Endocrinology and Metabolism

Case Report

A Case of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults Developed after Surgical Cure of Growth Hormone Secreting Pituitary Tumor.: Wonjin Kim, Jung Ho Kim, Youngsook Kim, Ji Hye Huh, Su Jin Lee, Mi Sung Park, Eun Yeong Choe, Jeong Kyung Park, Myung Won Lee, Jae Won Hong, Byung Wan Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Bong Soo Cha, Eun Jig Lee, Hyun Chul Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2012;27(4):318-322. Published online December 20, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2012.27.4.318

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Abstract PDF: Acromegaly is generally caused by a benign growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenoma. It is characterized by a wide range of complications; cardiovascular, respiratory, bone and joint, and metabolic complications. Among them, impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus, due to GH-induced insulin resistance, has been reported in approximately 16-46% and 19-56%. They are usually improved following the treatment of acromegaly, surgical or medical therapy. We report a first case of 36-year-old man who was paradoxically diagnosed with GAD antibody positive latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) after the surgical cure of acromegaly.

Review Article

Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Vitamin for Health.: Michael F Holick; Endocrinol Metab. 2012;27(4):255-267. Published online December 20, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2012.27.4.255

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Abstract PDF

Vitamin D is a sunshine vitamin that has been produced on this earth for more than 500 million years. Because foods contain so little vitamin D most humans have always depended on sun exposure for their vitamin D requirement. Vitamin D deficiency has been defined as a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration < 20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L); vitamin D insufficiency as a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D of 21-29 ng/mL and vitamin D sufficiency as a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D of 30-100 ng/mL whereas toxicity is usually not seen until blood levels are above 150 ng/mL. Vitamin D deficiency is a global health problem that increases risk for metabolic bone diseases in children and adults as well as many chronic illnesses including autoimmune diseases, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, infectious disease, and cancer. The major causes of vitamin D deficiency are lack of adequate sensible exposure to sunlight, inadequate dietary intake and obesity. The United States Endocrine Society recommended that to prevent vitamin D deficiency in those at risk, children 1 year and older require 600-1,000 international unit (IU) of vitamin D daily and adults require 1,500-2,000 IU of vitamin D daily. Obese patients require 2-3 times more vitamin D to both treat and prevent vitamin D deficiency.

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Higher intakes of dietary caffeine are associated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency
Qiwei Chen, Hamed Kord-Varkaneh, Heitor O. Santos, Rafael Genario, Minyan Dang
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research.2022; 92(2): 85. CrossRef
WITHDRAWN: Higher intakes of dietary caffeine are associated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency: a study from the NHANES
Fang Yang, Ning Wang
Nutrition.2021; : 111380. CrossRef
Association of metabolic syndrome and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D with cognitive impairment among elderly Koreans
Eun Young Lee, Su Jin Lee, Kyoung Min Kim, Young Mi Yun, Bo Mi Song, Jong Eun Kim, Hyeon Chang Kim, Yumie Rhee, Yoosik Youm, Chang Oh Kim
Geriatrics & Gerontology International.2017; 17(7): 1069. CrossRef
Korean Society for Bone and Mineral Research Task Force Report: Perspectives on Intermittent High-dose Vitamin D Supplementation
Han Seok Choi, Yong-Ki Min, Dong Won Byun, Myung Hoon Hahn, Kyoung Min Kim, Beom Jun Kim, Ki-Won Oh
Journal of Bone Metabolism.2017; 24(3): 141. CrossRef
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Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia.2016; 2(4): 228. CrossRef
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Endocrinology and Metabolism.2016; 31(2): 185. CrossRef
The effect of thyroid stimulating hormone suppressive therapy on bone geometry in the hip area of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma
Jae Hoon Moon, Kyong Yeun Jung, Kyoung Min Kim, Sung Hee Choi, Soo Lim, Young Joo Park, Do Joon Park, Hak Chul Jang
Bone.2016; 83: 104. CrossRef
Serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D level and the risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia: the Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging (KLoSHA)
J.H. Moon, S. Lim, J.W. Han, K.M. Kim, S.H. Choi, K.W. Kim, H.C. Jang
Clinical Endocrinology.2015; 83(1): 36. CrossRef
Vitamin D Status in Korea
Han Seok Choi
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Original Articles

