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Original Articles
Association of Multiple Obesity-Related Composite Indices with All-Cause Mortality in Patients with Stage 0–3 Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome
Jianmin Lu, Jiajin Yang, Zhuoyi Peng, Cilu Huang, Yue Chen, Chuanzhao Zhang, Baohua Hou, Xiaoqing He, Shanzhou Huang
Received October 14, 2025  Accepted December 31, 2025  Published online May 7, 2026  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2025.2711    [Epub ahead of print]
  • 2,374 View
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
This study aimed to determine the predictive ability of eight composite obesity-related indices for all-cause mortality in adults with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome stages 0–3, given the inadequacy of conventional anthropometric measures.
Methods
We conducted a prospective cohort study using UK Biobank data, including 261,742 adults with CKM stages 0–3 at baseline. Eight indices (body mass index, relative fat mass [RFM], body roundness index [BRI], lipid accumulation product [LAP], visceral adiposity index, cardiometabolic index [CMI], atherogenic index of plasma, and triglyceride-glucose index) were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression, Cox proportional hazards models, receiver operating characteristic analysis, and restricted cubic spline (RCS) modeling to examine their associations with, and predictive ability for, all-cause mortality.
Results
During follow-up, 13,437 deaths (5.1%) occurred. All eight indices were positively associated with mortality (P<0.001). BRI was the strongest predictor (area under the curve [AUC]=0.658; optimal cutoff=4.515), outperforming LAP (AUC=0.616) and CMI (AUC=0.610). RFM exhibited the lowest discriminative ability (AUC=0.502). Higher quartiles of most indices were associated with progressively increased mortality risk, with BRI demonstrating consistent predictive value across subgroups in RCS analyses.
Conclusion
BRI showed the strongest and most consistent association with all-cause mortality in CKM stages 0–3, suggesting that it may act as a robust tool for early risk stratification and support targeted prevention strategies.
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Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Associations between Metabolic Syndrome Indicators and Colon Polyps: A Mendelian Randomization Study
Dongya Chen, Hong Xu, Zhaolin Zhang, Fang Chen, Qingqing Lu, Feng Pan
Endocrinol Metab. 2026;41(2):256-266.   Published online January 22, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2025.2379
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  • 64 Download
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
While observational studies have suggested a potential link between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and an increased risk of colon polyps, the causal nature of this association remains uncertain. This study used a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to evaluate the relationship between MetS and colon polyps.
Methods
A two-sample MR analysis was performed using data on MetS, its indicators, and colon polyps obtained from publicly available genome-wide association studies in the Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) and MAGIC databases. Outliers were removed using Mendelian Randomization Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier (MR-PRESSO), followed by MR calculations and false discovery rate (FDR) correction. The primary analysis was conducted with the inverse variance-weighted (IVW) method.
Results
The IVW results indicated no association between hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or diabetes and the risk of colon polyps. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (P=0.005), 2-hour glucose (P=0.004), glycated hemoglobin A1c (P=0.004), and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids (P<0.001) were negatively associated with colon polyps. Conversely, body mass index (BMI) (P<0.001), body fat percentage (P=0.002), waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI (P=0.001), total cholesterol (TC) (P=0.002), triglycerides (TG) (P<0.001), and both omega-3 (P<0.001) and omega-6 fatty acid levels (P=0.02) were positively associated with colon polyps. The relationships between these metabolic indicators and colon polyps remained significant after FDR correction.
Conclusion
Obesity-related traits, TC, and TG may increase the risk of colon polyps, while HDL-C may have a protective effect.
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Brief Report
Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
From Anabolic to Reponic: Reclassifying Insulin’s Primary Metabolic Role
Shelby Ford, Daniel Bryce, Joshua Moen
Endocrinol Metab. 2026;41(1):185-189.   Published online January 5, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2025.2558
  • 2,795 View
  • 44 Download
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
The classification of insulin as primarily an anabolic hormone is inconsistent with its metabolic signature of energy storage. This categorization, shared with anabolic hormones such as testosterone, obscures insulin’s role in the pathophysiology of metabolic disease. We propose a more precise classification: reponic, meaning ‘to store.’ To empirically support this framework, we analyzed data from 2,910 U.S. adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2018. Higher insulin levels were strongly associated with increased central adiposity and dyslipidemia. In contrast, higher testosterone, particularly in males, was associated with a leaner phenotype, reflecting a metabolic profile antagonistic to insulin. These findings reinforce well-established physiology indicating that insulin’s primary role is energy storage. Adoption of the reponic classification provides a clearer conceptual framework for understanding hyperinsulinemia and its clinical consequences.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Fasting insulin and the sarcopenic obesity phenotype in normoglycemic adults: a cross-sectional NHANES study (2011-2014)
    Kalese Droge, Diana Nguyen, Shelby Ford, Joshua Moen
    Obesity and Endocrinology.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Original Articles
Thyroid
Prevalence of Subclinical Hypothyroidism in a Non-Diabetic Young Female Population and Its Impact on Diabetes and Cardiometabolic Risk
Nawoda Hewage, Udaya Wijesekara, Rasika Perera
Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(6):864-876.   Published online November 5, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2015
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  • 4 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
We evaluated the influence of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) on insulin resistance (IR), cardiometabolic risk, and obesity in childbearing-age women without diabetes.
Methods
This cross-sectional investigation included 282 women, aged 18 to 35 years, from rural and suburban Sri Lanka. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters, including IR and lipid/thyroid profiles, were recorded. Data were compared between SCH and euthyroidism (EU) for controls (normal weight) and cases (overweight/obese).
Results
The overall rates of SCH, EU, IR, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) were 40.42%, 59.57%, 73.40%, and 24.46%, respectively. Both controls and cases included individuals with SCH; overall, 168 participants (59.57%) had EU, while 114 (40.42%) exhibited SCH. IR was significantly associated with SCH in both weight groups (P<0.05). Among those with SCH, the odds ratios (ORs) for IR were >2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.45 to 3.87) in controls and >6 (95% CI, 3.52 to 8.41) in cases. Similarly, the ORs for MetS were >1 (95% CI, 0.38 to 4.16) in controls and >11 (95% CI, 8.73 to 15.01) in cases. Dyslipidemia and hypertriglyceridemia were significantly more prevalent in the SCH group (P<0.05). Women with SCH exhibited higher mean values for all obesity indices compared to their EU counterparts, surpassing normal thresholds (P<0.05). Among obesity measures, visceral adiposity index (VAI) demonstrated the highest area under the curve and sensitivity for assessing SCH and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.
Conclusion
SCH must be identified and managed in young women to help prevent diabetes and cardiometabolic disorders. VAI may aid in precisely detecting SCH and CVD.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Cardiometabolic Outcomes and Levothyroxine Treatment Effects in Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Systematic Review
    Mohamed Abdelgadir Hag Elagib, Marwa A Alamin, Yousif Omer Amin Ahmed, Islam E Musa, Mona A Khaleifa, Elkhansaa A Elsamani, Hiba Najar, Asim Ahmed
    Cureus.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Endocrine–Metabolic Crosstalk Between Diabetes Mellitus and Hypothyroidism: From Network Mechanisms to Translational Stratification
    Xiuqing Yang, Tao Jiang, Zhengkun Bao, Fengzhen Xu, Ke Zhang, Rongbing Chen, Lingchao Chen, Wenting Wang, Libo Jin, Da Sun, Xia Chen
    The FASEB Journal.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Increased Serum Lipopolysaccharide Levels are Related to a Higher Prevalent Risk of Subclinical Hypothyroidism
    Xuan An, Xiaoyi Wang, Jin Zhang, Mingtong Xu, Muchao Wu, Suraiya Saleem
    International Journal of Endocrinology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Incidence of Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Obese Adults and Its Metabolic Implications: A Prospective Cohort Study
    Umer Jameel, Obaidullah Durrani, Ahmad Munib, Amanullah Khan
    Cureus.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Long-Term Cumulative Exposure to High γ-Glutamyl Transferase Levels and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
Han-Sang Baek, Bongseong Kim, Seung-Hwan Lee, Dong-Jun Lim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Sang-Ah Chang, Kyungdo Han, Jae-Seung Yun
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(6):770-781.   Published online November 6, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1726
  • 8,329 View
  • 85 Download
  • 10 Web of Science
  • 9 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Elevated γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GTP) levels are associated with metabolic syndrome. We investigated the association of cumulative exposure to high γ-GTP with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a large-scale population.
Methods
Using nationally representative data from the Korean National Health Insurance system, 1,640,127 people with 4 years of consecutive γ-GTP measurements from 2009 to 2012 were included and followed up until the end of 2019. For each year of the study period, participants were grouped by the number of exposures to the highest γ-GTP quartile (0–4), and the sum of quartiles (0–12) was defined as cumulative γ-GTP exposure. The hazard ratio for CVD was evaluated using the Cox proportional hazards model.
Results
During the 6.4 years of follow-up, there were 15,980 cases (0.97%) of myocardial infarction (MI), 14,563 (0.89%) of stroke, 29,717 (1.81%) of CVD, and 25,916 (1.58%) of death. Persistent exposure to high γ-GTP levels was associated with higher risks of MI, stroke, CVD, and death than those without such exposure. The risks of MI, stroke, CVD, and mortality increased in a dose-dependent manner according to total cumulative γ-GTP (all P for trend <0.0001). Subjects younger than 65 years, with a body mass index <25 kg/m2, and without hypertension or fatty liver showed a stronger relationship between cumulative γ-GTP and the incidence of MI, CVD, and death.
Conclusion
Cumulative γ-GTP elevation is associated with CVD. γ-GTP could be more widely used as an early marker of CVD risk, especially in individuals without traditional CVD risk factors.

