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3 "Succinate"
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Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Phloretin Ameliorates Succinate-Induced Liver Fibrosis by Regulating Hepatic Stellate Cells
Cong Thuc Le, Giang Nguyen, So Young Park, Hanh Nguyen Dong, Yun Kyung Cho, Jae-Ho Lee, Seung-Soon Im, Dae-Hee Choi, Eun-Hee Cho
Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(4):395-405.   Published online August 3, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1661
  • 3,894 View
  • 129 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • 2 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the major cells which play a pivotal role in liver fibrosis. During injury, extracellular stimulators can induce HSCs transdifferentiated into active form. Phloretin showed its ability to protect the liver from injury, so in this research we would like to investigate the effect of phloretin on succinate-induced HSCs activation in vitro and liver fibrosis in vivo study.
Methods
In in vitro, succinate was used to induce HSCs activation, and then the effect of phloretin on activated HSCs was examined. In in vivo, succinate was used to generated liver fibrosis in mouse and phloretin co-treated to check its protection on the liver.
Results
Phloretin can reduce the increase of fibrogenic markers and inhibits the proliferation, migration, and contraction caused by succinate in in vitro experiments. Moreover, an upregulation of proteins associated with aerobic glycolysis occurred during the activation of HSCs, which was attenuated by phloretin treatment. In in vivo experiments, intraperitoneal injection of phloretin decreased expression of fibrotic and glycolytic markers in the livers of mice with sodium succinate diet-induced liver fibrosis. These results suggest that aerobic glycolysis plays critical role in activation of HSCs and succinate can induce liver fibrosis in mice, whereas phloretin has therapeutic potential for treating hepatic fibrosis.
Conclusion
Intraperitoneal injection of phloretin attenuated succinate-induced hepatic fibrosis and alleviates the succinate-induced HSCs activation.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • The potential of flavonoids in hepatic fibrosis: A comprehensive review
    Zhu Wenbo, Han Jianwei, Liu Hua, Tang Lei, Chen Guijuan, Tian Mengfei
    Phytomedicine.2024; 133: 155932.     CrossRef
  • Advancements in Plant-Based Therapeutics for Hepatic Fibrosis: Molecular Mechanisms and Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems
    Alina Ciceu, Ferenc Fenyvesi, Anca Hermenean, Simona Ardelean, Simona Dumitra, Monica Puticiu
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(17): 9346.     CrossRef
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Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Gemigliptin Alleviates Succinate-Induced Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation by Ameliorating Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Giang Nguyen, So Young Park, Dinh Vinh Do, Dae-Hee Choi, Eun-Hee Cho
Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(6):918-928.   Published online November 15, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1530
  • 5,636 View
  • 246 Download
  • 10 Web of Science
  • 10 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4Is) are used clinically as oral antidiabetic agents. Although DPP-4Is are known to ameliorate liver fibrosis, the protective mechanism of DPP-4Is in liver fibrosis remains obscure. In this study, gemigliptin was used to investigate the potential of DPP-4Is to alleviate the progression of liver fibrosis.
Methods
To clarify the effects and mechanisms of gemigliptin, we conducted various experiments in LX-2 cells (immortalized human hepatic stellate cells [HSCs], the principal effectors of hepatic fibrogenesis), which were activated by succinate and exhibited elevated expression of α-smooth muscle actin, collagen type 1, and pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased cell proliferation. In vivo, we examined the effects and mechanisms of gemigliptin on a high-fat, high-cholesterol–induced mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
Results
Gemigliptin decreased the expression of fibrogenesis markers and reduced the abnormal proliferation of HSCs. In addition, gemigliptin reduced the succinate-induced production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), intracellular ROS, and mitochondrial fission in HSCs. Furthermore, in the mouse model of NASH-induced liver fibrosis, gemigliptin alleviated both liver fibrosis and mitochondrial dysfunction.
