Endocrinology and Metabolism

Review Articles

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Human Tissue-Engineered Skeletal Muscle: A Tool for Metabolic Research: Ji-Hoon Kim, Seung-Min Yu, Jang Won Son; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(3):408-414. Published online June 29, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.302

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub Crossref - TDM: Skeletal muscle is now regarded as an endocrine organ based on its secretion of myokines and exerkines, which, in response to metabolic stimuli, regulate the crosstalk between the skeletal muscle and other metabolic organs in terms of systemic energy homeostasis. This conceptual basis of skeletal muscle as a metabolically active organ has provided insights into the potential role of physical inactivity and conditions altering muscle quality and quantity in the development of multiple metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance, obesity, and diabetes. Therefore, it is important to understand human muscle physiology more deeply in relation to the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases. Since monolayer cell lines or animal models used in conventional research differ from the pathophysiological features of the human body, there is increasing need for more physiologically relevant in vitro models of human skeletal muscle. Here, we introduce recent studies on in vitro models of human skeletal muscle generated from adult myogenic progenitors or pluripotent stem cells and summarize recent progress in the development of three-dimensional (3D) bioartificial muscle, which mimics the physiological complexity of native skeletal muscle tissue in terms of maturation and functionality. We then discuss the future of skeletal muscle 3D-organoid culture technology in the field of metabolic research for studying pathological mechanisms and developing personalized therapeutic strategies.

Miscellaneous
Quality Matters as Much as Quantity of Skeletal Muscle: Clinical Implications of Myosteatosis in Cardiometabolic Health: Hong-Kyu Kim, Chul-Hee Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(6):1161-1174. Published online December 28, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1348

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13 Citations

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub Crossref - TDM

Although age-related changes in skeletal muscles are closely associated with decreases in muscle strength and functional decline, their associations with cardiometabolic diseases in the literature are inconsistent. Such inconsistency could be explained by the fact that muscle quality—which is closely associated with fatty infiltration of the muscle (i.e., myosteatosis)—is as important as muscle quantity in cardiometabolic health. However, muscle quality has been less explored compared with muscle mass. Moreover, the standard definition of myosteatosis and its assessment methods have not been established yet. Recently, some techniques using single axial computed tomography (CT) images have been introduced and utilized in many studies, as the mass and quality of abdominal muscles could be measured opportunistically on abdominal CT scans obtained during routine clinical care. Yet, the mechanisms by which myosteatosis affect metabolic and cardiovascular health remain largely unknown. In this review, we explore the recent advances in the assessment of myosteatosis and its changes associated with aging. We also review the recent literature on the clinical implication of myosteatosis by focusing on metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Finally, we discuss the challenges and unanswered questions that need addressing to set myosteatosis as a therapeutic target for the prevention or treatment of cardiometabolic diseases.