Citations

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  • Latent class analysis of association between occupational hazard factors and gamma-glutamyltransferase in automobile manufacturing workers: a cross-sectional study
    Huixia Ji, Dandan Liu, Ye Chen
    Frontiers in Public Health.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Cardiovascular risk assessment using the DAS28-GGT score in rheumatoid arthritis patients initiating JAK inhibitors: Results from the MAJIK-SFR registry
    Léa Perrot, Jerôme Avouac, Marie-Elise Truchetet, Clément Prati, Jean Hugues Salmon, René Marc Flipo, Christian Roux, André Basch, Emmanuelle Dernis, Carine Salliot, Fabienne Coury, Claire Immediato Daien, Philipe Goupille, Thierry Thomas, Béatrice Bannev
    Joint Bone Spine.2026; 93(6): 106113.     CrossRef
  • Association between gamma-glutamyl transferase and risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a retrospective cohort study
    Meng Yao, Xiaoyin Xing, Zhe Chen, Cunying Cui, Xinqiao Tian
    Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Elevated White Blood Cell Counts Despite Normal C-Reactive Protein Independently Predict Metabolic Syndrome and Myocardial Infarction: Evidence for Genetic Susceptibility and Dietary Modification in a Prospective Cohort
    In Seok Bang, Sunmin Park
    Nutrients.2026; 18(18): 3040.     CrossRef
  • Association of Serum Gamma-Glutamyltransferase with In-hospital Heart Failure in Patients with ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
    An-Cheng Hou, Jian-Tong Hou, Wei-Ning Zhou, Yan-Jin Wei, Zhi-Hong Ou, Cun-Fei Liu
    Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The J-shaped relationship between the gamma-glutamyltransferase to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and mortality risk in U.S. adults
    Shujuan Qiu, Chunlei Li, Zhentao Guo
    Preventive Medicine Reports.2025; 52: 102958.     CrossRef
  • Association between the levels of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and the risk of stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis
    Gustavo Adolfo Vásquez-Tirado, Stefany M. Nieto-Rivera, Claudia Vanessa Quispe-Castañeda, Edinson Dante Meregildo-Rodríguez, Leslie Jacqueline Liñán-Díaz, Wilson Marcial Guzmán-Aguilar
    Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria.2025; 83(07): 001.     CrossRef
  • Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase level is associated with the risk of pancreatic cystic neoplasms: A nationwide retrospective cohort study
    Min Woo Lee, Jin Myung Park, In Rae Cho, Kwang Hyun Chung, Bong Seong Kim, Jin Ho Choi, Woo Hyun Paik, Ji Kon Ryu, Kyungdo Han, Sang Hyub Lee
    World Journal of Gastroenterology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Interplay of serum biomarkers bilirubin and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase in predicting cardiovascular complications in type-2 diabetes mellitus
    Ebtesam Abdullah Al-Suhaimi, Abdullah Ahmed Al-Rubaish
    World Journal of Diabetes.2024; 15(6): 1074.     CrossRef
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Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Association of Shift Work with Normal-Weight Obesity in Community-Dwelling Adults
Chul Woo Ahn, Sungjae Shin, Seunghyun Lee, Hye-Sun Park, Namki Hong, Yumie Rhee
Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(5):781-790.   Published online October 25, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1532
  • 11,256 View
  • 244 Download
  • 9 Web of Science
  • 10 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Shift work is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. However, this association in the normal-weight population remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether shift work is associated with normal-weight obesity (NWO).
Methods
From the nationally representative Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) dataset (2008 to 2011), 3,800 full-time workers aged ≥19 years with a body mass index (BMI) ≤25 kg/m2 were analysed. We defined NWO as BMI ≤25 kg/m2 and body fat percentage ≥25% in men and ≥37% in women. Working patterns were classified into “daytime,” “other than daytime,” and “shift.” Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between shift work and NWO.
Results
Shift work was associated with higher odds of NWO than daytime work (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04 to 2.09) and night/evening work (aOR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.11 to 3.14) after adjustment for type of work, working hours, age, sex, BMI, 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, and other sociodemographic factors. In subgroup analyses, the association between shift work and NWO was more robust in those aged ≥60 years and those working ≥56 hours/week.
Conclusion
Shift work was associated with NWO in community-dwelling Korean adults, independent of age, sex, BMI, and other covariates.

Citations

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  • Modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in aviation and prospects for their correction
    E. E. Adeninskaya, N. B. Zabrodina, B. G. Potievsky, A. Y. Bushmanov, A. V. Dorofeev
    Science and Innovations in Medicine.2026; 11(3): 185.     CrossRef
  • Work-Related Factors, Sleep Problems, and Metabolic Syndrome among Taiwanese Workers: Sex-Specific Implications for Occupational Health Nursing
    Ching Wen Hu, Yi Ching Tsai, Kuan Pin Lin
    Advances in Nursing Science.2026; 49(4S): S31.     CrossRef
  • Investigating the Risk of Obesity in European Night Shift Workers: A Study Protocol for Cross-Sectional and Mechanistic Studies in the SHIFT2HEALTH Project
    Katrin Scionti, Vanessa Schoissengeier, Ivana Vaclavkova, Hella Fleiss, Catalina Cuparencu, Annemarie Olsen, Hannah Jilani, Desiree A. Lucassen, Emilie de Zoete, Edith Feskens, Hendriek C. Boshuizen, Monique H. Vingerhoeds, Meeke Ummels, Sandra Haider, Ev
    Obesity Facts.2026; : 1.     CrossRef
  • The research progress and prospects of circadian rhythm in obesity: a bibliometric analysis
    Ye Dou, Xiaojin Guo, Xuefei Wang, Aolong He, Fanghe Li, Kuo Gao
    Frontiers in Nutrition.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Normal Weight Obesity Overview and Update: A narrative review
    Antonino De Lorenzo, Paola Gualtieri, Giulia Frank, Roselisa Palma, Rossella Cianci, Leonardo Romano, Lucilla Ciancarella, Glauco Raffaelli, Laura Di Renzo
    Current Obesity Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Development and interpretation of a machine learning predictive model for early cognitive impairment in hypertension associated with environmental factors
    Xia Zhong, Tianen Zhao, Shimeng Lv, Guangheng Zhang, Jing Li, Donghai Liu, Huachen Jiao
    Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Association of Shift Work, Sociodemographic Variables and Healthy Habits with Obesity Scales
    Javier Tosoratto, Pedro Juan Tárraga López, Ángel Arturo López-González, Daniela Vallejos, Emilio Martínez-Almoyna Rifá, José Ignacio Ramirez-Manent
    Life.2024; 14(11): 1503.     CrossRef
  • Impaired Melatonin Secretion, Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Syndrome in Night Shift Work
    Sorina Hohor, Cristina Mandanach, Andreea Maftei, Corina Aurelia Zugravu, Marina Ruxandra Oțelea
    Antioxidants.2023; 12(4): 959.     CrossRef
  • Normal-Weight Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study
    Jeonghyeon Kim, Seamon Kang, Hyunsik Kang
    Healthcare.2023; 11(16): 2303.     CrossRef
  • You Can’t Avoid Shift Work? Then Focus on Body Fat Rather than Weight
    Eun Kyung Lee
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2022; 37(5): 756.     CrossRef
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Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
High Cardiorespiratory Fitness Protects against Molecular Impairments of Metabolism, Heart, and Brain with Higher Efficacy in Obesity-Induced Premature Aging
Patcharapong Pantiya, Chanisa Thonusin, Natticha Sumneang, Benjamin Ongnok, Titikorn Chunchai, Sasiwan Kerdphoo, Thidarat Jaiwongkam, Busarin Arunsak, Natthaphat Siri-Angkul, Sirawit Sriwichaiin, Nipon Chattipakorn, Siriporn C. Chattipakorn
Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(4):630-640.   Published online August 5, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1430
Correction in: Endocrinol Metab 2025;40(4):657
  • 9,778 View
  • 143 Download
  • 6 Web of Science
  • 6 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
High cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) protects against age-related diseases. However, the mechanisms mediating the protective effect of high intrinsic CRF against metabolic, cardiac, and brain impairments in non-obese versus obese conditions remain incompletely understood. We aimed to identify the mechanisms through which high intrinsic CRF protects against metabolic, cardiac, and brain impairments in non-obese versus obese untrained rats.
Methods
Seven-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into two groups (n=8 per group) to receive either a normal diet or a highfat diet (HFD). At weeks 12 and 28, CRF, carbohydrate and fatty acid oxidation, cardiac function, and metabolic parameters were evaluated. At week 28, behavior tests were performed. At the end of week 28, rats were euthanized to collect heart and brain samples for molecular studies.
Results
The obese rats exhibited higher values for aging-related parameters than the non-obese rats, indicating that they experienced obesity-induced premature aging. High baseline CRF levels were positively correlated with several favorable metabolic, cardiac, and brain parameters at follow-up. Specifically, the protective effects of high CRF against metabolic, cardiac, and brain impairments were mediated by the modulation of body weight and composition, the lipid profile, substrate oxidation, mitochondrial function, insulin signaling, autophagy, apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, cardiac function, neurogenesis, blood-brain barrier, synaptic function, accumulation of Alzheimer’s disease-related proteins, and cognition. Interestingly, this effect was more obvious in HFD-fed rats.
Conclusion
The protective effect of high CRF is mediated by the modulation of several mechanisms. These effects exhibit greater efficacy under conditions of obesity-induced premature aging.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri KUB-AC5 provides cardioprotection via mitigating cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction in obese rats
    Chanisa Thonusin, Titikorn Chunchai, Parameth Thiennimitr, Chayodom Maneechote, Chanon Kunasol, Jirapas Sripetchwandee, Siriporn C Chattipakorn, Nipon Chattipakorn
    Journal of Endocrinology.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The associations of diet quality and cardiometabolic indicators in children and the mediation role of cardiorespiratory fitness
    Ping-Ping Zhang, Gao-Feng Lin, Jia-Ying Gu, Bi-Lian Wang, Jie Zhang, Ye Zhou, Miao Xu, Hui Wang, Li Li
    Frontiers in Nutrition.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Osteoprotective effects of lifestyle interventions against obesity-induced bone dyshomeostasis and bone loss in rats
    Napatsorn Imerb, Patcharapong Pantiya, Chanisa Thonusin, Krittikan Chanpaisaeng, Nipon Chattipakorn, Narattaphol Charoenphandhu, Siriporn C Chattipakorn
    Journal of Endocrinology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Associations that Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Body Mass Index Loss Have with Deficit Accumulation Frailty
    KAYLONI OLSON, DENISE K. HOUSTON, JOHNATHAN ROSS, RENA R. WING, FELICIA R. SIMPSON, AMBARISH PANDEY, MICHAEL P. WALKUP, MIA YANG, MARK A. ESPELAND
    Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.2024; 56(4): 717.     CrossRef
  • Interplay between obesity and aging on myocardial geometry and function: Role of leptin-STAT3-stress signaling
    Wei Jin, Fei Tu, Feng Dong, Qinqin Deng, Miyesaier Abudureyimu, Wei Yu, Guo-jun Cai, Jian-ming Pei, Zhaohui Pei, Jun Ren
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects.2023; 1867(2): 130281.     CrossRef
  • Epidemiological, mechanistic, and practical bases for assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle status in adults in healthcare settings
    Jaime A. Gallo-Villegas, Juan C. Calderón
    European Journal of Applied Physiology.2023; 123(5): 945.     CrossRef
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Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Prognostic Value of Triglyceride and Glucose Index for Incident Type 2 Diabetes beyond Metabolic Health and Obesity
Hwi Seung Kim, Jiwoo Lee, Yun Kyung Cho, Eun Hee Kim, Min Jung Lee, Hong-Kyu Kim, Joong-Yeol Park, Woo Je Lee, Chang Hee Jung
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(5):1042-1054.   Published online October 21, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1184
  • 12,286 View
  • 167 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • 5 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Metabolically healthy obese (MHO) phenotype is metabolically heterogeneous in terms of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Previously, the triglyceride and glucose (TyG) index has been considered for identifying metabolic health and future risk of T2D. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of incident T2D according to obesity status and metabolic health, categorized by four different criteria and the TyG index.
Methods
The study included 39,418 Koreans without T2D at baseline. The risk of T2D was evaluated based on four different definitions of metabolic health and obesity status and according to the baseline TyG index within each metabolic health and obesity group.
Results
During the median follow-up at 38.1 months, 726 individuals developed T2D. Compared with the metabolically healthy non-obese (MHNO) group with low TyG index, the MHO group with high TyG index showed increased risk of T2D in all four definitions of metabolic health with multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios of 2.57 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.76 to 3.75), 3.72 (95% CI, 2.15 to 6.43), 4.13 (95% CI, 2.67 to 6.38), and 3.05 (95% CI, 2.24 to 4.15), when defined by Adult Treatment Panel III, Wildman, Karelis, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) criteria, respectively.
Conclusion
MHO subjects with high TyG index were at an increased risk of developing T2D compared with MHNO subjects, regardless of the definition of metabolic health. TyG index may serve as an additional factor for predicting the individual risk of incident T2D in MHO subjects.