Conclusion
Gemigliptin protected against HSC activation and liver fibrosis by alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS production, indicating its potential as a strategy for preventing the development of liver disease.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • SUCNR1 Deficiency Alleviates Liver Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury by Regulating Kupffer Cell Activation and Polarization Through the ERK/NF-κB Pathway in Mice
    Huan Yang, An Wei, Xinting Zhou, Zhiwei Chen, Yiheng Wang
    Inflammation.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Metabolic Sparks in the Liver: Metabolic and Epigenetic Reprogramming in Hepatic Stellate Cells Activation and Its Implications for Human Metabolic Diseases
    Yeon Jin Roh, Hyeonki Kim, Dong Wook Choi
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(3): 368.     CrossRef
  • Insulin Resistance, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Clinical and Experimental Perspective
    Inha Jung, Dae-Jeong Koo, Won-Young Lee
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(3): 327.     CrossRef
  • Improvement effect of gemigliptin on salivary gland dysfunction in exogenous methylglyoxal-injected rats
    Woo Kwon Jung, Su-Bin Park, Hwa Young Yu, Junghyun Kim
    Heliyon.2024; 10(8): e29362.     CrossRef
  • Gemigliptin mitigates TGF-β-induced renal fibrosis through FGF21-mediated inhibition of the TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway
    Jun-Kyu Byun, Gwon-Soo Jung
    Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.2024; : 150425.     CrossRef
  • Interference with mitochondrial function as part of the antifibrogenic effect of Rilpivirine: A step towards novel targets in hepatic stellate cell activation
    Ana M. Benedicto, Federico Lucantoni, Isabel Fuster-Martínez, Pedro Diaz-Pozo, Dimitri Dorcaratto, Elena Muñoz-Forner, Victor M. Victor, Juan V. Esplugues, Ana Blas-García, Nadezda Apostolova
    Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2024; 178: 117206.     CrossRef
  • DPP-IV as a potential candidate in anti-obesity and obesity-related diseases treatment
    Xin Guo, Huolun Feng, Liyang Cai, Jiabin Zheng, Yong Li
    Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2024; 180: 117464.     CrossRef
  • Irisin Attenuates Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Liver Fibrosis in Bile Duct Ligation Mice Model and Improves Mitochondrial Dysfunction
    Thuy Linh Lai, So Young Park, Giang Nguyen, Phuc Thi Minh Pham, Seon Mee Kang, Jeana Hong, Jae-Ho Lee, Seung-Soon Im, Dae-Hee Choi, Eun-Hee Cho
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(6): 908.     CrossRef
  • Gemigliptin, a DPP4 inhibitor, ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis through AMP-activated protein kinase-independent and ULK1-mediated autophagy
    Youngmi Song, Hyekyung Yang, Juhee Kim, Yoonjin Lee, Sung-Ho Kim, In-Gu Do, Cheol-Young Park
    Molecular Metabolism.2023; 78: 101806.     CrossRef
  • DPP-4 Inhibitor in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patient with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Achieving Two Goals at Once?
    Ji Cheol Bae
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2022; 37(6): 858.     CrossRef
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Review Article
Miscellaneous
Multifaceted Actions of Succinate as a Signaling Transmitter Vary with Its Cellular Locations
Yuqi Guo, Sun Wook Cho, Deepak Saxena, Xin Li
Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(1):36-43.   Published online March 19, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.1.36
  • 10,996 View
  • 224 Download
  • 33 Web of Science
  • 33 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

Since the identification of succinate's receptor in 2004, studies supporting the involvement of succinate signaling through its receptor in various diseases have accumulated and most of these investigations have highlighted succinate's pro-inflammatory role. Taken with the fact that succinate is an intermediate metabolite in the center of mitochondrial activity, and considering its potential regulation of protein succinylation through succinyl-coenzyme A, a review on the overall multifaceted actions of succinate to discuss whether and how these actions relate to the cellular locations of succinate is much warranted. Mechanistically, it is important to consider the sources of succinate, which include somatic cellular released succinate and those produced by the microbiome, especially the gut microbiota, which is an equivalent, if not greater contributor of succinate levels in the body. Continue learning the critical roles of succinate signaling, known and unknown, in many pathophysiological conditions is important. Furthermore, studies to delineate the regulation of succinate levels and to determine how succinate elicits various types of signaling in a temporal and spatial manner are also required.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Metabolism Serves as a Bridge Between Cardiomyocytes and Immune Cells in Cardiovascular Diseases