The Association between Low Serum Bilirubin and Carotid Atherosclerosis in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes.: Byoung Hyun Park, Hye Jung Nho, Chung Gu Cho; Endocrinol Metab. 2012;27(2):126-131. Published online June 20, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2012.27.2.126

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Bilirubin prevents oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein, and may protect vessels from atherosclerosis. Several studies showed an inverse relationship between serum bilirubin and coronary artery disease. However, there are some needs to clarify the relationship between serum bilirubin and carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes, especially. METHODS: A total of 346 type 2 diabetic patients, between 35 and 95 years of age (146 men and 200 women), were studied. Subjects with normal serum total bilirubin were divided into two groups, according to their serum total bilirubin levels (group I, total bilirubin > or = 1.0 mg/dL [n = 59]; group II, total bilirubin < or = 0.5 mg/dL [n = 76]). Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaque scores were measured by ultrasonography. Carotid atherosclerosis was defined by the presence of plaque or more than 1 mm of common carotid IMT. RESULTS: Carotid IMT was positively correlated with age, duration of diabetes and hypertension, high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and fibrinogen, but, it was negatively correlated with bilirubin, gamma glutaryltransferase, albumin, hemoglobin, cystatin C and estimated-glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in all subjects. After controlling for sex, age and levels of hemoglobin, direct bilirubin only was negatively correlated with carotid IMT (r = -0.151, P = 0.034). Low serum total bilirubin group had a lot of female, long duration of diabetes and hypertension, higher hs-CRP, platelet counts, serum creatinine, HbA1c and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, lower albumin, hemoglobin, estimated-GFR and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index. Carotid IMT and plaque scores were significantly greater in low serum bilirubin group (0.785 +/- 0.210 mm vs. 0.678 +/- 0.146 mm, P < 0.01; 1.95 +/- 2.56 vs. 1.03 +/- 1.40, P < 0.05, respectively) than in the high serum bilirubin group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, serum albumin and total bilirubin were independent associated factors for carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic women. CONCLUSION: Total bilirubin is inversely correlated with carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients, and it is an independent associated factor for carotid atherosclerosis in women.

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Circulating bilirubin and defense against kidney disease and cardiovascular mortality: mechanisms contributing to protection in clinical investigations
Ai-Ching Boon, Andrew C. Bulmer, Jeff S. Coombes, Robert G. Fassett
American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology.2014; 307(2): F123. CrossRef
Mildly Elevated Serum Bilirubin Levels Are Negatively Associated with Carotid Atherosclerosis among Elderly Persons
Ryuichi Kawamoto, Daisuke Ninomiya, Yoichi Hasegawa, Yoshihisa Kasai, Tomo Kusunoki, Nobuyuki Ohtsuka, Teru Kumagi, Masanori Abe, Jozef Dulak
PLoS ONE.2014; 9(12): e114281. CrossRef
Association between Total Bilirubin and Hemoglobin A1c in Korean Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Seong-Woo Choi, Young-Hoon Lee, Sun-Seog Kweon, Hye-rim Song, Hye-Ran Ahn, Jung-Ae Rhee, Jin-Su Choi, Min-Ho Shin
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2012; 27(10): 1196. CrossRef

Impact of Serum Adiponectin Concentration on Progression of Carotid Atherosclerosis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.: Chul Sik Kim, Ju Ri Park, Sung Hoon Yu, Jun Goo Kang, Ohk Hyun Ryu, Seong Jin Lee, Eun Gyung Hong, Doo Man Kim, Jae Myung Yoo, Sung Hee Ihm, Moon Gi Choi, Hyung Joon Yoo; Endocrinol Metab. 2012;27(1):31-38. Published online March 1, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2012.27.1.31