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Association of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase with myosteatosis assessed by muscle quality mapping using abdominal computed tomography
Han Na Jung, Yun Kyung Cho, Hwi Seung Kim, Eun Hee Kim, Min Jung Lee, Joong-Yeol Park, Woo Je Lee, Hong-Kyu Kim, Chang Hee Jung
Clinical Imaging.2023; 93: 4. CrossRef
Increased visceral fat area to skeletal muscle mass ratio is positively associated with the risk of cardiometabolic diseases in a Chinese natural population: A cross‐sectional study
Shi Zhang, Yaping Huang, Jing Li, Xincheng Wang, Xiaohe Wang, Minying Zhang, Yanju Zhang, Meiyang Du, Jingna Lin, Chunjun Li
Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between hypertension and myosteatosis evaluated by abdominal computed tomography
Han Na Jung, Yun Kyung Cho, Hwi Seung Kim, Eun Hee Kim, Min Jung Lee, Woo Je Lee, Hong-Kyu Kim, Chang Hee Jung
Hypertension Research.2023; 46(4): 845. CrossRef
Epidemiological, mechanistic, and practical bases for assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle status in adults in healthcare settings
Jaime A. Gallo-Villegas, Juan C. Calderón
European Journal of Applied Physiology.2023; 123(5): 945. CrossRef
Muscle fat infiltration in chronic kidney disease: a marker related to muscle quality, muscle strength and sarcopenia
Carla Maria Avesani, Aline Miroski de Abreu, Heitor S. Ribeiro, Torkel B. Brismar, Peter Stenvinkel, Alice Sabatino, Bengt Lindholm
Journal of Nephrology.2023; 36(3): 895. CrossRef
IDF2022-1139 Association Between Dyslipidemia And Myosteatosis Using Visual Muscular Quality Map In Computed Tomography
H.S. Kim, H.N. Jung, Y.K. Cho, E.H. Kim, M.J. Lee, W.J. Lee, J.Y. Park, H.K. Kim, C.H. Jung
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2023; 197: 110467. CrossRef
The role of skeletal muscle mass on cardiovascular disease risk: an emerging role on modulating lipid profile
Evangelia Damigou, Matina Kouvari, Demosthenes Panagiotakos
Current Opinion in Cardiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Reference values for low muscle mass and myosteatosis using tomographic muscle measurements in living kidney donors
Lisa B. Westenberg, Marcel Zorgdrager, Tim D. A. Swaab, Marco van Londen, Stephan J. L. Bakker, Henri G. D. Leuvenink, Alain R. Viddeleer, Robert A. Pol
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between sarcopenic obesity and poor muscle quality based on muscle quality map and abdominal computed tomography
Yun Kyung Cho, Han Na Jung, Eun Hee Kim, Min Jung Lee, Joong‐Yeol Park, Woo Je Lee, Hong‐Kyu Kim, Chang Hee Jung
Obesity.2023; 31(6): 1547. CrossRef
Assessment of Muscle Quantity, Quality and Function
Bo Kyung Koo
Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome.2022; 31(1): 9. CrossRef
Influence of cross‐sectional area and fat infiltration of paraspinal muscles on analgesic efficacy of epidural steroid injection in elderly patients
Hee Jung Kim, Miribi Rho, Kyung Bong Yoon, Minju Jo, Dong Woo Lee, Shin Hyung Kim
Pain Practice.2022; 22(7): 621. CrossRef
Sarcopenia, Obesity, Sarcopenic Obesity and Risk of Poor Nutritional Status in Polish Community-Dwelling Older People Aged 60 Years and Over
Marika Murawiak, Roma Krzymińska-Siemaszko, Aleksandra Kaluźniak-Szymanowska, Marta Lewandowicz, Sławomir Tobis, Katarzyna Wieczorowska-Tobis, Ewa Deskur-Śmielecka
Nutrients.2022; 14(14): 2889. CrossRef
Metabolic mechanisms for and treatment of NAFLD or NASH occurring after liver transplantation
Amedeo Lonardo, Alessandro Mantovani, Salvatore Petta, Amedeo Carraro, Christopher D. Byrne, Giovanni Targher
Nature Reviews Endocrinology.2022; 18(10): 638. CrossRef

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Exercise/Resistance Training and Muscle Stem Cells: So-ichiro Fukada, Ayasa Nakamura; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(4):737-744. Published online August 10, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.401

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub Crossref - TDM

Skeletal muscle has attracted attention as endocrine organ, because exercise-dependent cytokines called myokines/exerkines are released from skeletal muscle and are involved in systemic functions. While, local mechanical loading to skeletal muscle by exercise or resistance training alters myofiber type and size and myonuclear number. Skeletal muscle-resident stem cells, known as muscle satellite cells (MuSCs), are responsible for the increased number of myonuclei. Under steady conditions, MuSCs are maintained in a mitotically quiescent state but exit from that state and start to proliferate in response to high physical activity. Alterations in MuSC behavior occur when myofibers are damaged, but the lethal damage to myofibers does not seem to evoke mechanical loading-dependent MuSC activation and proliferation. Given that MuSCs proliferate without damage, it is unclear how the different behaviors of MuSCs are controlled by different physical activities. Recent studies demonstrated that myonuclear number reflects the size of myofibers; hence, it is crucial to know the properties of MuSCs and the mechanism of myonuclear accretion by MuSCs. In addition, the elucidation of mechanical load-dependent changes in muscle resident cells, including MuSCs, will be necessary for the discovery of new myokines/exerkines and understating skeletal muscle diseases.