Citations

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  • Relationship between obesity and the triglyceride–glucose index in adults: A systematic review
    Yury Rosales-Ricardo
    Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Bridging the gap in obesity research: A consensus statement from the European Society for Clinical Investigation
    Federico Carbone, Jean‐Pierre Després, John P. A. Ioannidis, Ian J. Neeland, Gabriella Garruti, Luca Busetto, Luca Liberale, Stefano Ministrini, Gemma Vilahur, Thomas H. Schindler, Maria Paula Macedo, Agostino Di Ciaula, Marcin Krawczyk, Andreas Geier, Gy
    European Journal of Clinical Investigation.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Jiaju Ren, Cheng Lv, Jia Wang
    Medicine.2024; 103(32): e39258.     CrossRef
  • Ling-gui-zhu-gan promotes adipocytes browning via targeting the miR-27b/PRDM16 pathway in 3T3-L1 cells
    Zimengwei Ye, Yi Zhao, Yanjing Cui, Bingrui Xu, Fan Wang, Dandan Zhao, Guangtong Dong, Zhufeng Wang, Rui Wu
    Frontiers in Pharmacology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Insight into the Predictive Power of Surrogate Diagnostic Indices for Identifying Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome
    Shaghayegh Hosseinkhani, Katayoon Forouzanfar, Nastaran Hadizadeh, Farideh Razi, Somayeh Darzi, Fatemeh Bandarian
    Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets.2024; 24(11): 1291.     CrossRef
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Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Musclin Is Related to Insulin Resistance and Body Composition, but Not to Body Mass Index or Cardiorespiratory Capacity in Adults
Yeliana L. Sánchez, Manuela Yepes-Calderón, Luis Valbuena, Andrés F. Milán, María C. Trillos-Almanza, Sergio Granados, Miguel Peña, Mauricio Estrada-Castrillón, Juan C. Aristizábal, Raúl Narvez-Sanchez, Jaime Gallo-Villegas, Juan C. Calderón
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(5):1055-1068.   Published online October 21, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1104
  • 12,921 View
  • 165 Download
  • 18 Web of Science
  • 20 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
We studied whether musclin function in humans is related to glycemic control, body composition, and cardiorespiratory capacity.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was performed in sedentary adults with or without metabolic syndrome (MS). Serum musclin was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Insulin resistance (IR) was evaluated by the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR). Body composition was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and muscle composition by measuring carnosine in the thigh, a surrogate of fiber types, through proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Cardiorespiratory capacity was assessed through direct ergospirometry.
Results
The control (n=29) and MS (n=61) groups were comparable in age (51.5±6.5 years old vs. 50.7±6.1 years old), sex (72.4% vs. 70.5% women), total lean mass (58.5%±7.4% vs. 57.3%±6.8%), and peak oxygen consumption (VOpeak) (31.0±5.8 mL O2./kg.min vs. 29.2±6.3 mL O2/kg.min). Individuals with MS had higher body mass index (BMI) (30.6±4.0 kg/m2 vs. 27.4± 3.6 kg/m2), HOMA-IR (3.5 [95% confidence interval, CI, 2.9 to 4.6] vs. 1.7 [95% CI, 1.1 to 2.0]), and musclin (206.7 pg/mL [95% CI, 122.7 to 387.8] vs. 111.1 pg/mL [95% CI, 63.2 to 218.5]) values than controls (P˂0.05). Musclin showed a significant relationship with HOMA-IR (β=0.23; 95% CI, 0.12 to 0.33; P˂0.01), but not with VOpeak, in multiple linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, fat mass, lean mass, and physical activity. Musclin was significantly associated with insulin, glycemia, visceral fat, and regional muscle mass, but not with BMI, VCO2peak, maximum heart rate, maximum time of work, or carnosine.
Conclusion
In humans, musclin positively correlates with insulinemia, IR, and a body composition profile with high visceral adiposity and lean mass, but low body fat percentage. Musclin is not related to BMI or cardiorespiratory capacity.

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Close layer
Adrenal Gland
Lipid Profiles in Primary Aldosteronism Compared with Essential Hypertension: Propensity-Score Matching Study
Sun Joon Moon, Han Na Jang, Jung Hee Kim, Min Kyong Moon
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(4):885-894.   Published online August 10, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1012
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
There has been controversy regarding the association between primary aldosteronism (PA) and dyslipidemia and few studies considered the effects of diabetes and renal function on lipid metabolism. We analyzed lipid profiles of PA patients and compared them to propensity-score (PS)-matched essential hypertension (EH) patients adjusting for glycemic status and renal function.
Methods
Patients who were diagnosed with PA using a saline-infusion test at Seoul National University Hospital from 2000 to 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. EH patients who had aldosterone-renin ratio (ARR) results were selected as controls. Covariates, including diabetes, were PS-matched for patients with PA, lateralized PA, non-lateralized PA, and high ARR to EH patients, respectively.
Results
Among a total of 80 PA and 80 EH patients, total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels were significantly lower in the PA patients than in the EH patients (least-squares mean±standard error: 185.5±4.4 mg/dL vs. 196.2±4.4 mg/dL, P=0.047, for TC; and 132.3±11.5 mg/dL vs. 157.4±11.4 mg/dL, P=0.035, for TG) in fully adjusted model (adjusting for multiple covariates, including diabetes status, glycosylated hemoglobin level, and estimated glomerular filtration rate). There were no significant differences in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels between the two groups. According to increments in aldosterone levels, an increasing tendency of HDL-C and decreasing tendencies of TG and non-HDL-C were observed.
Conclusion
PA patients had lower TC and TG levels than EH patients, independent of glycemic status and renal function.

Citations

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  • DPA/AA ratio as a potential biomarker of primary aldosteronism in young and middle-aged adults
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Close layer
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Expression of LONP1 Is High in Visceral Adipose Tissue in Obesity, and Is Associated with Glucose and Lipid Metabolism
Ju Hee Lee, Saet-Byel Jung, Seong Eun Lee, Ji Eun Kim, Jung Tae Kim, Yea Eun Kang, Seul Gi Kang, Hyon-Seung Yi, Young Bok Ko, Ki Hwan Lee, Bon Jeong Ku, Minho Shong, Hyun Jin Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(3):661-671.   Published online June 22, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1023
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
The nature and role of the mitochondrial stress response in adipose tissue in relation to obesity are not yet known. To determine whether the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) in adipose tissue is associated with obesity in humans and rodents.
Methods
Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) was obtained from 48 normoglycemic women who underwent surgery. Expression levels of mRNA and proteins were measured for mitochondrial chaperones, intrinsic proteases, and components of electron-transport chains. Furthermore, we systematically analyzed metabolic phenotypes with a large panel of isogenic BXD inbred mouse strains and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) data.
Results
In VAT, expression of mitochondrial chaperones and intrinsic proteases localized in inner and outer mitochondrial membranes was not associated with body mass index (BMI), except for the Lon protease homolog, mitochondrial, and the corresponding gene LONP1, which showed high-level expression in the VAT of overweight or obese individuals. Expression of LONP1 in VAT positively correlated with BMI. Analysis of the GTEx database revealed that elevation of LONP1 expression is associated with enhancement of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism in VAT. Mice with higher Lonp1 expression in adipose tissue had better systemic glucose metabolism than mice with lower Lonp1 expression.
Conclusion
Expression of mitochondrial LONP1, which is involved in the mitochondrial quality control stress response, was elevated in the VAT of obese individuals. In a bioinformatics analysis, high LONP1 expression in VAT was associated with enhanced glucose and lipid metabolism.

Citations

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Close layer
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Efficacy and Safety of the New Appetite Suppressant, Liraglutide: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Shinje Moon, Jibeom Lee, Hye Soo Chung, Yoon Jung Kim, Jae Myung Yu, Sung Hoon Yu, Chang-Myung Oh
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(3):647-660.   Published online June 18, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.934
  • 17,749 View
  • 379 Download
  • 25 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Obesity is a chronic disease associated with metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved liraglutide as an anti-obesity drug for nondiabetic patients in 2014, it has been widely used for weight control in overweight and obese people. This study aimed to systematically analyze the effects of liraglutide on body weight and other cardiometabolic parameters.
Methods
We investigated articles from PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library to search randomized clinical trials that examined body weight changes with liraglutide treatment.
Results
We included 31 studies with 8,060 participants for this meta-analysis. The mean difference (MD) between the liraglutide group and the placebo group was −4.19 kg (95% confidence interval [CI], −4.84 to −3.55), with a −4.16% change from the baseline (95% CI, −4.90 to −3.43). Liraglutide treatment correlated with a significantly reduced body mass index (MD: −1.55; 95% CI, −1.76 to −1.34) and waist circumference (MD: −3.11 cm; 95% CI, −3.59 to −2.62) and significantly decreased blood pressure (systolic blood pressure, MD: −2.85 mm Hg; 95% CI, −3.36 to −2.35; diastolic blood pressure, MD: −0.66 mm Hg; 95% CI, −1.02 to −0.30), glycated hemoglobin (MD: −0.40%; 95% CI, −0.49 to −0.31), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (MD: –2.91 mg/dL; 95% CI, −5.28 to −0.53; MD: −0.87% change from baseline; 95% CI, −1.17 to −0.56).
Conclusion
Liraglutide is effective for weight control and can be a promising drug for cardiovascular protection in overweight and obese people.

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    David C. W. Lau, Rachel L Batterham, Carel W. le Roux
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    Jin Yu, Jeongmin Lee, Seung-Hwan Lee, Jae-Hyung Cho, Hun-Sung Kim, Heng Zhou
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Close layer
Clinical Study
High Serum-Induced AhRL Is Associated with Prevalent Metabolic Syndrome and Future Impairment of Glucose Tolerance in the Elderly
Youngmi Kim Pak, Hoon Sung Choi, Wook Ha Park, Suyeol Im, P. Monica Lind, Lars Lind, Hong Kyu Lee
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):436-446.   Published online April 19, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.883
  • 8,249 View
  • 122 Download
  • 6 Web of Science
  • 6 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
High circulating levels of dioxins and dioxin-like chemicals, acting via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), have previously been linked to diabetes. We now investigated whether the serum AhR ligands (AhRL) were higher in subjects with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and in subjects who had developed a worsened glucose tolerance over time.
Methods
Serum AhRL at baseline was measured by a cell-based AhRL activity assay in 70-year-old subjects (n=911) in the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) study. The main outcome measures were prevalent MetS and worsening of glucose tolerance over 5 years of follow-up.
Results
AhRL was significantly elevated in subjects with prevalent MetS as compared to those without MetS, following adjustment for sex, smoking, exercise habits, alcohol intake and educational level (P=0.009). AhRL at baseline was higher in subjects who developed impaired fasting glucose or diabetes at age 75 years than in those who remained normoglycemic (P=0.0081). The odds ratio (OR) of AhRL for worsening glucose tolerance over 5 years was 1.43 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13 to 1.81; P=0.003, continuous variables) and 2.81 (95% CI, 1.31 to 6.02; P=0.008, in the highest quartile) adjusted for sex, life style factors, body mass index, and glucose.
Conclusion
These findings support a large body of epidemiologic evidence that exposure to AhR transactivating substances, such as dioxins and dioxin-like chemicals, might be involved in the pathogenesis of MetS and diabetes development. Measurement of serum AhRL in humans can be a useful tool in predicting the onset of metabolic disorders.

