Background Tissue overexposure to non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) contributes to the development of metabolic conditions, with insulin-mediated suppression of lipolysis being an important mechanism in limiting this overexposure. We investigated which dynamic NEFA insulin-suppression indices derived from the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were best associated with those derived from the insulin-glucose clamp, as well as with central adiposity and glucoregulatory parameters.
Methods This cross-sectional study recruited 29 women without diabetes, 15 healthy women, and 14 women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The OGTT indices of NEFA insulin-suppression were the decremental NEFA area under the curve, negative log-linear NEFA slope, percentage of NEFA suppression (%NEFAsupp) and time to suppress NEFA levels by 50% (T50NEFA). The indices derived from the two-step euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (low-dose insulin step) were delta NEFA and %NEFAsupp.
Results Among the OGTT and clamp indices, T50NEFA[OGTT] and %NEFAsupp[clamp] showed the closest associations in both subgroups (r=–0.58). Additionally, T50NEFA correlated significantly in all women with waist circumference (r=0.64), body fat percentage (r=0.60), fasting insulinemia (r=0.53), and M-value insulin sensitivity index (r=–0.45). Similarly, %NEFAsupp[clamp] correlated significantly in all women with waist circumference (r=–0.57), body fat percentage (r=–0.54), fasting insulinemia (r=–0.55), and M-value insulin sensitivity index (r=0.51). T50NEFA and %NEFAsupp[clamp] also correlated with other anthropometric and metabolic parameters associated with lipotoxicity.
Conclusion For dynamic testing of NEFA insulin-suppression in women, T50NEFA was the OGTT-derived index best correlated with a clamp index (%NEFAsupp). These indices were also the most closely associated with anthropometric and glucoregulatory parameters. Thus, the OGTT-derived T50NEFA appears valid for assessing dynamic antilipolytic insulin action.
The central nervous system regulates feeding, weight and glucose homeostasis in rodents and humans, but the site-specific mechanisms remain unclear. The dorsal vagal complex in the brainstem that contains the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and area postrema (AP) emerges as a regulatory center that impacts energy and glucose balance by monitoring hormonal and nutrient changes. However, the specific mechanistic metabolic roles of the NTS and AP remain elusive. This mini-review highlights methods to study their distinct roles and recent findings on their metabolic differences and similarities of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) action and glucose sensing in the NTS and AP. In summary, future research aims to characterize hormonal and glucose sensing mechanisms in the AP and/or NTS carries potential to unveil novel targets that lower weight and glucose levels in obesity and diabetes.
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Methods Eighteen patients (mean age, 38.6±14.7 years; 66.7% female) with newly diagnosed or relapsed GD attending the endocrinology outpatient clinics in a single institution were recruited between January 2019 and July 2020. All subjects were treated with methimazole to achieve euthyroidism. We explored metabolomics by performing liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of plasma samples of these patients and then performed multivariate statistical analysis of the metabolomics data.
Results Two hundred metabolites were measured before and after 12 weeks of methimazole treatment in patients with GD. The levels of 61 metabolites, including palmitic acid (C16:0) and oleic acid (C18:1), were elevated in methimazole-naïve patients with GD, and these levels were decreased by methimazole treatment. The levels of another 15 metabolites, including glycine and creatinine, were increased after recovery of euthyroidism upon methimazole treatment in patients with GD. Pathway analysis of metabolomics data showed that hyperthyroidism was closely related to aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid biosynthesis and branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis pathways.
Conclusion In this study, significant variations of plasma metabolomic patterns that occur during the transition from hyperthyroidism to euthyroidism were detected in patients with GD via untargeted metabolomics analysis.
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Background High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) plays an important role in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway and prevents atherosclerosis-mediated disease. It has also been suggested that HDL-C may be a protective factor against cancer. However, an inverse correlation between HDL-C and cancer has not been established, and few studies have explored thyroid cancer.
Methods The study participants received health checkups provided by the Korean National Health Insurance Service from 2009 to 2013 and were followed until 2019. Considering the variability of serum HDL-C level, low HDL-C level was analyzed by grouping based on four consecutive health checkups. The data analysis was performed using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models.