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Increased cardiovascular events, which is the leading cause of death in type 2 diabetic patients, are mainly caused by accelerated atherosclerosis. Adiponectin has been suggested as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in cross-sectional studies. However, little is known about the impact of adiponectin on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of early adiponectin levels on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis. METHODS: From March 2009, 150 patients with type 2 diabetes were consecutively enrolled in our affiliated outpatient clinic. Anthropometric and biochemical data, including adiponectin levels, were measured in each participant. We measured the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) at baseline and at 1-year follow-up (n = 111). Then, we prospectively studied the relationship between the serum adiponectin levels and the progression of CIMT for 1 year. RESULTS: Adiponectin levels negatively correlated with CIMT (r = -0.219, P = 0.015). Moreover, mean progression of CIMT was 0.016 +/- 0.040 mm. However, there was no correlation between adiponectin levels and the progression of CIMT within 1-year follow-up period (r = -0.156, P = 0.080). Age (beta = 0.556, P = 0.004), LDL cholesterol (beta = 0.276, P = 0.042), and A1C (beta = 0.309, P = 0.038) were found to be independent risk factors for CIMT. However, A1C (beta = 0.311, P = 0.042) was found to be the only independent risk factor for the progression of CIMT. CONCLUSION: In our study, adiponectin levels were negatively associated with CIMT. However, it did not affect the progression of CIMT at 1-year follow-up. Overall glycemic control is the most important factor in the progression of CIMT in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Review Article

Mechanism of Lipid Induced Insulin Resistance: An Overview.: Samir Bhattacharya, Rakesh Kundu, Suman Dasgupta, Sushmita Bhattacharya; Endocrinol Metab. 2012;27(1):12-19. Published online March 1, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2012.27.1.12

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Abstract PDF

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is rapidly spreading throughout the world. It's an insidious disease and still treated in an indirect manner without having specific drug target. In majority cases T2D is treated with drugs that address type 1 diabetes, majority of drugs aim to increase insulin release although the root cause for T2D is not the dearth of insulin release, it occurs in the later stage of disease development. T2D silently progressed in the patient; it begins with insulin resistance that takes place due to the loss of insulin sensitivity. Though insulin resistance is the centre of pathogenesis, our treatment of the disease has not yet addressed it. It is now a fact that insulin resistance is manifested by lipid and fatty acids (FAs) play a critical role in blunting insulin sensitivity. Our understanding is still poor in deciphering how lipid impose insulin insensitivity, majority of workers suggest it is because of insulin signaling defects which implements insulin function in inhibiting glucose to the cell from circulation. Number of long chain saturated FA has been shown to produce insulin signaling defects. However, we really need further investigation to find specific target(s) for FA induced damage. In addition to these information, a new dimension of T2D is getting attractive is fetuin-A/alpha2-Heremans-Schmid Glycoprotein, a secretary protein from liver. Its gene locus has been identified as T2D susceptible. Fetuin-A's excess expression occurs by FA and it disrupts adipocyte function. It has been shown to be associated with T2D especially in obesity. In this review, we briefly discuss the present status on the mechanistic understanding of lipid induced insulin resistance that leads to T2D. More we understand the mechanism; opportunity to fight the battle with T2D will be increasing. Since, this field is now vast; we covered a few major events.