    Lixiao Hang, Ying Zhang, Zheng Zhang, Haiqiang Jiang, Lin Xia
    Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy.2025; 39(3): 661.     CrossRef
  • Research progress on intratumoral microorganisms in renal cancer
    Jiankun Zhang, Keyuan Lou, Junpeng Chi, Jitao Wu, Xinying Fan, Yuanshan Cui
    World Journal of Urology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Succinate receptor 1 signaling mutually depends on subcellular localization and cellular metabolism
    Aenne‐Dorothea Liebing, Philipp Rabe, Petra Krumbholz, Christian Zieschang, Franziska Bischof, Angela Schulz, Susan Billig, Claudia Birkemeyer, Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar, Mikel Garcia‐Marcos, Robert Kraft, Claudia Stäubert
    The FEBS Journal.2025; 292(8): 2017.     CrossRef
  • Ethanol extract of propolis relieves exercise-induced fatigue via modulating the metabolites and gut microbiota in mice
    Shan Huang, Xiaofei Yang, Jingxuan Ma, Chen Li, Yajing Wang, Zhaoxia Wu
    Frontiers in Nutrition.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Innovative medical technology of succinic acid photophoresis in comorbid patients with adenomyosis
    Y. I. Uraeva, I. I. Ivanova, N. N. Lazarenko
    Fizioterapevt (Physiotherapist).2025; (2): 107.     CrossRef
  • Succinate modulates oral dysbiosis and inflammation through a succinate receptor 1 dependent mechanism in aged mice
    Fangxi Xu, Yuqi Guo, Scott C. Thomas, Anish Saxena, Samantha Hwang, Mridula Vardhan, Xin Li
    International Journal of Oral Science.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Exploring the shared genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes mellitus and bone mineral density
    Xinran Feng, Hongbin Xu, Qian Guo, Zeying Wang, Ruikai Ba, Kun Xuan, Jinghao Ban
    Archives of Osteoporosis.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Type 2 diabetes and succinate: unmasking an age-old molecule
    Sonia Fernández-Veledo, Anna Marsal-Beltran, Joan Vendrell
    Diabetologia.2024; 67(3): 430.     CrossRef
  • Retinoic Acid-Mediated Control of Energy Metabolism Is Essential for Lung Branching Morphogenesis
    Hugo Fernandes-Silva, Marco G. Alves, Marcia R. Garcez, Jorge Correia-Pinto, Pedro F. Oliveira, Catarina C. F. Homem, Rute S. Moura
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(9): 5054.     CrossRef
  • SUCNR1 regulates insulin secretion and glucose elevates the succinate response in people with prediabetes
    Joan Sabadell-Basallote, Brenno Astiarraga, Carlos Castaño, Miriam Ejarque, Maria Repollés-de-Dalmau, Ivan Quesada, Jordi Blanco, Catalina Núñez-Roa, M-Mar Rodríguez-Peña, Laia Martínez, Dario F. De Jesus, Laura Marroquí, Ramon Bosch, Eduard Montanya, Fra
    Journal of Clinical Investigation.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Exposure to Succinate Leads to Steatosis in Non-Obese Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Inhibiting AMPK/PPARα/FGF21-Dependent Fatty Acid Oxidation
    Hong Yang, Suye Ran, Yuxia Zhou, Qing Shi, Jiangnan Yu, Wenjuan Wang, Chengqin Sun, Dengke Li, Yue Hu, Chen Pan, Qi Yuan, Yunhuan Zhen, Qi Liu, Lingyu Song
    Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.2024; 72(38): 21052.     CrossRef
  • The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle as a Central Regulator of the Rate of Aging: Implications for Metabolic Interventions
    Jonathan M. Borkum
    Advanced Biology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Dysregulation of metabolic pathways in pulmonary fibrosis
    Rishi Rajesh, Reham Atallah, Thomas Bärnthaler
    Pharmacology & Therapeutics.2023; 246: 108436.     CrossRef
  • Succinate metabolism and membrane reorganization drives the endotheliopathy and coagulopathy of traumatic hemorrhage
    Sarah Abdullah, Michael Ghio, Aaron Cotton-Betteridge, Aditya Vinjamuri, Robert Drury, Jacob Packer, Oguz Aras, Jessica Friedman, Mardeen Karim, David Engelhardt, Emma Kosowski, Kelby Duong, Farhana Shaheen, Patrick R. McGrew, Charles T. Harris, Robert Re