Citations

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    Youngmi Kim Pak, Suyeol Im, Hoon Sung Choi, Lars Lind, Monica Lind, Hong Kyu Lee
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    Mohd Danial Mohd Efendy Goon, Sarah Zulkifli, Siti Suhana Abdullah Soheimi, Sharaniza Ab. Rahim, Normala Abd Latip, Norbaya Hashim, Nirmala Devi Kerisnan, Nasehir Khan E. M. Yahaya, Alias Mohamed, Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abdul Kadir
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  • An Interactive Online App for Predicting Diabetes via Machine Learning from Environment-Polluting Chemical Exposure Data
    Rosy Oh, Hong Kyu Lee, Youngmi Kim Pak, Man-Suk Oh
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  • A Novel Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Antagonist HBU651 Ameliorates Peripheral and Hypothalamic Inflammation in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice
    Sora Kang, Aden Geonhee Lee, Suyeol Im, Seung Jun Oh, Hye Ji Yoon, Jeong Ho Park, Youngmi Kim Pak
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Close layer
Clinical Study
Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Cumulative Exposure to Metabolic Syndrome Components and the Risk of Dementia: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
Yunjung Cho, Kyungdo Han, Da Hye Kim, Yong-Moon Park, Kun-Ho Yoon, Mee Kyoung Kim, Seung-Hwan Lee
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):424-435.   Published online April 14, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.935
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  • 28 Web of Science
  • 29 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Metabolic disturbances are modifiable risk factors for dementia. Because the status of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components changes over time, we aimed to investigate the association of the cumulative exposure to MetS and its components with the risk of dementia.
Methods
Adults (n=1,492,776; ≥45-years-old) who received health examinations for 4 consecutive years were identified from a nationwide population-based cohort in Korea. Two exposure-weighted scores were calculated: cumulative number of MetS diagnoses (MetS exposure score, range of 0 to 4) and the composite of its five components (MetS component exposure score, range of 0 to 20). Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) values for dementia were analyzed using the multivariable Cox proportional-hazards model.
Results
Overall, 47.1% of subjects were diagnosed with MetS at least once, and 11.5% had persistent MetS. During the mean 5.2 years of follow-up, there were 7,341 cases (0.5%) of incident dementia. There was a stepwise increase in the risk of all-cause dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and vascular dementia with increasing MetS exposure score and MetS component exposure score (each P for trend <0.0001). The HR of all-cause dementia was 2.62 (95% CI, 1.87 to 3.68) in subjects with a MetS component exposure score of 20 compared with those with a score of 0. People fulfilling only one MetS component out of 20 already had an approximately 40% increased risk of all-cause dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.
Conclusion
More cumulative exposure to metabolic disturbances was associated with a higher risk of dementia. Of note, even minimal exposure to MetS components had a significant effect on the risk of dementia.

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Close layer
Clinical Study
Association between Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Metabolic Syndrome in 118,609 Korean Never Smokers Verified by Self-Reported Questionnaire and Urine Cotinine
Ji Hye Kim, Byung Jin Kim, Young Youl Hyun, Jin Ho Kang
Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(4):892-900.   Published online December 23, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.847
  • 9,372 View
  • 112 Download
  • 10 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
No study has reported the association between secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in self-reported never smokers verified by both self-reported questionnaire and urine cotinine.
Methods
A total of 118,609 self-reported and cotinine-verified never smokers (38,385 male; age 34.8±7.1 years) who participated in the Kangbuk Samsung Health Study between 2011 and 2016 were included. Cotinine-verified never smokers were defined as individuals with urinary cotinine <50 ng/mL. SHS exposure was defined as current exposure to passive smoking indoors at home or workplace.
Results
Prevalence of SHS exposure in the overall population was 22.6% (27.4% for males and 20.3% for females (P<0.001). The overall prevalence of MetS was 6.8% and was higher in males than in females (10.7% vs. 4.9%, P<0.001). In both genders, MetS prevalence was higher in the SHS exposure group than the non-SHS exposure group (11.3% vs. 10.4%, P=0.010 for males; 5.8% vs. 4.6%, P<0.001 for females). However, there was significant gender interaction for the association between SHS exposure and MetS (P for interaction=0.010). In the multivariate regression analyses, SHS exposure was associated with increased MetS odds only in females (odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.02 [0.94 to 1.11] in male vs. 1.17 [1.06 to 1.29] in female). In particular, females with SHS exposure of ≥1 hour/day and ≥3 times showed increased odds of MetS compared with those without SHS exposure (1.22 [1.02 to 1.45], 1.30 [1.14 to 1.49]).
Conclusion
This cross-sectional study showed that SHS exposure was significantly associated with prevalence of MetS in self-reported and cotinine-verified female never smokers.

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  • Association between changes in secondhand smoke exposure and incident metabolic syndrome among Korean former smokers
    Byung Jin Kim, Jeong-Gyu Kang
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    Iman Al-Saleh, Rola Elkhatib, Reem Alswayeh, Reem Al-Rouqi, Mawadah Baali, Yara Aljerayed, Sophia S. De Padua, Hissah Alnuwaysir, Ghada Hussein, Habiba Sultana, Naveed Yousaf, Abass Waqar, Khalid Alhusayn, Shoaib Khan, Amber Shammama, Abdullah Aldowaish,
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    Vishal Ramesh Tikhute, Fortune Okafor, Dhananjay Kumar
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    Dongke Guo, Yanna Yu, Zhongxin Zhu
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    Byung Jin Kim
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    Sang Min Park
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    Seung-Ah Choe
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Brief Report
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Comparison of Serum PCSK9 Levels in Subjects with Normoglycemia, Impaired Fasting Glucose, and Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Eugene Han, Nan Hee Cho, Seong-Su Moon, Hochan Cho
Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(2):480-483.   Published online June 24, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.2.480
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
We investigated proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) concentrations in individuals with normoglycemia, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). This was a pilot, cross-sectional study including 92 individuals who had not been diagnosed with or treated for diabetes. We measured PCSK9 levels in three groups of subjects; namely, normoglycemia (n=57), IFG (n=21), and IGT (n=14). Individuals with IFG and IGT showed higher PCSK9 concentrations than those in the normoglycemic group, with the highest serum PCSK9 concentrations found in individuals with IGT (55.25±15.29 ng/mL for normoglycemia, 63.47±17.78 ng/mL for IFG, 72.22±15.46 ng/mL for IGT, analysis of variance P=0.001). There were no significant differences in high- or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol among groups. Serum PCSK9 levels are increased in patients with prediabetes compared to subjects with normoglycemia.

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  • High circulating PCSK9 concentration is associated with increased and sex-specific risks of metabolic disease, diabetes mellitus, MASLD, and long-term mortality in a Taiwanese population
    Kuan-Hung Yeh, Lung-An Hsu, Ngoc Yen Tran, Semon Wu, Yu-Lin Ko
    Lipids in Health and Disease.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Mediation effect of metabolic factors and inflammation on the association of serum uric acid with serum proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 levels
    Wen Guo, Qin Cui, Zhenzhen Fu, Qun Zhang, Jue Jia
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    Mateusz Maligłówka, Michał Kosowski, Marcin Hachuła, Marcin Cyrnek, Łukasz Bułdak, Marcin Basiak, Aleksandra Bołdys, Grzegorz Machnik, Rafał Jakub Bułdak, Bogusław Okopień
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  • Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) levels are not associated with severity of liver disease and are inversely related to cholesterol in a cohort of thirty eight patients with liver cirrhosis
    Susanne Feder, Reiner Wiest, Thomas S. Weiss, Charalampos Aslanidis, Doris Schacherer, Sabrina Krautbauer, Gerhard Liebisch, Christa Buechler
    Lipids in Health and Disease.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Namgok Lecture 2019
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Impact of Skeletal Muscle Mass on Metabolic Health
Gyuri Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(1):1-6.   Published online March 19, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.1.1
  • 32,152 View
  • 574 Download
  • 145 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

Skeletal muscle is regarded as an endocrine and paracrine organ. Muscle-derived secretory proteins, referred to as myokines, mediate interactions between skeletal muscle mass and other organs such as the liver, adipose tissue, pancreas, bone, and the cardiovascular system. As individuals age, reduced levels of physical activity and sarcopenia (loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength) are associated with physical frailty and disability. Recently, several studies have suggested that the loss of skeletal muscle mass may contribute to metabolic disease. Therefore, herein, we focus on the relationships between skeletal muscle mass and metabolic diseases, including metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

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Close layer
Original Articles
Clinical Study
Impact of the Dynamic Change of Metabolic Health Status on the Incident Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
Jung A Kim, Da Hye Kim, Seon Mee Kim, Yong Gyu Park, Nan Hee Kim, Sei Hyun Baik, Kyung Mook Choi, Kyungdo Han, Hye Jin Yoo
Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(4):406-414.   Published online December 23, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.4.406
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background

Metabolically healthy obese (MHO) is regarded as a transient concept. We examined the effect of the dynamic change of metabolic health status on the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) both in obese and normal weight individuals.

Methods

We analyzed 3,479,514 metabolically healthy subjects aged over 20 years from the Korean National Health Screening Program, who underwent health examination between 2009 and 2010, with a follow-up after 4 years. The relative risk for T2DM incidence until the December 2017 was compared among the four groups: stable metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW), unstable MHNW, stable MHO, and unstable MHO.

Results

During the 4 years, 11.1% of subjects in the MHNW group, and 31.5% in the MHO group converted to a metabolically unhealthy phenotype. In the multivariate adjusted model, the unstable MHO group showed the highest risk of T2DM (hazard ratio [HR], 4.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.58 to 4.77). The unstable MHNW group had a higher risk of T2DM than stable MHO group ([HR, 3.23; 95% CI, 3.16 to 3.30] vs. [HR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.76 to 1.85]). The stable MHO group showed a higher risk of T2DM than the stable MHNW group. The influence of the transition into a metabolically unhealthy phenotype on T2DM incidence was greater in subjects with aged <65 years, women, and those with weight gain.

Conclusion

Metabolically healthy phenotype was transient both in normal weight and obese individuals. Maintaining metabolic health was critical for the prevention of T2DM, irrespective of their baseline body mass index.

Citations

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    M. A. Boyarinova, O. P. Rotar, A. M. Erina, N. A. Paskar, A. S. Alieva, E. V. Moguchaia, E. P. Kolesova, A. O. Konradi
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    Hanna Bjørk Klitgaard, Jesper Hoffmann Kilbak, Erica Arhnung Nozawa, Ann V. Seidel, Faidon Magkos
    Current Diabetes Reports.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Tenzin D. Dagpo, Christopher J. Nolan, Viviane Delghingaro-Augusto
    Cells.2020; 9(7): 1596.     CrossRef
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    Mee Kyoung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Sang Youn You, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Kun-Ho Yoon, Seung-Hwan Lee
    Scientific Reports.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Obesity and metabolism.2020; 17(4): 332.     CrossRef
Close layer
Clinical Study
Association between Serum Gamma-Glutamyltransferase and Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Using Data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
Mi Young Lee, Dae Sung Hyon, Ji Hye Huh, Hae Kyung Kim, Sul Ki Han, Jang Young Kim, Sang Baek Koh
Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(4):390-397.   Published online December 23, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.4.390
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  • 147 Download
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a positive correlation between gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and whether GGT can be used as an easily checkable metabolic index using data from the large-scale Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES).

Methods

We obtained data of 211,725 participants of the KoGES. The collected data included age, sex, height, weight, waist circumference, and various biochemical characteristics, including serum GGT levels. The data of study participants who ingested more than 40 g/day of alcohol and who were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome at baseline was excluded. We analyzed the prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to GGT quartiles in both genders.