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The SWGEDWGEIW from Soybean Peptides Reduces Insulin Resistance in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes by Activating p-Akt/GLUT4 Signaling Pathway
Guofu Yi, Xia Sang, Yuxia Zhu, Di Zhou, Shuibing Yang, Yue Huo, Yang Liu, Bushra Safdar, Xianyong Bu
Molecules.2023; 28(7): 3001. CrossRef

Original Article

Increased Carotid Intima-Media Thickness is Associated with Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.: Dong Hyeok Cho, Jin Ook Chung, Dong Jin Chung, Min Young Chung; Endocrinol Metab. 2011;26(4):310-316. Published online December 1, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2011.26.4.310

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Cardiovascular risk is higher among people with diabetic nephropathy than among those with normal renal function. Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) is an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in type 2 diabetic patients. However, the relationship between carotid IMT and diabetic nephropathy is not well known. The aim of our study was to elucidate whether carotid IMT is associated with progression of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: We recruited a total of 354 type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. Renal function was evaluated by serum creatinine levels, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR). Carotid IMT was assessed using B-mode ultrasound by measuring generally used parameters. Baseline-to-study end changes in eGFR were calculated, and the yearly change of eGFR (mL/min/yr) was computed. RESULTS: Age, diabetes duration, ACR, and eGFR were significantly correlated with mean or maximal carotid IMT; however, lipid profiles, HbA1c, and blood pressure were not correlated. The mean yearly eGFR change was -4.9 +/- 5.3 mL/min/yr. The yearly eGFR change was negatively correlated with mean and maximal carotid IMT. After adjusting for age and diabetes duration, the mean IMT is an independent predictor of yearly eGFR change. CONCLUSION: Carotid IMT may be a predictor of diabetic nephropathy progression in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Citations

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Cardiovascular disease and stroke risk assessment in patients with chronic kidney disease using integration of estimated glomerular filtration rate, ultrasonic image phenotypes, and artificial intelligence: a narrative review
Ankush D. JAMTHIKAR, Anudeep PUVVULA, Deep GUPTA, Amer M. JOHRI, Vijay NAMBI, Narendra N. KHANNA, Luca SABA, Sophie MAVROGENI, John R. LAIRD, Gyan PAREEK, Martin MINER, Petros P. SFIKAKIS, Athanasios PROTOGEROU, George D. KITAS, Andrew NICOLAIDES, Aditya
International Angiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Proteinuria as a significant predictive factor for the progression of carotid artery atherosclerosis in non-albuminuric type 2 diabetes
Young-eun Kim, Minyoung Lee, Yong-ho Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Bong-soo Cha, Byung-Wan Lee
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2021; 181: 109082. CrossRef

Case Report

A Case of Central Pontine Myelinolysis in a Type 2 Diabetic Patient without Electrolyte Changes.: A Ra Jo, Ji Hye Suk, Jong Kun Ha, Chan Woo Jung, Bong Jae Kim, Seong Oh Park, Seon Chool Hwang, Hyun Wook Choi, Mi Kyung Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2011;26(3):263-267. Published online September 1, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2011.26.3.263

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Abstract PDF: Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) by complicating rapid correction of severe hyponatremia has been widely reported. Additionally, CPM was occasionally reported among patients with post-liver transplantation, burns, chronic renal failure with dialysis, or other diseases associated with or not associated with other electrolyte changes or hyperosmolarity. However, there have been a few reports of CPM occurring in diabetic patients without documented electrolyte changes. This report is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of CPM in type 2 diabetic patients without electrolyte changes in Korea. A 40-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus with abruptly developed dysarthria and ataxia was admitted to our facility. He suffered from poor glucose control and multiple diabetic complications. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a well-defined bilateral symmetric hyperintense lesion in the central portion of the pons on T2- and diffusion-weighted images, which was consistent with CPM. After the patient's blood glucose and blood pressure normalized, his dysarthria and ataxia improved. Six months after discharge, follow-up MRI showed a persistent, but greatly reduced symmetric lesion in the central pons. It is certainly possible for CPM to be overlooked clinically in diabetic patients, but more cases could be diagnosed if careful attention was paid to this syndrome.

