers, mental change, less frequently, extensive bone resorption. However, with greater awareness of the disease and wider use of screening tests, including blood calcium determinations, the diagnosis is frequently made in patients who have no symptoms and minimal, if any, signs of the disease ather than hypercalcemia and elevated levels of parathyroid Hormone. An 38-years-old woman was admitted to the hospital due to pain on the left knee joint. We experienced full-brown symptom pertaining to hyperpara- thyroidism. Thus we report a case herein and also discuss clinical anifestation, histologic features and treatment.

Primary Hyperparathyroidism in Children.: Han Sang Cho, Sang Ook Park, Byung Mun Lee, Yung Tak Lim, Su Yung Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1994;9(3):251-257. Published online November 6, 2019

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Abstract PDF: Primary hyperparathyroidism is a rare endocrine disease in children. It involves bone and joint, urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract and cardiovascular system. The main cause of these involvement is high level of PTH in serum, resulting in hypercalcemia.An 11 years old male patient who had complained of limping gait since last 18 months, showed typical laboratory and radiological findings of primary hyperparathyroidism. At the ultrasonography, computed tomography and radionuclide scanning, a well defined mass(10 X 15mm) was found on the posterior aspect of the right thyroid lobe. The mass was confirmed histologically as adenoma of parathyroid gland. The patient was successfully treated with subtotal parathyroidectomy and temporal administration of calcium and vitamin D.We report this case of primary hyperparathyroidism with brief review of the literatures.

A Case of Primary Hyperparathyroidism Associated with Hypercalcemic Crisis and Systemic Calcinosis.: Young Duk Song, Sung Kil Lim, Hyun Chul Lee, Kap Bum Huh, Bong Sou Park; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1994;10(2):148-152. Published online November 6, 2019

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Abstract PDF: Recent reports have fueled on interest in the prevalance and significance of metastatic calcium deposition in patients with chronic hyperparathyroidism. Nephrocarcinosis and cutaneous cacifications have been recognized in patients with chronic renal failure, but the hypercalcemic crisis and systemic calcinosis are extremely rare in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. We experienced a patient with primary hyperparathyroidism, presented with hypercalcemic crisis and metastatic calcification in the lungs, stomach, liver, and disappeared by successful parathyroidectomy.

A Case of Primary Hyperparathyroidism Associated with Proximal Renal Tubular Acidosis and Postoperative Hungry Bone Syndrome.: Je Ho Han, Kun Ho Yoon, Bong Yun Cha, Ho Young Son, Kwang Woo Lee, Hae Ok Jung, Chang Sup Kim, Moo Il Kang, Chul Soo Cho, Ho Yun Kim, Sung Koo Kang; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1994;9(2):141-149. Published online November 6, 2019

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Abstract PDF: Primary hyperparathyroidism is a generalezed disorder of calcium, phosphorus and bone metabolism due to an increased secretion of parathyroid hormone. Single parathyroid adenoma is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism. Because parathyroid hormone has been proposed as an important inhibitor of renal bicarbonate reabsorption of proximal tubule, proximal renal tubular acidosis is not rare in primary hyperparaphyroidism. After parathyroid resection, significant hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia requiring prolonged medical management may develop, termed hungery bone syndrome. We experienced a case of primary hyperparathyroidism associated with proximal renal tubular acidosis, and severe hungry bone syndrome after resection of the adenoma of parathyroid gland.

Evaluation of Glucone Tolerance and Insulin Secretion in Two Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism Before and After Surgery.: Sung Hee Ihm, Moon Gi Choi, Hyung Joon Yoo, Sang Hyun Chun, Yong Seok Choi, Gun Yong Lee, In Seo Lim, Sung Woo Park; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1994;9(1):54-58. Published online November 6, 2019

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Abstract PDF: It is reported that patients with primary hyperparathyroidism(PHPT) have disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism: in particular, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are characteristic early metabolic aberrations of this disease. However, it is not clear whether changes of insulin secretion or insulin sensitivity are observed in all patients with PHPT, including those with normal glucose tolerance. Also, it is not clear whether these changes are reversible after surgical correction of PHPT. In the present study, glucose tolerance and insulin secretion were evaluated in 2 symptomatic patients with PHPT during 100g oral glucose tolerance test before and after parathyroid adenoma removal. Comparing these patients before and after surgery, glucose tolerance was not significantly different. However, C-peptide and insulin secretion was low after surgical correction of PHPT compared to the preoperative situation. This observation suggests that insulin hypersecretion in patients with PHPT precedes glucose intolerance and this early disturbance is reversible after surgery.

Primary Hyperparathyroidism with Extensive Brown Tumors and Multiple Fractures in a 20-Year-Old Woman: Ju Hee Choi, Kyoung Jin Kim, Ye Jin Lee, Sun Hwa Kim, Sin Gon Kim, Kwang Yoon Jung, Dong Seop Choi, Nam Hoon Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(4):614-619. Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.4.614

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A brown tumor is a benign fibrotic, erosive bony lesion caused by localized, rapid osteoclastic turnover, resulting from hyperparathyroidism. Although brown tumors are one of the most pathognomonic signs of primary hyperparathyroidism, they are rarely seen in clinical practice. In this report, we present a case of 20-year-old woman with recurrent fractures and bone pain. Plain digital radiographs of the affected bones revealed multiple erosive bone tumors, which were finally diagnosed as brown tumors associated with primary hyperparathyroidism due to a parathyroid adenoma. This case shows that multiple, and clinically severe form of brown tumors can even occur in young patients.

Citations

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