Results

The GGT level was significantly higher in subjects with metabolic syndrome compared to normal subjects (37.92±48.20 mg/dL vs. 25.62±33.56 mg/dL). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome showed a stepwise increase with GGT quartiles in both male and female subjects. Compared to the lowest GGT quartile, the odds ratio was 1.534 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.432 to 1.643), 1.939 (95% CI, 1.811 to 2.076), and 2.754 (95% CI, 2.572 to 2.948) in men and 1.155 (95% CI, 1.094 to 1.218), 1.528 (95% CI, 1.451 to 1.609), and 2.022 (95% CI, 1.921 to 2.218) in women with increasing GGT quartile. The cutoff value of GGT predicting risk of metabolic syndrome was 27 IU/L in men and 17 IU/L in women.

Conclusion

We suggested that GGT could be an easily checkable marker for the prediction of metabolic syndrome.

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    Chiwook Chung, Kyu Na Lee, Dong Wook Shin, Sei Won Lee, Kyungdo Han
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    Gang Wang, Cui Tang, Rui Wang, Chundao Xu, Tugang Shen, Gaokai Li
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  • Associating Liver Enzymes and Their Interactions with Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence in a Japanese Working Population
    Aziz Jamal, Akira Babazono, Ning Liu, Rieko Yamao, Takako Fujita, Sung-a Kim, Yunfei Li
    Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders.2024; 22(1): 27.     CrossRef
  • Association between gamma glutamyl transpeptidase to HDL-Cholesterol (GGT/HDL-C) ratio and metabolic syndrome resolution after sleeve gastrectomy
    Melanni L. Lizarbe-Lezama, Jhoel E. Rodriguez-Macedo, Daniel Fernandez-Guzman, Ana L. Alcantara-Diaz, Gustavo Salinas-Sedo, Carlos J. Toro-Huamanchumo
    Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Rosanna Villani, Grazia Pia Magnati, Giulia Tuccari, Moris Sangineto, Antonino Davide Romano, Tommaso Cassano, Gaetano Serviddio
    Ultrasound.2023; 31(3): 177.     CrossRef
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    Jiwon Kwak, In-Ho Seo, Yong-Jae Lee
    Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Bobbili Tarun Kesava Naidu, Kakarlapudi Santosh Raju, Janapareddi V BhaskaraRao, Nallapati Sunil Kumar
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    Elena Raya-Cano, Rafael Molina-Luque, Manuel Vaquero-Abellán, Guillermo Molina-Recio, Rocío Jiménez-Mérida, Manuel Romero-Saldaña
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    Akshay Shelar, Nalini Humaney, Akshay Chhajed, Krunal Domki, Ajay Narwade
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    Xinping Jiang, Zhang Yang, Shuai Wang, Shuanglin Deng
    Frontiers in Genetics.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Mohammadhossein Somi, Seyed Sina Zakavi, Alireza Ostadrahimi, Negin Frounchi, Neda Gilani, Sarvin Sanaie, Elnaz Faramarzi
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    Eun Jung Choi, Sang Yeoup Lee
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Close layer
Clinical Study
Associations of Metabolic Syndrome with Total Testosterone and Homocysteine Levels in Male Korean Workers
Sook Hee Sung, Nam Hee Kim, Sun Pyo Hong, Jong-Keun Lee, Seung Jin Choi
Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(2):158-168.   Published online June 24, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.2.158
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  • 9 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

Low testosterone is associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS), and homocysteine (Hcy) is elevated in individuals with MetS. We investigated the relationships of total testosterone (TT) and serum Hcy levels with MetS in male Korean workers.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study including 8,606 male workers, aged 20 to 58 years, who underwent a physical examination in 2015. MetS was diagnosed based on the criteria of the 2009 harmonized definition, while the Korean standard for waist circumference (WC) was used. Participants' biochemical parameters, including TT and serum Hcy, were measured, and participants were divided into quartiles. Multiple logistic regression models were used to estimate the association of MetS and its individual components depending on TT and serum Hcy quartiles.

Results

The prevalence of MetS in the study population was 16%. TT was lower in participants with MetS than in those without MetS (P<0.001). By contrast, Hcy level was similar between groups (P=0.694). In multiple logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio for the lowest TT quartile was 1.29 (95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 1.57) after adjusting for potential confounders. Participants with lower TT were more likely to have high WC, hypertriglyceridemia, and low high density lipoprotein levels. Serum Hcy levels were not significantly associated with MetS. Of the five components of MetS, only WC was significantly associated with serum Hcy.

Conclusion

In male Korean workers, TT may be an independent predictor of MetS, and serum Hcy levels could be a marker of abdominal obesity. However, future prospective studies are needed.

Citations

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  • Association of elevated TyHGB index with higher prevalence of testosterone deficiency in male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
    Chunmei Li, Shouxing Yang, Jing Xu, Zhijuan Dai
    European Journal of Medical Research.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Tanjian Li, Lulu Chen, Xin Liang, Xinya Li, Yaqin Li, Yuting Huang, Yu Wang
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    Xin Zhao, Xiaohong Lyu, Hai Wang, Yanan Li, Fei Peng, Yushi Zhang
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    Nicolas Scheyer, Rosa-Maria Guéant-Rodriguez, Mikaël Agopiantz, Brigitte Leininger-Muller
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    Jiajie Bi, Jing Ma, Chaoju Yang, Yuanjing Li, Xuan Liu, Yanqing Tie, Shusong Wang, Raul Sanchez
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    Bangwei Che, Shenglan Yuan, Hongyan Zhang, Jiancheng Zhai, Yang Zhang, Chuanchuan Wu, Kaifa Tang
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    ChunMei Li, Jing Xu
    Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Shenghao Wu, Yanhong Wu, Lizi Fang, Junzhao Zhao, Yaoyao Cai, Weiting Xia
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    Juan R. Ulloque-Badaracco, Enrique A. Hernandez-Bustamante, Esteban A. Alarcon-Braga, Ali Al-kassab-Córdova, Juan C. Cabrera-Guzmán, Percy Herrera-Añazco, Vicente A. Benites-Zapata
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Close layer
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance Syndrome among Infertile Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study from Central Vietnam
Minh Tam Le, Vu Quoc Huy Nguyen, Quang Vinh Truong, Dinh Duong Le, Viet Nguyen Sa Le, Ngoc Thanh Cao
Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(4):447-458.   Published online November 30, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.4.447
  • 10,411 View
  • 109 Download
  • 13 Web of Science
  • 17 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrinopathies among reproductive-age women. Its metabolic features often overlap with those associated with metabolic syndrome (MS) and insulin resistance syndrome (IRS). The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and predictors of MS and IRS in infertile Vietnamese women with PCOS.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary fertility centre at Hue University Hospital from June 2016 to November 2017. A total of 441 infertile women diagnosed with PCOS based on the revised 2003 Rotterdam consensus criteria were enrolled. MS and IRS were defined based on the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association Adult Treatment Panel III 2005 and American College of Endocrinology IRS 2003 criteria, respectively. Complete clinical and biochemical measurements of 318 women were available for analysis. Independent predictors of MS and IRS were identified using multivariate logistic regression.

Results

The overall prevalence of MS and IRS in women with PCOS was 10.4% and 27.0%, respectively. We identified older age (>30 years) and obesity as independent predictors of MS and IRS. Elevated anti-Müllerian hormone levels increased the risk of IRS, but not that of MS.

Conclusion

MS and IRS are prevalent disorders among infertile Vietnamese women with PCOS. PCOS is not solely a reproductive problem. Screening and early intervention for MS and/or IRS based on anthropometric, metabolic, and reproductive hormone risk factors should be an integral part of fertility care.

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  • The association between triglyceride glucose-body mass index and live birth outcomes in women with clinical pregnancy after frozen-thawed embryo transfer: a cohort study
    Xiliang Wang, Pengshu Zou, Jing Zhou, Yuexin Yu
    BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Le Viet Nguyen Sa, Le Minh Tam, Tran Thi Nhu Quynh, Cao Ngoc Thanh
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    Jianrong Chen, Xianjie Feng, Xu Zhou, Yong Li
    Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2024; 26(1): 3.     CrossRef
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    Mohammed A. Abdalla, Najeeb Shah, Harshal Deshmukh, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Linda Östlundh, Rami H. Al‐Rifai, Stephen L. Atkin, Thozhukat Sathyapalan
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    Thua Nguyen Tran, Huu Dang Tran, Thanh Tung Tran-Huu, Duc Minh Tran, Quang Nhat Tran
    Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy.2022; Volume 15: 1517.     CrossRef
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    Isis Kelly Dos Santos, Luiz Fernando Farias-Junior, Gabriel Soares Pichini, Carlindo Daniel De Medeiros Lopes Ferreira, Victor Sabino Queiros, Gustavo Mafaldo Soares, Breno Guilherme De Araújo Tinoco Cabral, Tecia Maria De Oliveira Maranhão, Paulo Moreira
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    Anita R Bhatia, Peyir Bagra, Jyotsna Suri, Rajni Dawar
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH.2021; : 35.     CrossRef
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    Grzegorz K. Jakubiak, Kamila Osadnik, Mateusz Lejawa, Tadeusz Osadnik, Marcin Goławski, Piotr Lewandowski, Natalia Pawlas
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    Subarna Mitra, Gautom K. Saharia, Saubhagya K. Jena
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    Feng Jiang, Ke Wei, Wenjun Lyu, Chuyan Wu, Mingyue Zheng
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    Xihong Liao, Shujun Cao
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    Mustafa Can, Cevdet Duran, Ibrahim Guney, Halis Elmas, Mehmet Ayhan, Said Sami Erdem
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    Małgorzata Kałużna, Magdalena Człapka-Matyasik, Katarzyna Wachowiak-Ochmańska, Jerzy Moczko, Jolanta Kaczmarek, Adam Janicki, Katarzyna Piątek, Marek Ruchała, Katarzyna Ziemnicka
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Close layer
Mineral, Bone & Muscle
Association between Bone Mineral Density and Albuminuria: Cross-Sectional Analysis of Data from the 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V-2
Tae Yang Yu, Ha-Young Kim, Jeong Mi Lee, Dae Ho Lee, Chung Gu Cho
Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(2):211-218.   Published online May 4, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.2.211
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  • 56 Download
  • 4 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

Albuminuria is known to be independently associated with progression of renal and cardiovascular disease. However, little is known regarding the exact relationship between albuminuria and bone mineral density (BMD). The aim of this population-based study conducted in Korea was to identify the association between albuminuria and BMD.

Methods

We performed a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-2) 2011. BMD was measured for total hip (TH), femur neck (FN), and lumbar spine (LS). Analysis of covariance was used to compare BMD levels between the groups at the TH, FN, and LS sites, after adjusting for age. Separate analyses were performed according to sex; women were divided into two groups according to menopausal status and each group was subdivided into three according to urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (level 1, <30 mg/g; level 2, 30 to 299 mg/g; level 3, ≥300 mg/g).

Results

Data on a total of 1,831 adults (857 men and 974 women) were analyzed. In postmenopausal women, after adjusting for age, BMD of TH tended to decrease as levels of albuminuria increased (0.767±0.117, 0.757±0.129, 0.752±0.118, respectively; P=0.040). However, there was no significant difference in BMD according to albuminuria level in premenopausal women and men.

Conclusion

Level of albuminuria was closely related with BMD of TH in postmenopausal women, after adjusting for age, but there was no significant relationship between albuminuria and BMD in premenopausal women and men.