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Exercise Therapy for People With Sarcopenic Obesity: Myokines and Adipokines as Effective Actors
Hamed Alizadeh Pahlavani
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular mechanisms of exercise contributing to tissue regeneration
Jibao Chen, Ren Zhou, Ye Feng, Lin Cheng
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Receptor-Mediated Muscle Homeostasis as a Target for Sarcopenia Therapeutics: Jong Hyeon Yoon, Ki-Sun Kwon; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(3):478-490. Published online June 28, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1081

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5 Citations

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub Crossref - TDM

Sarcopenia is a disease characterized by age-related decline of skeletal muscle mass and function. The molecular mechanisms of the pathophysiology of sarcopenia form a complex network due to the involvement of multiple interconnected signaling pathways. Therefore, signaling receptors are major targets in pharmacological strategies in general. To provide a rationale for pharmacological interventions for sarcopenia, we herein describe several druggable signaling receptors based on their role in skeletal muscle homeostasis and changes in their activity with aging. A brief overview is presented of the efficacy of corresponding drug candidates under clinical trials. Strategies targeting the androgen receptor, vitamin D receptor, Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, and ghrelin receptor primarily focus on promoting anabolic action using natural ligands or mimetics. Strategies involving activin receptors and angiotensin receptors focus on inhibiting catabolic action. This review may help to select specific targets or combinations of targets in the future.

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Impact of Vitamin D Level on Sarcopenia in Elderly People: A Critical Review
Saniya Khan, Sunil Kumar, Sourya Acharya, Anil Wanjari
Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Alverine citrate promotes myogenic differentiation and ameliorates muscle atrophy
Jong Hyeon Yoon, Seung-Min Lee, Younglang Lee, Min Ju Kim, Jae Won Yang, Jeong Yi Choi, Ju Yeon Kwak, Kwang-Pyo Lee, Yong Ryoul Yang, Ki-Sun Kwon
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.2022; 586: 157. CrossRef
Adeno-associated virus-mediated expression of an inactive CaMKIIβ mutant enhances muscle mass and strength in mice
Takahiro Eguchi, Yuji Yamanashi
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.2022; 589: 192. CrossRef
Gastric Mobility and Gastrointestinal Hormones in Older Patients with Sarcopenia
Hsien-Hao Huang, Tse-Yao Wang, Shan-Fan Yao, Pei-Ying Lin, Julia Chia-Yu Chang, Li-Ning Peng, Liang-Kung Chen, David Hung-Tsang Yen
Nutrients.2022; 14(9): 1897. CrossRef
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Weakness and Sarcopenia
Marcela Kanova, Pavel Kohout
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(15): 8396. CrossRef

Original Article

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Reference Values for Skeletal Muscle Mass at the Third Lumbar Vertebral Level Measured by Computed Tomography in a Healthy Korean Population: Ja Kyung Yoon, Sunyoung Lee, Kyoung Won Kim, Ji Eun Lee, Jeong Ah Hwang, Taeyong Park, Jeongjin Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(3):672-677. Published online June 8, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1041