Clinical Trial

Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Low Density Lipoprotein Subfraction, Adiponectin and Apolipoprotein B in Type 2 Diabetic Patients.: Haejung Jun, Junghae Ko, Hyesook Jung, Changshin Yoon, Taekyoon Kim, Minjeong Kwon, Soonhee Lee, Jihye Suk, Mikyung Kim, Dukkyu Kim, Jeong Hyun Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2011;26(3):218-224. Published online September 1, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2011.26.3.218

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Omega-3 fatty acids derived from fish oil have been reported to exert a beneficial effect on reducing cardiovascular disease. Reports about their mechanism have generated several interesting findings, including a change in small dense low density lipoprotein (sdLDL) cholesterol proportion, adiponectin, and apolipoprotein B (apoB), in addition to changes in the lipid profile. The principal objective of our study was to evaluate the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on plasma sdLDL, adiponectin, apoB100, and B48 in type 2 diabetic patients with hypertriglyceridemia. METHODS: We randomized 28 type 2 diabetic patients in a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial to receive either omega-3 fatty acids or placebo, both administered at a dose of 4 g daily for 12 weeks. LDL subfractions prior to and after treatment were separated via low-speed ultracentrifugation and analyzed via immunoelectrophoresis. Adiponectin, apoB100, and B48 levels were measured using an ELISA kit. RESULTS: sdLDL proportions were reduced in the omega-3 fatty acids group by 11% after 12 weeks of treatment (n = 17, P = 0.001), and were reduced by 4% in the control group (n = 11, P = 0.096). The patients receiving the omega-3 fatty acids evidenced a significant reduction in the levels of triglyceride (P = 0.001), apoB100, and B48 after 12 weeks (P = 0.038 and P = 0.009, respectively) relative to the baseline. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation increased fasting blood glucose (P = 0.011), but the levels of HbA1c in each group did not change to a statistically significance degree. The adiponectin value was not reduced in the omega-3 fatty acids group (P = 0.133); by way of contrast, the placebo group evidenced a significant reduction in adiponectin value after 12 weeks (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Omega-3 fatty acid treatment proved effective in the reduction of atherogenic sdLDL and apoB in type 2 diabetic patients (Clinical trials reg. no. NCT 00758927, clinicaltrials.gov).

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Blood Flow Improvement Effect of Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus) Seed Oil in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mouse Model
Hyelin Jeon, Sungmin Kwak, Su-Jin Oh, Hyun Soo Nam, Doo Won Han, Yoon Seok Song, Jinwoo Song, Kyung-Chul Choi
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2015; 44(8): 1105. CrossRef
Fatty Acid Compositions, Mineral and Vitamin Contents of the Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba)
Han-Soo Kim, Min-A Kim, Duan Yishan, Seong-Ho Jang, Dong-Soo Kang, Won-Ki Lee, Chun-Sik Lee, Jae-Young Ryu
Journal of Environmental Science International.2014; 23(1): 47. CrossRef

Original Articles

Relationships between Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy and the Brachial-ankle Pulse Wave Velocity in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.: Young Pil Bae, Byeong Do Yi, Bong Gun Kim, Jong Hwa Park, Yong Seop Kwon, Ja Young Park, Chang Won Lee, Bo Hyun Kim, Jae Sik Jang; Endocrinol Metab. 2011;26(1):44-52. Published online March 1, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2011.26.1.44

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clinically, evaluating cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is important to predict cardiovascular mortality because it is correlated with cardiovascular death. The pulse wave velocity (PWV) correlates well with arterial distensibility and stiffness. It is also a useful approach for evaluating the severity of systemic atherosclerosis in adults. So, we evaluated that the relationship between cardiac autonomic neuropathy and the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 465 patients (209 men and 256 women) with type 2 diabetes. We checked the clinical characteristics and the laboratory tests and we assessed the diabetic complications. Standard tests for CAN were performed by DiCAN (Medicore, Seoul, Korea): 1) heart rate variability during deep breathing (the E/I ratio), 2) a Valsalva maneuver, 3) 30:15 ratio of R-R interval the blood pressure response to standing, and 5) the blood pressure response to handgrip. The CAN score was determined according to the results of the test as following: 0 = normal, 0.5 = borderline, 1 = abnormal. We also measured the baPWV by using a VP 1000 (Colin, Japan) and all the analyses were performed with the SPSS version 14.0. P values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: The CAN score is associated with the maximal baPWV, age, systolic blood pressure, microalbuminuria, the duration of diabetes, angiotensin II receptor blocker treatment, calcium channel blocker treatment, beta-blocker treatment and nephropathy. After adjusting for age, the baPWV is a independent predictor of the risk for CAN (beta = 0.108, P = 0.021). CONCLUSION: The CAN is associated with the baPWV in patient with type 2 diabetes.