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    Yoo Jin Kim, Sang Won Hwang, Taesic Lee, Jun Young Lee, Young Uh, Gulali Aktas
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    Hyen Chul Jo, Gu-Hee Jung, Seong-Ho Ok, Ji Eun Park, Jong Chul Baek
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Close layer
Review Articles
Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Dyslipidemia in Koreans
Jee-Sun Jeong, Hyuk-Sang Kwon
Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(1):30-35.   Published online March 20, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.1.30
  • 10,609 View
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in Koreans 30 years old and over was 19.5% in 2015 according to the Korean Nutrition and Health Examination Survey, which means that one-fifth of adults had hypercholesterolemia. The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia in adults 30 years of age and older was 16.8% in 2015, and men had a 2-fold higher prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia than women (23.9% vs. 10.4%). The awareness of hypercholesterolemia in Koreans was higher in women than among men (62.4% vs. 51.4%). It increased with age; the level of awareness in participants 30 to 49 years of age (32.1% in men and 32.6% in women) was less than half of that observed among respondents ≥65 years old (77.5% in men and 78.0% in women). Regular check-ups for dyslipidemia and the active management thereof are urgent in Korean men aged 30 to 49. In women, the perimenopausal period is crucial for the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome, including dyslipidemia. Overall, improvements in awareness and treatment in the age group of 30 to 49 years in both men and women remain necessary.

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Close layer
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Epidemiology of Childhood Obesity in Korea
Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(4):510-518.   Published online November 3, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.4.510
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

Over the past several decades, the prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically worldwide and is increasing not only in developed countries, but also in developing countries. This increase may lead to an increase in the incidence of chronic diseases throughout the lifespan. In Korean children and adolescents, the prevalence of obesity increased from 6.8% in 1998 to 10.0% in 2013. Obesity is a state that more commonly influences children and adolescents of lower socioeconomic status (SES) than those with a higher SES. However, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a nationally representative sample of Korean adolescents decreased from 1998 to 2012. According to the Diabetes Fact Sheet of the Korean Diabetes Association, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among children aged 18 years or younger was 153.5 per 100,000 in 2006 and 205.0 per 100,000 in 2013. Obesity is a complex disease influenced by many interacting factors, such as adipocytokines, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, adenovirus 36 infection, birth weight, lifestyle, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Obesity in youth can adversely impact practically every organ system and lead to serious consequences, such as metabolic, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, cardiovascular, and psychosocial complications. Therefore, coordinated efforts by governments, organizations, communities, and individuals are needed to prevent and treat childhood obesity. In particular, a long-term policy to improve the social environment will also be necessary.

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Close layer
Original Articles
Clinical Study
Prevalence of Reduced Kidney Function by Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Using an Equation Based on Creatinine and Cystatin C in Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Korean Adults
Yang Ho Kang, Dong Wook Jeong, Seok Man Son
Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(3):446-453.   Published online August 2, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.3.446
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

It is known that metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with chronic kidney disease. We evaluated and compared the prevalence of reduced kidney function in MetS and its components by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using an equation based on creatinine (eGFRcr), cystatin C (eGFRcys), and combined creatinine-cystatin C (eGFRcr-cys) in Korean adults.

Methods

We analyzed data from 3,649 adults who participated in a comprehensive health examination.

Results

Mean values of eGFRcys were higher compared with mean values of eGFRcr (96.1±18.2 mL/min/1.73 m2 vs. 91.2±13.6 mL/min/1.73 m2) in total subjects. The prevalence of reduced kidney function increased with age (9.6% for eGFRcys vs. 5.8% for eGFRcr-cys vs. 4.9% for eGFRcr, in subjects aged ≥60 years), and significantly increased with MetS, abdominal obesity, hypertension, high triglyceride, low high density lipoprotein (HDL), and high insulin resistance. The prevalence of MetS, abdominal obesity, hypertension, high insulin resistance, low HDL, and hepatic steatosis was significantly increased in subjects with reduced kidney function. This increased prevalence and the odds ratio of reduced kidney function for prevalence of MetS was highest for eGFRcys, followed by those of eGFRcr-cys, and eGFRcr.

Conclusion

The prevalence of reduced kidney function by eGFR was significantly increased in subjects with MetS and its related components. eGFRcys and eGFRcr-cys were superior to eGFRcr in detecting reduced kidney function.

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Close layer
Clinical Study
Triiodothyronine Levels Are Independently Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Euthyroid Middle-Aged Subjects
Hye Jeong Kim, Ji Cheol Bae, Hyeong Kyu Park, Dong Won Byun, Kyoil Suh, Myung Hi Yoo, Jae Hyeon Kim, Yong-Ki Min, Sun Wook Kim, Jae Hoon Chung
Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(2):311-319.   Published online May 13, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.2.311
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   
Background

Recent studies have shown an association between thyroid hormone levels and metabolic syndrome (MetS) among euthyroid individuals; however, there have been some inconsistencies between studies. Here, we evaluated the relationship between thyroid hormone levels and MetS in euthyroid middle-aged subjects in a large cohort.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 13,496 euthyroid middle-aged subjects who participated in comprehensive health examinations was performed. Subjects were grouped according to thyroid stimulating hormone, total triiodothyronine (T3), total thyroxine (T4), and T3-to-T4 ratio quartile categories. We estimated the odds ratios (ORs) for MetS according to thyroid hormone quartiles using logistic regression models, adjusted for potential confounders.

Results

Of the study patients, 12% (n=1,664) had MetS. A higher T3 level and T3-to-T4 ratio were associated with unfavourable metabolic profiles, such as higher body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, fasting glucose and glycated hemoglobin, and lower high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The proportion of participants with MetS increased across the T3 quartile categories (P for trend <0.001) and the T3-to-T4 ratio quartile categories (P for trend <0.001). The multi-variate-adjusted OR (95% confidence interval) for MetS in the highest T3 quartile group was 1.249 (1.020 to 1.529) compared to the lowest T3 quartile group, and that in the highest T3-to-T4 ratio quartile group was 1.458 (1.141 to 1.863) compared to the lowest T3-to-T4 ratio quartile group, even after adjustment for potential confounders.

Conclusion

Serum T3 levels and T3-to-T4 ratio are independently associated with MetS in euthyroid middle-aged subjects. Longitudinal studies are needed to define this association and its potential health implications.

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Close layer
Clinical Study
Effect of Pitavastatin Treatment on ApoB-48 and Lp-PLA2 in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: Substudy of PROspective Comparative Clinical Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of PITavastatin in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
Hyo-Sun Lee, Chang Hee Jung, Sung Rae Kim, Hak Chul Jang, Cheol-Young Park
Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(1):120-126.   Published online March 16, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.1.120
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

Apolipoprotein (Apo) B-48 is an intestinally derived lipoprotein that is expected to be a marker for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is a vascular-specific inflammatory marker and important risk predictor of CVD. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of pitavastatin treatment and life style modification (LSM) on ApoB-48 and Lp-PLA2 levels in metabolic syndrome (MS) patients at relatively low risk for CVD, as a sub-analysis of a previous multi-center prospective study.

Methods

We enrolled 75 patients with MS from the PROPIT study and randomized them into two treatment groups: 2 mg pitavastatin daily+intensive LSM or intensive LSM only. We measured the change of lipid profiles, ApoB-48 and Lp-PLA2 for 48 weeks.

Results

Total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and ApoB-100/A1 ratio were significantly improved in the pitavastatin+LSM group compared to the LSM only group (P≤0.001). Pitavastatin+LSM did not change the level of ApoB-48 in subjects overall, but the level of ApoB-48 was significantly lower in the higher mean baseline value group of ApoB-48. The change in Lp-PLA2 was not significant after intervention in either group after treatment with pitavastatin for 1 year.

Conclusion

Pitavastatin treatment and LSM significantly improved lipid profiles, ApoB-100/A1 ratio, and reduced ApoB-48 levels in the higher mean baseline value group of ApoB-48, but did not significantly alter the Lp-PLA2 levels.

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Close layer
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Plasma Adiponectin Levels in Elderly Patients with Prediabetes
Si Eun Kong, Yea Eun Kang, Kyong Hye Joung, Ju Hee Lee, Hyun Jin Kim, Bon Jeong Ku
Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(3):326-333.   Published online August 4, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.3.326
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

The significance of adiponectin levels in elderly individuals with prediabetes has yet to be determined. Thus, the present study was performed to evaluate the relationships between adiponectin levels and anthropometric variables, body composition parameters, insulin sensitivity, and lipid profiles in elderly prediabetic patients.

Methods

The present study included 120 subjects with prediabetes who were >65 years of age and were selected from among 1,993 subjects enrolled in the Korea Rural Genomic Cohort Study. All subjects underwent a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test and tests for measurement of insulin sensitivity. All diagnoses of prediabetes satisfied the criteria of the American Diabetes Association.

Results

Plasma adiponectin levels were lower in elderly prediabetic subjects than elderly subjects with normal glucose tolerance (P<0.01) as well as in elderly prediabetic patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) than in those without MetS (P<0.02). When the subjects were categorized into two groups according to plasma adiponectin levels, the waist-to-hip ratio and 2-hour insulin levels were significantly lower in individuals with high plasma adiponectin levels than in those with low plasma adiponectin levels. Additionally, the plasma adiponectin levels of elderly prediabetic subject were inversely correlated with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio, visceral fat, visceral fat ratio, and 2-hour insulin levels.

Conclusion

The present findings demonstrated that the major factors correlated with adiponectin levels in elderly prediabetic subjects were BMI, WC, waist-to-hip ratio, visceral fat, visceral fat ratio, and 2-hour insulin levels.

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Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Apolipoprotein B Is Related to Metabolic Syndrome Independently of Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Younghyup Lim, Soyeon Yoo, Sang Ah Lee, Sang Ouk Chin, Dahee Heo, Jae Cheol Moon, Shinhang Moon, Kiyoung Boo, Seong Taeg Kim, Hye Mi Seo, Hyeyoung Jwa, Gwanpyo Koh
Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(2):208-215.   Published online June 30, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.2.208
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

Increased low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level and the presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recent studies demonstrated apolipoprotein B (apoB), a protein mainly located in LDL-C, was an independent predictor of the development of CVD especially in patients with T2DM. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between apoB and MetS in T2DM patients.

Methods

We analyzed 912 patients with T2DM. Fasting blood samples were taken for glycated hemoglobin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C, and apoB. MetS was defined by the modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. We performed a hierarchical regression analysis with apoB as the dependent variable. Age, sex, the number of components of MetS and LDL-C were entered at model 1, the use of lipid-lowering medications at model 2, and the individual components of MetS were added at model 3.

Results

Seventy percent of total subjects had MetS. ApoB level was higher in subjects with than those without MetS (104.5±53.3 mg/dL vs. 87.7±33.7 mg/dL, P<0.01) even after adjusting for LDL-C. ApoB and LDL-C were positively correlated to the number of MetS components. The hierarchical regression analysis showed that the increasing number of MetS components was associated with higher level of apoB at step 1 and step 2 (β=0.120, P<0.001 and β=0.110, P<0.001, respectively). At step 3, TG (β=0.116, P<0.001) and systolic blood pressure (β=0.099, P<0.05) were found to significantly contribute to apoB.

Conclusion

In patients with T2DM, apoB is significantly related to MetS independently of LDL-C level. Of the components of MetS, TG, and systolic blood pressure appeared to be determinants of apoB.