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub Crossref - TDM

Background
Sarcopenia is defined as the loss of skeletal muscle mass and is associated with negative clinical outcomes. This study aimed to establish sex-specific cutoff values for the skeletal muscle area (SMA) and skeletal muscle index (SMI) at the third lumbar vertebral (L3) level using computed tomography (CT) imaging to identify sarcopenia in healthy Korean liver donors.
Methods
This retrospective study included 659 healthy liver donors (408 men and 251 women) aged 20 to 60 years who had undergone abdominal CT examinations between January 2017 and December 2018. Assessment of body composition was performed with an automated segmentation technique using a deep-learning system. Sex-specific SMA and SMI distributions were assessed, and cutoff values for determining sarcopenia were defined as values at either two standard deviations (SDs) below the mean reference value or below the fifth percentile.
Results
Using the SD definition, cutoff values for SMA and SMI were 117.04 cm² and 39.33 cm²/m², respectively, in men and 71.39 cm² and 27.77 cm²/m², respectively, in women. Using the fifth percentile definition, cutoff values for SMA and SMI were 126.88 cm² and 40.96 cm²/m², respectively, in men and 78.85 cm² and 30.60 cm²/m², respectively, in women.
Conclusion
Our data provide sex-specific cutoff values for the SMA and SMI at the L3 level measured by CT imaging in a healthy Korean population, which may be applicable for identifying sarcopenia in this population.

Citations

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The effect of biological agent on body composition in patients with Crohn’s disease
Eun Jeong Choi, Dong Hoon Baek, Hong Sub Lee, Geun Am Song, Tae Oh Kim, Yong Eun Park, Chang Min Lee, Jong Hoon Lee
BMC Gastroenterology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Estimation of Muscle Mass Using Creatinine/Cystatin C Ratio in Japanese Community-Dwelling Older People
Hiroshi Kusunoki, Yasuharu Tabara, Shotaro Tsuji, Yosuke Wada, Kayoko Tamaki, Koutatsu Nagai, Masako Itoh, Kyoko Sano, Manabu Amano, Hatsuo Maeda, Hideyuki Sugita, Yoko Hasegawa, Hiromitsu Kishimoto, Soji Shimomura, Michiya Igase, Ken Shinmura
Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.2022; 23(5): 902.e21. CrossRef
Defining reference values for low skeletal muscle index at the L3 vertebra level based on computed tomography in healthy adults: A multicentre study
Ming Kong, Nan Geng, Ying Zhou, Ning Lin, Wenyan Song, Manman Xu, Shanshan Li, Yuetong Piao, Zuoqing Han, Rong Guo, Chao Yang, Nan Luo, Zhong Wang, Mengyuan Jiang, Lili Wang, Wanchun Qiu, Junfeng Li, Daimeng Shi, Rongkuan Li, Eddie C. Cheung, Yu Chen, Zho
Clinical Nutrition.2022; 41(2): 396. CrossRef
The Value of Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Imaging in Identifying Diagnostic Markers of Sarcopenia in Patients with Cancer
Ying-Tzu Huang, Yi-Shan Tsai, Peng-Chan Lin, Yu-Min Yeh, Ya-Ting Hsu, Pei-Ying Wu, Meng-Ru Shen, Zhongjie Shi
Disease Markers.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef
Assessment of Muscle Quantity, Quality and Function
Bo Kyung Koo
Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome.2022; 31(1): 9. CrossRef
Computed Tomography-Derived Skeletal Muscle Radiodensity Is an Early, Sensitive Marker of Age-Related Musculoskeletal Changes in Healthy Adults
Yeon Woo Jung, Namki Hong, Joon Chae Na, Woong Kyu Han, Yumie Rhee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(6): 1201. CrossRef

Namgok Lecture 2019

Obesity and Metabolism
Impact of Skeletal Muscle Mass on Metabolic Health: Gyuri Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(1):1-6. Published online March 19, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.1.1

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52 Citations

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub Crossref - TDM

Skeletal muscle is regarded as an endocrine and paracrine organ. Muscle-derived secretory proteins, referred to as myokines, mediate interactions between skeletal muscle mass and other organs such as the liver, adipose tissue, pancreas, bone, and the cardiovascular system. As individuals age, reduced levels of physical activity and sarcopenia (loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength) are associated with physical frailty and disability. Recently, several studies have suggested that the loss of skeletal muscle mass may contribute to metabolic disease. Therefore, herein, we focus on the relationships between skeletal muscle mass and metabolic diseases, including metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Citations