Citations

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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Jun Ouk Ha, Tae Hee Lee, Chang Won Lee, Ja Young Park, Seong Ho Choi, Hee Seung Park, Jae Seung Lee, Seung Heon Lee, Eun Hee Seo, Young Hwan Kim, Young Woo Kang
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2016; 40(4): 297. CrossRef
Relationship between Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy and Brachial-ankle Pulse Wave Velocity in Type 2 Diabetics
Sin Gon Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2011; 26(1): 33. CrossRef
Determinants for Heart Rate Variability in a Normal Korean Population
Gyung-Mee Kim, Jong-Min Woo
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2011; 26(10): 1293. CrossRef

Determinants of the Brachial-Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity (baPWV) in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.: Seong Woo Lee, Kyung Won Yun, Yun Sik Yu, Hong Kyu Lim, Yung Pil Bae, Byung Do Lee, Bo Hyun Kim, Chang Won Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2008;23(4):253-259. Published online August 1, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2008.23.4.253

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Pulse wave velocity (PWV) correlates with arterial distensibility and stiffness and is a useful method for evaluating the severity of systemic atherosclerosis in adults. Brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV) is affected by many different factors such as age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), sex, body mass index, waist to hip ratio, and HbA1c. We evaluated the determinants of baPWV in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: The study included 803 type 2 diabetic patients over age 30 who had their ankle brachial pressure index (ABI) and baPWV measured at Busan St. Mary's Medical Center, Busan, Korea. Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, pulse pressure, fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin, HbA1c, lipid profile, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and microalbuminuria were checked concurrently. We also investigated tobacco and alcohol use by means of questionnaire. We then retrospectively analyzed the relationships between baPWV and various risk factors. RESULTS: Differences between men and women were measured using the independence sample probate. Pearson correlation analysis confirmed the factors affecting the baPWV as follows: SBP, diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, age, waist circumference, gender, and duration of diabetes mellitus were positively correlated, and height and weight were negatively correlated. On aged-adjusted partial correlation, HbA1c, SBP, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse pressure were correlated. By multiple linear regression analysis, SBP, age, HbA1c, and weight were independent predictors of baPWV. CONCLUSION: The baPWV is principally affected by SBP and age in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Citations

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Factors Affecting Arterial Stiffness and Brachial-Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Tomoki Furuya, Shinji Kitahama, Yuma Tamura, Susumu Ogawa, Yuki Nakatani, Takanori Yasu
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
High Brachial Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity as a Marker for Predicting Coronary Artery Stenosis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Bo Hyun Kim, Jae Sik Jang, Yong Seop Kwon, June Hyung Kim, In Joo Kim, Chang Won Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2018; 33(1): 88. CrossRef
Relationships between Brachial-Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity and Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes
Byung Kil Ha, Bong Gun Kim, Dong Hyun Kim, Soon Il Lee, Soon Myung Jung, Ja Young Park, Chang Won Lee, Sang Soo Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, In Ju Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2012; 36(6): 443. CrossRef
Relationships between Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy and the Brachial-ankle Pulse Wave Velocity in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Young Pil Bae, Byeong Do Yi, Bong-Gun Kim, Jong-Hwa Park, Yong Seop Kwon, Ja Young Park, Chang Won Lee, Bo Hyun Kim, Jae-Sik Jang
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2011; 26(1): 44. CrossRef
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Arterial Stiffness
Sung Hee Choi
Journal of Korean Endocrine Society.2008; 23(4): 234. CrossRef

