Endocrinology and Metabolism

Original Article

Mineral, Bone & Muscle Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Elevated Fracture Risks in Patients Using Inhaled Corticosteroids: A Korean Nationwide Study: Sung Hye Kong, Ae Jeong Jo, Chan Mi Park, Kyun Ik Park, Ji Eun Yun, Jung Hee Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2025;40(1):82-92. Published online August 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1990

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Background
In this comprehensive retrospective nationwide cohort study, we examined the relationships between various asthma medications and bone health, utilizing data from the National Health Insurance Service database of South Korea.
Methods
From 2015 to 2019, the relevant dataset included 168,611 individuals aged 66 years, among whom 8,747 were diagnosed with asthma. We focused on a subset of 6,173 patients, all 66-year-old women. Participants were categorized into four groups: nonusers of asthma medication (n=2,868), leukotriene antagonist users (n=2,281), inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) users (n=517), and those using a combination of ICS and long-acting beta-agonist (ICS+LABA) medication (n=507). The primary outcomes measured were the incidences of major osteoporotic fractures and hip fractures during the follow-up period.
Results
Over 2.7 years of follow-up, 615 cases of major osteoporotic fractures and 96 cases of hip fractures were recorded. ICS users exhibited a heightened risk of both injuries, with hazard ratios of 1.38 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18 to 1.63; P<0.001) for major osteoporotic fractures and 1.56 (95% CI, 1.33 to 1.83; P<0.001) for hip fractures. Similarly elevated risks were observed in the ICS+LABA group. Notably, the risk associated with ICS was particularly pronounced among patients with osteopenia for both fracture types. Overall, the use of ICS, alone or in combination with LABA, in patients with asthma is associated with significantly increased risks of osteoporotic fractures, especially among those with osteopenia.
Conclusion
These findings underscore the importance of considering bone health when managing asthma, especially in older patients and those with existing bone density issues.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Osteoporosis Awareness in Asthma Patients Using Inhaled Corticosteroids: A Cross-Sectional Study
Gülcan Öztürk, Berrin Zinnet Eraslan, Serap Diktaş Tahtasakal, Pinar Akpınar, Duygu Silte Karamanlioglu, Feyza Ünlü Özkan, İlknur Aktaş, Sevda Cömert
Sakarya Medical Journal.2025; 15(2): 93. CrossRef
Understanding Glucocorticoid-induced Osteoporosis: Causes, Effects and Management
Mozhdeh Ghamari, Farnoosh Ebrahimzadeh, Kamila Hashemzadeh
Indian Journal of Rheumatology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Review Articles

Adrenal Gland
Recent Updates on the Management of Adrenal Incidentalomas: Seung Shin Park, Jung Hee Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(4):373-380. Published online August 16, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1779

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Adrenal incidentalomas represent an increasingly common clinical conundrum with significant implications for patients. The revised 2023 European Society of Endocrinology (ESE) guideline incorporates cutting-edge evidence for managing adrenal incidentalomas. This paper provides a concise review of the updated contents of the revised guideline. In the 2023 guideline, in patients without signs and symptoms of overt Cushing’s syndrome, a post-dexamethasone cortisol level above 50 nmol/L (>1.8 μg/dL) should be considered as mild autonomous cortisol secretion. Regarding the criteria of benign adrenal adenomas, a homogeneous adrenal mass with ≤10 Hounsfield units on non-contrast computed tomography requires no further follow-up, irrespective of its size. The updated guideline also discusses steroid metabolomics using tandem mass spectrometry to discriminate malignancy. It underscores the importance of high-volume surgeons performing adrenalectomy and emphasizes the pivotal role of a multidisciplinary team approach in deciding the treatment plan for indeterminate adrenal masses. The guideline advocates for more proactive surgical treatment for indeterminate adrenal masses in young patients (<40 years) and pregnant women. This review of the 2023 ESE guideline underscores the ongoing evolution of the adrenal incidentaloma management landscape, emphasizing the need for further research and adaptation of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