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Skeletal Muscle Myokine Expression in Critical Illness, Association With Outcome and Impact of Therapeutic Interventions
Ilse Vanhorebeek, Jan Gunst, Michaël P Casaer, Inge Derese, Sarah Derde, Lies Pauwels, Johan Segers, Greet Hermans, Rik Gosselink, Greet Van den Berghe
Journal of the Endocrine Society.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of Circadian Rhythm Disturbance on the Human Musculoskeletal System and the Importance of Nutritional Strategies
Norsham Juliana, Liyana Azmi, Nadia Mohd Effendy, Nur Islami Mohd Fahmi Teng, Izuddin Fahmy Abu, Nur Nabilah Abu Bakar, Sahar Azmani, Noor Anisah Abu Yazit, Suhaini Kadiman, Srijit Das
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Molecular mechanisms of post‐burn muscle wasting and the therapeutic potential of physical exercise
Dorien Dombrecht, Ulrike Van Daele, Birgit Van Asbroeck, David Schieffelers, Pieter‐Jan Guns, Nick Gebruers, Jill Meirte, Eric van Breda
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Metabolic Impact of Frailty Changes Diabetes Trajectory
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From Single- to Multi-organ-on-a-Chip System for Studying Metabolic Diseases
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Gulyaev N.I., Adamov A.A., Akhmetshin I.M.
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Frailty and the Interactions between Skeletal Muscle, Bone, and Adipose Tissue-Impact on Cardiovascular Disease and Possible Therapeutic Measures
María Elena Soto, Israel Pérez-Torres, María Esther Rubio-Ruiz, Agustina Cano-Martínez, Linaloe Manzano-Pech, Verónica Guarner-Lans
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Mentale Gesundheit und physische Aktivität
Wolfgang Laube
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Danbi Jo, Gwangho Yoon, Oh Yoen Kim, Juhyun Song
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James W. Daily, Sunmin Park
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Review Article

Obesity and Metabolism
Connecting Myokines and Metabolism: Rexford S. Ahima, Hyeong-Kyu Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(3):235-245. Published online August 4, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.3.235

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Abstract PDF PubReader Crossref - TDM

Skeletal muscle is the largest organ of the body in non-obese individuals and is now considered to be an endocrine organ. Hormones (myokines) secreted by skeletal muscle mediate communications between muscle and liver, adipose tissue, brain, and other organs. Myokines affect muscle mass and myofiber switching, and have profound effects on glucose and lipid metabolism and inflammation, thus contributing to energy homeostasis and the pathogenesis of obesity, diabetes, and other diseases. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the biology of myokines and provide an assessment of their potential as therapeutic targets.

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Original Article

Thyroid
Expression of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor mRNA in Mouse C2C12 Skeletal Muscle Cells: Jung Hun Ohn, Sun Kyoung Han, Do Joon Park, Kyong Soo Park, Young Joo Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2013;28(2):119-124. Published online June 18, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2013.28.2.119

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10 Citations

Abstract PDF PubReader Crossref - TDM

Background

We analyzed whether thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSH-R) is expressed in a skeletal muscle cell line and if TSH has influence on the differentiation of muscle cells or on the determination of muscle fiber types.

Methods

TSH-R gene expression was detected with nested real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in C2C12, a mouse skeletal muscle cell line. The effect of TSH on myotube differentiation was assessed by microscopic examination of myotube formation and through the measurement of expression of muscle differentiation markers, i.e., myogenin and myoD, and muscle type-specific genes, i.e., MyHC1, MyHC2a, and MyHC2b, with quantitative RT-PCR before and after incubation of C2C12 myotube with TSH.

Results

TSH-R was expressed in the mouse skeletal muscle cell line. However, treatment with TSH had little effect on the differentiation of muscle cells, although the expression of the muscle differention marker myogenin was significantly increased after TSH treatment. Treatment of TSH did not affect the expression of muscle type-specific genes.

Conclusion

TSH-R is expressed in a mouse skeletal muscle cell line, but the role of TSH receptor signaling in skeletal muscle needs further investigation.

Citations

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