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Close layer
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption Is Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Iranian Adults: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
Hanieh-Sadat Ejtahed, Zahra Bahadoran, Parvin Mirmiran, Fereidoun Azizi
Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(3):334-342.   Published online May 18, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.3.334
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of multiple metabolic abnormalities, is one of the major public health challenges worldwide. The current study was conducted to evaluate the association between sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and MetS and its components in Iranian adults.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted among 5,852 men and women, aged 19 to 70 years, who participated in the fourth phase (2009 to 2011) of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Demographics, anthropometrics, biochemical measurements, and blood pressure (BP) were assessed and MetS was defined by National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III definition. Frequency and quantity of SSB intakes including carbonated drinks and synthetic fruit juices were collected using a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire.

Results

Mean age of participants (43%, men) was 40.6±12.9 years. Significant positive associations between SSBs and waist circumference, triglyceride level, systolic and diastolic BP in the third and fourth quartile of SSBs were observed, after adjustment for all potential confounding variables. The odds of MetS in the third and fourth quartiles compared to the first quartile category of SSBs was 1.21 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 1.45) and 1.30 (95% CI, 1.06 to 1.58), respectively (P for trend=0.03). The odds of MetS, abdominal obesity, low high density lipoprotein cholesterol and elevated BP had increasing trends across increasing of SSB consumption (P for trend <0.05).

Conclusion

Higher intake of SSBs was associated with the higher odds of MetS in adults. It is suggested that reducing consumption of SSBs could be a practical approach to prevent metabolic abnormalities.

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Close layer
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Sex Factors in the Metabolic Syndrome as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease
Sunghwan Suh, Jongha Baek, Ji Cheol Bae, Kyoung-Nyoun Kim, Mi Kyoung Park, Duk Kyu Kim, Nam H. Cho, Moon-Kyu Lee
Endocrinol Metab. 2014;29(4):522-529.   Published online December 29, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2014.29.4.522
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a condition characterized by a cluster of metabolic disorders and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study analyzed data from the Korean Health and Genome Study to examine the impact of MetS on CVD.

Methods

A total of 8,898 subjects (4,241 males and 4,657 females), 40 to 69 years of age, were enrolled and evaluated for the development of new onset CVD from 2001 to 2012 (median 8.1 years of follow-up).

Results

The prevalence of MetS at baseline was 22.0% (932/4,241) and 29.7% (1,383/4,657) in males and females, respectively. MetS was associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD; hazard ratio [HR], 1.818; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.312 to 2.520 in males; HR, 1.789; 95% CI, 1.332 to 2.404 in females) and CVD (HR, 1.689; 95% CI, 1.295 to 2.204 in males; HR, 1.686; 95% CI, 1.007 to 2.192 in females). Specifically, MetS was associated with risk of future stroke in females only (HR, 1.486; 95% CI, 1.007 to 2.192). Among MetS components, abdominal obesity and hypertension were independent predictors of both CHD and CVD. In addition, a higher number of MetS components correlated with higher CVD risk.

Conclusion

MetS is a significant risk factor for the development of CVD although its impact varies between sexes.

Citations

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    Haejung Lee, DaeEun Lee, Sukhyun Jun
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    Chaeyoung Park, Boeun Han, Yujin Lee
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    Hongye Wei, Ziyi Qiu, Ziting Gao, Yajing Wei, Jun Xiao, Wuqing Huang
    American Journal of Preventive Cardiology.2025; 23: 101279.     CrossRef
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    Mikkel Roulund Wilken, Max Norman Tandrup Lambert, Christine Bodelund Christensen, Per Bendix Jeppesen
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    Won-Young Lee
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Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Increased Risk of Diabetes Development in Subjects with the Hypertriglyceridemic Waist Phenotype: A 4-Year Longitudinal Study
Ki Joong Han, Shin Yeoung Lee, Nam Hee Kim, Hyun Beom Chae, Tae Hoon Lee, Choel Min Jang, Kyung Mo Yoo, Hae Jung Park, Min Kyung Lee, Won Seon Jeon, Se Eun Park, Cheol-Young Park, Won-Young Lee, Ki-Won Oh, Sung-Woo Park, Eun-Jung Rhee
Endocrinol Metab. 2014;29(4):514-521.   Published online December 29, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2014.29.4.514
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  • 22 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

The hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTGW) phenotype is a simple and inexpensive screening parameter to identify people at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We evaluated whether the HTGW phenotype predicts diabetes in urban Korean adults.

Methods

A total of 2,900 nondiabetic subjects (mean age 44.3 years), comprising 2,078 males (71.7%) and 822 females (28.3%) who underwent annual medical check-ups at our center between January 2005 and December 2009, were recruited. The subjects were divided into four groups according to baseline serum triglyceride (TG) level and waist circumference (WC): normal WC-normal TG (NWNT) level, normal WC-high TG level, enlarged WC-normal TG level, and enlarged WC-high TG (EWHT) level. High serum TG level was defined as ≥150 mg/dL and enlarged WC was defined as ≥90 cm for men and ≥85 cm for women. New cases of diabetes were determined according to questionnaires filled in by participants and the diagnostic criteria of the American Diabetes Association. Cox proportional hazards model analysis was used to assess the association of HTGW phenotype with the incidence of diabetes.

Results

A total of 101 (3.5%) new diabetes cases were diagnosed during the study period. The EWHT group had a higher incidence of diabetes (8.3%) compared with the NWNT group (2.2%). The adjusted hazard ratio for diabetes for subjects with the EWHT phenotype at baseline was 4.113 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.397 to 7.059) after adjustment for age, and 2.429 (95% CI, 1.370 to 4.307) after adjustment for age, sex, total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and alcohol drinking history. It was attenuated by inclusion of baseline fasting glucose level in the model.

Conclusion

Subjects with the HTGW phenotype showed the highest risk of incident diabetes. This tool could be useful for identifying individuals at high risk of diabetes.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
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    Luca Havelda, Eszter Ágnes Szalai, Mahmoud Obeidat, Dalma Dobszai, Dániel Sándor Veres, Tamás Kói, Emese Sipter, Szilárd Váncsa, Péter Jenő Hegyi, Maria Bucur, Anita Molnár, Klára Lara Vámossy, Péter Hegyi, Andrea Szentesi
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    Won-Young Lee
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    Seung-Hwan Lee, Hae Kyung Yang, Hee-Sung Ha, Jin-Hee Lee, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Yong-Moon Park, Hyeon-Woo Yim, Moo-Il Kang, Won-Chul Lee, Ho-Young Son, Kun-Ho Yoon
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Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Comparison of Serum Ferritin and Vitamin D in Association with the Severity of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Korean Adults
Dong Wook Jeong, Hye Won Lee, Young Hye Cho, Dong Won Yi, Sang Yeoup Lee, Seok Man Son, Yang Ho Kang
Endocrinol Metab. 2014;29(4):479-488.   Published online December 29, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2014.29.4.479
  • 12,665 View
  • 45 Download
  • 14 Web of Science
  • 14 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

Increased serum ferritin and decreased vitamin D levels associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, their association with the severity of NAFLD has not been fully evaluated. The aim of this study was to compare the association of serum ferritin and 25(OH)D3 levels with the severity of ultrasonographically detected NAFLD (US-NAFLD) and hepatic steatosis defined by fatty liver index (FLI) in Korean adults.

Methods

A cross-sectional analysis of clinical and anthropometric data, including serum ferritin and 25(OH)D3, from men (n=295) and women (n=263) who underwent a routine health check-up in 2012.

Results

In men, with an increase in the quartile of serum ferritin level, the incidences of subjects with metabolic syndrome (P=0.002), US-NAFLD (P=0.041), and FLI ≥60 (P=0.010) were significantly elevated. In women, the incidence of subjects with US-NAFLD was also significantly elevated with increases in the serum ferritin quartile (P=0.012). Regarding 25(OH)D3, no statistical differences were observed among the different quartiles in either gender. Serum ferritin level significantly increased as the severity of US-NAFLD increased (P<0.001); however, no significant differences in 25(OH)D3 level were observed in men. No significant differences in either serum ferritin or 25(OH)D3 level were observed among women with different levels of severity of US-NAFLD.

Conclusion

Increased serum ferritin level showed a closer association with severity of NAFLD compared with level of serum vitamin D, suggesting that serum ferritin level may be a better marker than vitamin D level for predicting the severity of US-NAFLD and hepatic steatosis in a clinical setting.

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Review Article
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Optimal Waist Circumference Cutoff Values for the Diagnosis of Abdominal Obesity in Korean Adults
Yeong Sook Yoon, Sang Woo Oh
Endocrinol Metab. 2014;29(4):418-426.   Published online December 29, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2014.29.4.418
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

Abdominal obesity is associated closely with insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Waist circumference (WC) is a useful surrogate marker commonly used for abdominal adiposity. The determination of WC cutoff levels is important in the prevention and treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and related cardiovascular diseases. Recent epidemiological evidence suggested that appropriate optimal cutoffs for Koreans ranged over 80 to 89.8 cm in males and 76.1 to 86.5 cm in females. We analyzed the data from two large cohorts using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis with the incidences of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cerebrovascular disease, myocardial infarct, angina, coronary artery disease, and multiple metabolic risk factors as outcome variables. Optimal WC cutoff points for Koreans were 85 cm in males and 80 cm in females. However, considering the prevalence of abdominal obesity and the health costs for its prevention and management, 90 cm in males and 85 cm in females are probably more appropriate thresholds for abdominal obesity. These values may be modified once better research is performed through prospective studies using representative populations, common health outcomes, and proper analytical approaches.

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Original Articles
APOA5 Polymorphism Is Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Postmenopausal Women.
Doh Hee Kim, Seung Hee Lee, Kyung Hoon Han, Chae Bong Kim, Kwan Young Song, Sook Cho, Kye Heui Lee
Endocrinol Metab. 2012;27(4):276-281.   Published online December 20, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2012.27.4.276
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  • 24 Download
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Menopause is an independent risk factor in metabolic syndrome which induced an alteration of the lipid metabolism by hormonal changes. Apolipoprotein A5 gene (APOA5) was related to the regulation of triglyceride and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level with biosynthesis and decomposition. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between APOA5 polymorphism and metabolic syndrome in Korean postmenopausal women. METHODS: This study included 307 postmenopausal women with anthropometric and biochemical measurement in 2010-2011. The polymorphism of APOA5 was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method with MseI restriction enzyme. RESULTS: The metabolic syndrome prevalence with TT genotype was significantly lower than the frequency in those with TC/CC (27.09%, 38.46%, and 45.71% for TT, TC, and CC, respectively; P < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis of metabolic syndrome risk factors indicated that postmenopausal women with CC genotype had a higher risk with 3 times than that in TT genotype (P < 0.05). APOA5 C carriers showed an increased risk of triglyceride level (odd ratio, 2.93 and 1.85 for CC and TC+CC, respectively; P < 0.05). Interestingly, HDL-C was related to triglyceride directly in comparison to APOA5. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that APOA5 has an influence on serum triglyceride and HDL-C, which contribute to metabolic syndrome in Korean postmenopausal women.