Results A total of 3,134,278 total study participants, thyroid cancer occurred in 16,129. In the crude model, the hazard ratios for the association between repeatedly measured low HDL-C levels and thyroid cancer were 1.243, 1.404, 1.486, and 1.680 (P for trend <0.01), respectively, which were significant even after adjusting for age, sex, lifestyle factors, and metabolic diseases. The subgroup analysis revealed that low HDL-C levels likely had a greater impact on the group of patients with central obesity (P for interaction= 0.062), high blood pressure (P for interaction=0.057), impaired fasting glucose (P for interaction=0.051), and hyperlipidemia (P for interaction=0.126).
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Evidence for involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) in the regulation of glucose metabolism dates back to the 19th century, although the majority of the research on glucose metabolism has focused on the peripheral metabolic organs. Due to recent advances in neuroscience, it has now become clear that the CNS is indeed vital for maintaining glucose homeostasis. To achieve normoglycemia, specific populations of neurons and glia in the hypothalamus sense changes in the blood concentrations of glucose and of glucoregulatory hormones such as insulin, leptin, glucagon-like peptide 1, and glucagon. This information is integrated and transmitted to other areas of the brain where it eventually modulates various processes in glucose metabolism (i.e., hepatic glucose production, glucose uptake in the brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, pancreatic insulin and glucagon secretion, renal glucose reabsorption, etc.). Errors in these processes lead to hyper- or hypoglycemia. We here review the current understanding of the brain regulation of glucose metabolism.
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Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(5):1131-1141. Published online October 21, 2021
Background Conventional diagnostic approaches for adrenal tumors require multi-step processes, including imaging studies and dynamic hormone tests. Therefore, this study aimed to discriminate adrenal tumors from a single blood sample based on the combination of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and machine learning algorithms in serum profiling of adrenal steroids.
Methods The LC-MS-based steroid profiling was applied to serum samples obtained from patients with nonfunctioning adenoma (NFA, n=73), Cushing’s syndrome (CS, n=30), and primary aldosteronism (PA, n=40) in a prospective multicenter study of adrenal disease. The decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), and extreme gradient boost (XGBoost) were performed to categorize the subtypes of adrenal tumors.
Results The CS group showed higher serum levels of 11-deoxycortisol than the NFA group, and increased levels of tetrahydrocortisone (THE), 20α-dihydrocortisol, and 6β-hydroxycortisol were found in the PA group. However, the CS group showed lower levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate derivative (DHEA-S) than both the NFA and PA groups. Patients with PA expressed higher serum 18-hydroxycortisol and DHEA but lower THE than NFA patients. The balanced accuracies of DT, RF, and XGBoost for classifying each type were 78%, 96%, and 97%, respectively. In receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis for CS, XGBoost, and RF showed a significantly greater diagnostic power than the DT. However, in ROC analysis for PA, only RF exhibited better diagnostic performance than DT.
Conclusion The combination of LC-MS-based steroid profiling with machine learning algorithms could be a promising one-step diagnostic approach for the classification of adrenal tumor subtypes.
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Background Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis plays an essential role in adipocyte metabolism and its alteration is associated with obesity and related disorders. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels are an important Ca2+ pathway in adipocytes and their activity is regulated by metabolic mediators such as insulin. In this study, we evaluated the role of TRPV4 channels in metabolic activity and adipokine secretion in human white adipocytes.
Methods Human white adipocytes were freshly cultured and the effects of the activation and inhibition of TRPV4 channels on lipolysis, glucose uptake, lactate production, and leptin and adiponectin secretion were evaluated.
Results Under basal and isoproterenol-stimulated conditions, TRPV4 activation by GSK1016709A decreased lipolysis whereas HC067047, an antagonist, increased lipolysis. The activation of TRPV4 resulted in increased glucose uptake and lactate production under both basal conditions and insulin-stimulated conditions; in contrast HC067047 decreased both parameters. Leptin production was increased, and adiponectin production was diminished by TRPV4 activation and its inhibition had the opposite effect.
Conclusion Our results suggested that TRPV4 channels are metabolic mediators involved in proadipogenic processes and glucose metabolism in adipocyte biology. TRPV4 channels could be a potential pharmacological target to treat metabolic disorders.
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