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A deep learning algorithm for automated adrenal gland segmentation on non-contrast CT images
Fanxing Meng, Tuo Zhang, Yukun Pan, Xiaojing Kan, Yuwei Xia, Mengyuan Xu, Jin Cai, Fangbin Liu, Yinghui Ge
BMC Medical Imaging.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A Secret Revealed: The Coexistence of a Pheochromocytoma and Independent Adrenocorticotropic Hormone-Secreting Cushing Syndrome Within the Same Adrenal Gland
Sana Rafi, Meryam Alahyane, Ghizlane Elmghari, Nawal El Ansari, Fatim Zahra Hazmiri, Oumayma Ait Ouhssain, Hanane Rais
Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Landmark Series: Evaluation and Management of Adrenal Incidentalomas
Lily Owei, Heather Wachtel
Annals of Surgical Oncology.2025; 32(7): 4712. CrossRef
Management of adrenal incidentalomas: who, why and how?
Marta Araujo-Castro, María Bernarda Iriarte-Durán, Paola Parra-Ramírez, Sara Donato
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World Journal of Clinical Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Personalized Management of Malignant and Non-Malignant Ectopic Mediastinal Thyroid: A Proposed 10-Item Algorithm Approach
Mara Carsote, Mihai-Lucian Ciobica, Oana-Claudia Sima, Adrian Ciuche, Ovidiu Popa-Velea, Mihaela Stanciu, Florina Ligia Popa, Claudiu Nistor
Cancers.2024; 16(10): 1868. CrossRef
Temporal trends in clinical features of patients with primary aldosteronism over 20 years
Seung Shin Park, Chang Ho Ahn, Sang Wan Kim, Jung-Min Koh, Seung Hun Lee, Jung Hee Kim
Hypertension Research.2024; 47(8): 2019. CrossRef
Steroid Profiling in the Differential Diagnosis of Cushing's Syndrome and Diagnosis of MACS
A. Nankova, T. Kamenova, V. Vasilev, At. Elenkova, D. Svinarov, G. Kirilov, S. Zaharieva
Acta Medica Bulgarica.2024; 51(2): 1. CrossRef
Adrenal incidentalomas
Ivana Ságová
Vnitřní lékařství.2024; 70(5): E9. CrossRef
Ectopic Mediastinal Thyroid: A Crossroad Between a Multi-Layered Endocrine Perspective and a Contemporary Approach in Thoracic Surgery
Claudiu Nistor, Mihai-Lucian Ciobica, Oana-Claudia Sima, Anca-Pati Cucu, Florina Vasilescu, Lucian-George Eftimie, Dana Terzea, Mihai Costachescu, Adrian Ciuche, Mara Carsote
Life.2024; 14(11): 1374. CrossRef
Mature Adrenal Ganglioneuroma With Lipomatous Content: A Radiological and Histopathological Diagnostic Challenge
Mohammed Lameir Hussein, Shams O Alkhateeb, Jouhar J Kolleri, Ala' Saleem Abu-Dayeh, Khaled Murshed, Nabil Sherif Mahmood
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative Analysis of Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Radioimmunoassay in Determining Plasma Aldosterone Concentration and Plasma Renin Activity for Primary Aldosteronism Screening
So Yoon Kwon, Kyeong-Jin Kim, Soo-Youn Lee, Jae Hyeon Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(6): 965. CrossRef

Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland
Best Achievements in Pituitary and Adrenal Diseases in 2020: Chang Ho Ahn, Jung Hee Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(1):51-56. Published online February 24, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.108

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Significant progress in pituitary and adrenal diseases was made in 2020. This review presents major translational and clinical advances in research on pituitary and adrenal diseases, encompassing their epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and clinical management. We address the controversy regarding the nomenclature of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors, omics-based molecular classification of pituitary adenomas, and novel drugs for Cushing’s disease in the field of pituitary diseases. In the field of adrenal diseases, we cover big data-driven epidemiology of adrenal tumors, steroid profiling as a new diagnostic tool, and the utility of scoring systems in the decision-making process of managing primary aldosteronism. This brief article will broaden readers’ understanding of pituitary and adrenal diseases.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Surgical management and outcomes of spinal metastasis of malignant adrenal tumor: A retrospective study of six cases and literature review
Xiangzhi Ni, Jing Wang, Jiashi Cao, Kun Zhang, Shuming Hou, Xing Huang, Yuanjin Song, Xin Gao, Jianru Xiao, Tielong Liu
Frontiers in Oncology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
2023 Korean Endocrine Society Consensus Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Primary Aldosteronism
Jeonghoon Ha, Jung Hwan Park, Kyoung Jin Kim, Jung Hee Kim, Kyong Yeun Jung, Jeongmin Lee, Jong Han Choi, Seung Hun Lee, Namki Hong, Jung Soo Lim, Byung Kwan Park, Jung-Han Kim, Kyeong Cheon Jung, Jooyoung Cho, Mi-kyung Kim, Choon Hee Chung
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(6): 597. CrossRef

Original Article

Adrenal gland
Clinical Characteristics, Management, and Outcome of 22 Cases of Primary Hypophysitis: Sun Mi Park, Ji Cheol Bae, Ji Young Joung, Yoon Young Cho, Tae Hun Kim, Sang-Man Jin, Sunghwan Suh, Kyu Yeon Hur, Kwang-Won Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2014;29(4):470-478. Published online December 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2014.29.4.470

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Background

Primary hypophysitis causes varying degrees of endocrine dysfunction and mass effect. The natural course and best treatment have not been well established.

Methods

Medical records of 22 patients who had been diagnosed with primary hypophysitis between January 2001 and March 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Based on the anatomical location, we classified the cases as adenohypophysitis (AH), infundibuloneurohypophysitis (INH), and panhypophysitis (PH). Clinical presentation, endocrine function, pathologic findings, magnetic resonance imaging findings, and treatment courses were reviewed.