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  • Effects of a 3-year dietary intervention on age-related changes in triglyceride and apolipoprotein A-V levels in patients with impaired fasting glucose or new-onset type 2 diabetes as a function of the APOA5 -1131 T > C polymorphism
    Minjoo Kim, Jey Sook Chae, Miri Kim, Sang-Hyun Lee, Jong Ho Lee
    Nutrition Journal.2014;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • APOA5Polymorphism Is Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Postmenopausal Women
    Mi Hae Seo, Won Young Lee
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2012; 27(4): 274.     CrossRef
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Alanine Aminotransferase as a Predictor of Metabolic Syndrome in Koreans.
Ji Hae Kwon, Yong Seong An, Yang Ho Kang, Seok Man Son, In Ju Kim, Yong Ki Kim
J Korean Endocr Soc. 2008;23(6):404-412.   Published online December 1, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2008.23.6.404
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  • 3 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
AIMS: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is associated with insulin resistance, and is independent of the general metabolic measures. Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is regarded as a predictor of diabetes mellitus. We analyzed which of ALT or GGT is better tool to preestimate the development of metabolic syndrome. METHOD: A total of 1203 Koreans who visited the Institute of Health in Pusan National University Hospital from January 2005 to August 2006 were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Their median age was 51 years old, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 16.4% (n = 197). We excluded the subjects with diabetes mellitus, hypertension and viral hepatitis or those subjects with a level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or gamma-glutamyltransferase (r-GGT) > 80 IU/L. RESULTS: For all the patients in the metabolic syndrome group, the median homeostatic assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), the waist circumference, the fasting blood glucose level, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure were all associated with the ALT level (P < 0.05). For the nonmetabolic syndrome group, all the metabolic risk factors were associated with the ALT level (P < 0.05). On logistic regression analysis, after correction for age, alcohol intake, HOMA-IR and body mass index, the logALT maintained a highly predictive value for metabolic syndrome, and this was better than the logGGT [odds ratio (OR) of logALT: 18.489, odds ratio of logGGT: 2.024] (P < 0.001). The risk of developing metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in the above 50 percentile and the above 75 percentile of ALT than in the lowest quartile. [for men - OR: 3.6; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.2-5.9; OR: 6.9; 95% CI: 4.3-10.9] [for women - OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.5-4.7; OR: 6.5; 95% CI: 3.8-11] (P < 0.001). The cut-off value of ALT by the ROC curve was 24 IU/L for men (sensitivity: 64.3%, specificity: 66%, negative predictive value: 99.5%) and 20 IU/L for women (sensitivity: 78.9%, specificity: 61.4%, negative predictive value: 84.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Even although patients can have an ALT level that's included within the upper normal level, we may consider the probability that these patients will have metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, in our analysis, the ALT level is a better predictor of metabolic syndrome than the GGT level.

Citations

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  • Nutritional Status of Hypertensive Men in Gyeongnam Area
    Hae-Jin Park, Ye-Ji Choi, Sung-Hee Kim
    Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2016; 26(4): 297.     CrossRef
  • Risks of borderline liver enzyme abnormalities to the incidence of impaired fasting glucose and diabetes mellitus: a 7 year follow up study of workers
    Jin-Hyun Yu, Jin-Seok Kim, Mee-Ra Lee, Seong-Yong Yoon, Seong-Yong Cho, Seung-Hyun Yoo, Boo-Il Kim
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2016;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Related Risk Factors of Elderly Residents in Andong Rural Area 2. Based on the Biochemical Measurements and Nutrient Intakes
    Hye-Sang Lee, Chong-Suk Kwon
    Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2010; 39(10): 1459.     CrossRef
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The Effect of Fenofibrate and Exercise on Metabolic Syndrome and Hepatic Steatosis in OLETF Rats.
Kyung II Lee, Ji Min Kim, Ja Young Park, Ja Won Kim, Ji Young Mok, Mi Kyoung Park, Hye Jeong Lee, Sook Hee Hong, Wenjun Li, Duk Kyu Kim
J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(3):192-202.   Published online June 1, 2007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.3.192
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
The aim of this study is to verify the effects of fenofibrate monotherapy and fenofibrate combined with exercise for improving metabolic syndrome and hepatic steatosis. METHODS: Thirty-four weeks old OLETF rats (Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty Rats, n = 20) were divided four groups: the regular diet group (n = 5, DD group), the exercise group (n = 5, DE group), the fenofibrate (100 mg/kg) treated group (n = 5, DF group) and the combination treatment group {fenofibrate and exercise (n = 5, EF group)}. After 5 weeks of treatment, blood was drawn for measuring the blood glucose, insulin, lipid and leptin levels. All the subjects were sacrificed for assessment of their body adiposity and hepatic steatosis. RESULTS: The total amount of food intake, body weight and total body weight of the rat were significantly decreased in the EF and DF groups compared to the DD group. The plasma triglyceride and glucose levels were significantly decreased in the EF and DF groups compared to the DD group. The HOMA-IR of EF, DF and DE groups were significantly decreased compared with that of the DD group. The plasma leptin levels of the EF and DF groups were significantly decreased compared with those of the DD and DE groups. The hepatic steatosis index was significantly decreased in the EF and DF groups compared to the DD and DE groups. CONCLUSION: Fenofibrate monotherapy was effective to control three major components (obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia) of metabolic syndrome and hepatic steatosis in OLETF rats. Exercise combined with fenofibrate treatment showed an additional effect compared to that of fenofibrate monotherapy.

Citations

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  • Effect of Fenofibrate and Exercise on Metabolic Syndrome and Hepatic Steatosis
    Bong Soo Cha, Jae Hyuk Lee
    Journal of Korean Endocrine Society.2007; 22(3): 188.     CrossRef
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Relationship between Serum Adiponectin and Development of the Metabolic Syndrome.
S S Park, K M Choi, S B Kwon, O H Ryu, H J Ryu, S Y Park, H Y Kim, J A Seo, K W Lee, S G Kim, N H Kim, D S Choi, S H Baik
J Korean Endocr Soc. 2004;19(5):492-500.   Published online October 1, 2004
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
We investigated whether low serum adiponectin concentrations are able to predict the future development of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study, which included 372 elderly Koreans that participated in the South-West Seoul (SWS) study, conducted in 1999 and 2002 in Seoul, Korea. Fasting and post-challenge 2-hour plasma glucose, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), blood pressure, lipid profiles, and serum adiponectin data were examined. RESULTS: Adiponectin concentrations obtained in 1999 and 2002 were highly correlated (r = 0.63, P < 0.0001), and the three-year within-person variation of the adiponectin concentrations was not significant (P=0.61). The serum adiponectin level was closely correlated with metabolic syndrome; negatively with BMI, WHR, blood pressure, triglyceride and blood glucose, and positively with HDL cholesterol. Subjects with metabolic syndrome showed lower serum adiponectin concentrations than those without (P < 0.0001). The baseline adiponectin levels were found to be correlated with subsequent changes in the WHR, LDL cholesterol, and fasting and post-load 2h glucose over the 3-year period, after adjusting the baseline values. A multiple logistic regression analysis showed that lower baseline serum adiponectin concentrations were significantly associated with the developments of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome after adjusting for age, gender, obesity, history of impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension and dyslipidemia. CONCLUSION: Reduced concentrations of adiponectin were found to be independently associated with increase risks of both type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in elderly Koreans
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Metabolic Abnormalities according to Severity of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Korean Adults.
H J Kim, D J Kim, S K Kim, S H Kim, Y M Rhee, C W Ahn, B S Cha, Y D Song, S K Lim, K R Kim, H C Lee, K B Huh
J Korean Endocr Soc. 2002;17(4):514-525.   Published online August 1, 2002
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
We evaluated the frequency of non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, and the associations between the metabolic abnormalities and severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Korean adults using ultrasonography. METHODS: We examined 1074 Korean adults above the age of 30 years, comprising of 502 men and 572 women, participating in medical check-ups at the Health Promotion Center. Hepatitis B and C serologies were negative, and the average weekly alcohol intake was < or = 2 standard drinks. A standard interview, physical exam and biochemical study, were conducted, and an experienced operator carried out ultrasound liver studies. RESULTS: 522 of the subjects had non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and the remaining 552 did not. The frequency in the men was higher than that in the women (57 vs 42%, p<0.05). The frequency of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the subjects without diabetes, obesity or dyslipidemia was 20%. We classified subjects into 4 groups: the controls (n=552) and those with mild (n=218), moderate (n=273) or severe fatty liver disease (n=31), according to their ultrasonographic findings. BMI, waist circumference, body fat, systolic blood pressure, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol, triglyceride, the total- to HDL-cholesterol ratio, impaired fasting glucose, hypertension and insulin resistance, were all significantly increased with the increased severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (p<0.05). Following the multiple regression analyses, waist, alanine aminotransferase, HOMAIR, the total- to HDL-cholesterol ratio, aspartate aminotransferase and systolic blood pressure, were all associated with the severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Odd ratios of insulin resistance in the mild, moderate and severe non-alcoholic fatty liver disease were 14.7 (CI: 6.8~32.0), 6.9 (CI: 4.6~10.3) and 5.7 (CI3.6~8.8), respectively. The percentages of subjects with insulin resistance in each group were 7.6, 32.0, 36.0 and 55.0% (p<0.05), respectively. The percentages of subjects with risk of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in each groups were 5.0, 21.6, 27.8 and 58.1% (p<0.05) respectively. CONCLUSION: The frequency of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was relatively high in Korean adults. Proportional differences in metabolic abnormalities, relation to the severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, were found by ultrasonography.
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The Association between CRP and the Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults.
Sin Gon Kim, Dong Lim Kim, Dong Hyun Shin, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Dong Seop Choi
J Korean Endocr Soc. 2002;17(2):226-235.   Published online April 1, 2002
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is characterized by insulin resistance accompanied by one or more of the following: obesity, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, low HDL cholesterol levels, and/or hypertriglyceridemia. However, the precise underlying pathogenic mechanism of MS is not known. Several recent reports have suggested a positive association between components of MS and markers of the acute-phase response, including C-reactive protein (CRP). These results imply that MS is accompanied by an ongoing inflammatory process. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the association between circulating levels of C-reactive protein, a sensitive systemic marker of inflammation, with components of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. METHODS: A total of 1,461 subjects aged between 20 and 81 years, who visited the Health Management Center at Korea university between November 2000 and February 2001 were studied. We investigated the correlation between CRP levels and components of MS. The components of MS were categorized, and age-sex adjusted mean values of CRP calculated for the categorized components. The BMI was categorized into 5 classes, and the CRP levels examined according to their BMI class. In addition, subjects with a different number of the MS components were grouped as follows: group 1 for 0 components, group 2 for 1 components, group 3 for 2 components and group 4 for > or = 3 components, and the CRP levels calculated for each group. RESULTS: There were significant positive correlations of CRP levels with age, BMI, TG, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting blood glucose (FBS), uric acid, insulin,and homeostasis model assessment IR (HOMAIR). A significant inverse correlation was observed between CRP levels and serum HDL. From the multivariate analysis, age and BMI were significantly correlated with CRP levels. The means of the CRP for the categorized components of MS were significantly higher in the BMI categories: > or =25 for female/27 for male, TG > or =200 mg/dL, fasting plasma glucose > or =126 mg/dL and blood pressure > or =140/90 mmHg, and the CRP levels by BMI class were: 1.19 (BMI <18.5), 1.54 (BMI 18.5~22.9), 1.59 (BMI 23.0~24.9), 1.77 (BMI 25.0~29.9) and 2.07 (BMI >30.0) mg/L. Furthermore, the increase in the CRP levels in relation to the numbers of MS were 1.46 (group 1), 1.70 (group 2), 1.95 (group 3) and 2.11 mg/L (group 4) with statistical significance. CONCLUSION: The above data showed associations between the CRP levels and the different components of MS. This might suggest that MS in Koreans could be accompanied by a systemic inflammation response
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