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  • Pharmacokinetics of Succinate in Rats after Intravenous Administration of Mexidol
    A. V. Shchulkin, P. Yu. Mylnikov, I. V. Chernykh, A. S. Esenina, E. N. Yakusheva
    Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine.2023; 175(1): 54.     CrossRef
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    Antioxidants.2023; 12(7): 1477.     CrossRef
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    Joao G. Porto, Maria Camila Suarez Arbelaez, Brandon Pena, Archan Khandekar, Ankur Malpani, Bruno Nahar, Sanoj Punnen, Chad R. Ritch, Mark L. Gonzalgo, Dipen J. Parekh, Robert Marcovich, Hemendra N. Shah
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  • The Gut Microbiome, Metformin, and Aging
    Sri Nitya Reddy Induri, Payalben Kansara, Scott C. Thomas, Fangxi Xu, Deepak Saxena, Xin Li
    Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology.2022; 62(1): 85.     CrossRef
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    Linda Adzigbli, Eugene P. Sokolov, Siriluck Ponsuksili, Inna M. Sokolova
    Journal of Experimental Biology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Acute Succinate Administration Increases Oxidative Phosphorylation and Skeletal Muscle Explosive Strength via SUCNR1
    Guli Xu, Yexian Yuan, Pei Luo, Jinping Yang, Jingjing Zhou, Canjun Zhu, Qingyan Jiang, Gang Shu
    Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Integrated bioinformatics analysis identifies established and novel TGFβ1-regulated genes modulated by anti-fibrotic drugs
    Ava C. Wilson, Joe Chiles, Shah Ashish, Diptiman Chanda, Preeti L. Kumar, James A. Mobley, Enid R. Neptune, Victor J. Thannickal, Merry-Lynn N. McDonald
    Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • SUCNR1 Mediates the Priming Step of the Inflammasome in Intestinal Epithelial Cells: Relevance in Ulcerative Colitis
    Cristina Bauset, Lluis Lis-Lopez, Sandra Coll, Laura Gisbert-Ferrándiz, Dulce C. Macias-Ceja, Marta Seco-Cervera, Francisco Navarro, Juan V. Esplugues, Sara Calatayud, Dolores Ortiz-Masia, Maria D. Barrachina, Jesús Cosín-Roger
    Biomedicines.2022; 10(3): 532.     CrossRef
  • Succinate as a New Actor in Pluripotency and Early Development?
    Damien Detraux, Patricia Renard
    Metabolites.2022; 12(7): 651.     CrossRef
  • Succinate Dehydrogenase, Succinate, and Superoxides: A Genetic, Epigenetic, Metabolic, Environmental Explosive Crossroad
    Paule Bénit, Judith Goncalves, Riyad El Khoury, Malgorzata Rak, Judith Favier, Anne-Paule Gimenez-Roqueplo, Pierre Rustin
    Biomedicines.2022; 10(8): 1788.     CrossRef
  • Aqueous, Non-Polymer-Based Perovskite Quantum Dots for Bioimaging: Conserving Fluorescence and Long-Term Stability via Simple and Robust Synthesis
    Sanjayan C G, Jyothi Mannekote Shivanna, Jessica D. Schiffman, Sakar Mohan, Srinivasa Budagumpi, R. Geetha Balakrishna
    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces.2022; 14(34): 38471.     CrossRef
  • Targeting the succinate receptor effectively inhibits periodontitis
    Yuqi Guo, Fangxi Xu, Scott C. Thomas, Yanli Zhang, Bidisha Paul, Satish Sakilam, Sungpil Chae, Patty Li, Caleb Almeter, Angela R. Kamer, Paramjit Arora, Dana T. Graves, Deepak Saxena, Xin Li
    Cell Reports.2022; 40(12): 111389.     CrossRef
  • Gemigliptin Alleviates Succinate-Induced Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation by Ameliorating Mitochondrial Dysfunction
    Giang Nguyen, So Young Park, Dinh Vinh Do, Dae-Hee Choi, Eun-Hee Cho
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2022; 37(6): 918.     CrossRef
  • Succinate at the Crossroad of Metabolism and Angiogenesis: Roles of SDH, HIF1α and SUCNR1
    Reham Atallah, Andrea Olschewski, Akos Heinemann
    Biomedicines.2022; 10(12): 3089.     CrossRef
  • Divulging a Pleiotropic Role of Succinate Receptor SUCNR1 in Renal Cell Carcinoma Microenvironment
    Rania Najm, Mahmood Yaseen Hachim, Richard K. Kandasamy
    Cancers.2022; 14(24): 6064.     CrossRef
  • Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors: in silico flux analysis and in vivo metabolomics investigations show no severe metabolic consequences for rats and humans
    H. Kamp, J. Wahrheit, S. Stinchcombe, T. Walk, F. Stauber, B.v. Ravenzwaay
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    Cancer and Metastasis Reviews.2021; 40(4): 1177.     CrossRef
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