Results

Among 22 patients with primary hypophysitis, 81.8% (18/22) had involvement of the posterior pituitary lobe. Two patients of the AH (2/3, 66.6%) and three patients of the PH (3/10, 30%) groups initially underwent surgical mass reduction. Five patients, including three of the PH (3/10, 33.3%) group and one from each of the AH (1/3, 33.3%) and INH (1/9, 11.1%) groups, initially received high-dose glucocorticoid treatment. Nearly all of the patients treated with surgery or high-dose steroid treatment (9/11, 82%) required continuous hormone replacement during the follow-up period. Twelve patients received no treatment for mass reduction due to the absence of acute symptoms and signs related to a compressive mass effect. Most of them (11/12, 92%) did not show disease progression, and three patients recovered partially from hormone deficiency.

Conclusion

Deficits of the posterior pituitary were the most common features in our cases of primary hypophysitis. Pituitary endocrine defects responded less favorably to glucocorticoid treatment and surgery. In the absence of symptoms related to mass effect and with the mild defect of endocrine function, it may not require treatment to reduce mass except hormone replacement.

Citations

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Spontaneous regression of paediatric pituitary lesions—report of 2 cases and literature review
Jonis M. L. Esguerra, Daniel C. W. Chan, Phua Hwee Tang, Ngee Lek, Sharon Y. Y. Low
Child's Nervous System.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Hypophysites lymphocytaires et non lymphocytaires
I. Allix, V. Suteau, C. Briet
EMC - Endocrinologie - Nutrition.2025; 36(3): 1. CrossRef
Secondary xanthogranulomatous hypophysitis mimicking a pituitary macroadenoma: a case report
Salma Salhi, Ibtissem Oueslati, Yasmine Mouelhi, Alia Zehani, Nidhameddine Kchir, Elyes Kamoun, Meriem Yazidi, Melika Chihaoui
Journal of International Medical Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of glucocorticoid replacement therapy in patients with pituitary disease: A new perspective for personalized replacement therapy
Sabrina Chiloiro, Alessandra Vicari, Ginevra Mongelli, Flavia Costanza, Antonella Giampietro, Pier Paolo Mattogno, Liverana Lauretti, Alessandro Olivi, Laura De Marinis, Francesco Doglietto, Antonio Bianchi, Alfredo Pontecorvi
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Hypophisitis in pregnant women with persistent diabetes insipidus in the outcome
L. K. Dzeranova, E. A. Pigarova, S. Yu. Vorotnikova, A. A. Voznesenskaya
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Glucocorticoid therapy as first-line treatment in primary hypophysitis: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis
Brijesh Krishnappa, Ravikumar Shah, Saba Samad Memon, Chakra Diwaker, Anurag R Lila, Virendra A Patil, Nalini S Shah, Tushar R Bandgar
Endocrine Connections.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Hypophysitis, the Growing Spectrum of a Rare Pituitary Disease
Fabienne Langlois, Elena V Varlamov, Maria Fleseriu
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2022; 107(1): 10. CrossRef
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Diane Donegan, Zeb Saeed, Danae A Delivanis, Mohammad Hassan Murad, Juergen Honegger, Felix Amereller, Seda Hanife Oguz, Dana Erickson, Irina Bancos
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Brijesh Krishnappa, Ravikumar Shah, Vijaya Sarathi, Anurag Ranjan Lila, Manjeet Kaur Sehemby, Virendra A. Patil, Shilpa Sankhe, Nalini Shah, Tushar Bandgar
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Case Report

A Case of Pituitary Abscess that was Difficult to Diagnose due to Repeated Symptomatic Responses to Every Corticosteroid Administration.: Jin Sun Jang, Jae Seung Yun, Jung Ah Shin, Min Hee Kim, Dong Jun Lim, Jae Hyung Cho, Kun Ho Yoon, Moo Il Kang, Bong Yun Cha, Ho Young Son, Yong Kil Hong; Endocrinol Metab. 2011;26(1):72-77. Published online March 1, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2011.26.1.72

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Abstract PDF: Pituitary abscess is a rare pathology, but it is a potentially life-threatening condition. Therefore, timely intervention, including antibiotics and an operation, can prevent the morbidity and mortality in such cases. A 31-year-old woman, who was 16 months after her second delivery, presented with intermittent headache for 3 months. Amenorrhea, polyuria and polydipsia were noticed and the endocrinological hormone studies were compatible with panhypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus. Pituitary MRI demonstrated a 2.3 cm sized cystic mass with an upper small nodular lesion. Her symptoms such as headache and fever were repeatedly improved whenever corticosteroid was administered, which led us to suspect the diagnosis of an inflammatory condition like lymphocytic hypophysitis. During the hormone replacement therapy, her cystic pituitary mass had grown and her symptoms progressively worsened for another two months. The patient underwent trans-sphenoidal exploration and she turned out to have a pituitary abscess. At the 3-month follow-up, amenorrhea was noticed and her residual function of the pituitary was tested by a combined pituitary stimulation test. The results were compatible with panhypopituitarism. She received levothyroxine 100 microg, prednisolone 5 mg and desmopressin spray and she is being observed at the out-patient clinic. The authors experienced a patient with primary pituitary abscess that was confirmed pathologically and we report on its clinical course with a literature review.

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