The Relationship between the Leptin Concentration and the Small Dense Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration in Korean Type 2 Diabetic Patients.: Wan Sub Shim, Hae Jin Kim, Eun Seok Kang, Yu Mie Rhee, Chul Woo Ahn, Sung Kil Lim, Hyun Chul Lee, Bong Soo Cha; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(4):319-327. Published online August 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.4.319

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Leptin has been suggested as a possible cause of atherosclerotic disease. The small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) has also been regarded as a new surrogate marker in atherosclerotic disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the leptin concentration and the small dense LDL-C concentration in Korean type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: One hundred-ninety one type 2 diabetic patients, who did not use any medication that could affect the concentration of lipid such as statin, fibrate, thiazolidinediones and corticosteroid, were enrolled in this study. We analyzed the relationship between leptin, the small dense LDL-C and the other metabolic parameters. RESULTS: The small dense LDL-C concentrations were higher in the group with the highest tertile of the leptin value, both in males and females than those patients in the group with the lowest tertile of the leptin value. The small dense LDL-C concentrations were also higher in the group with the highest tertile of leptin divided by the BMI value both in males and females than those patients in the group with the lowest tertile of the leptin value. The leptin concentration was positively correlated with the small dense LDL-C, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C, insulin and HOMAIR values after adjusting for age, gender and BMI. CONCLUSION: The association between leptin and small dense LDL-C could be a factor that explains the association between leptin and cardiovascular disease.

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Seo-Eun Yeon, Hee-Ryoung Son, Jung-Sook Choi, Eun-Kyung Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(1): 12. CrossRef
The Effect of Visceral Fat Area and Adipocytokines on Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Case-Control Study in Adult Korean Population
Kang-Kon Lee, Young-Sung Suh, Keun-Sang Yum
The Korean Journal of Obesity.2012; 21(1): 57. CrossRef

Role of Thigh Muscle in the Carotid artery Intima-Media Thickness and Insulin resistance.: ll Jun Hwang, Kyung Sun Park, Yun Tae Chae, Kyeh Dong Shi, Soo Kyung Kim, Seok Won Park, Yu Lee Kim, Yong Wook Cho, Young Kil Choi, Sang Jong Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2005;20(5):452-459. Published online October 1, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2005.20.5.452

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
There have been recent reports that the fat distribution within skeletal muscle and the amount of muscle mass are associated with insulin resistance and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study evaluated the impacts of visceral fat and thigh muscle from patients with T2DM and healthy subjects on atherosclerosis and insulin resistance. METHODS: Forty-two patients with newly-developed T2DM and 11 healthy subjects were selected for the study. The diabetic patients were subdivided into two groups, those under 40 years of age, as the young T2DM (n=21) group, and 40 years-old or greater, as the old T2DM (n=21) group. CT scans were obtained for all patients at the L4-L5 level and at the mid-portion between the greater trochanter and upper margin patella. The carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) was also measured using high resolution B-mode ultrasonography. RESULTS: The mean visceral fat area (VFA) in the old T2DM group was 169.4+/-13.2cm2, which was significantly greater than that found in the healthy subjects (67.9+/-7.92cm2, P<0.001) and young T2DM group (127.1+/-10.4cm2, P<0.05). The mean visceral fat to normal density muscle area ratio (VMNR) in the old T2DM group was 1.50+/-0.19, which was greater than in the healthy subjects (0.46+/-0.52, P<0.001) and young T2DM group (1.01+/-0.10, P<0.05). The total thigh muscle areas in the young and old T2DM groups were smaller than that in the healthy subjects, but without statistical significance. VMNR showed a positive correlation with the IMT and HOMA-IR. However, the total thigh muscle area was negatively correlated with the IMT. The normal density muscle area also showed significant negative correlations with the IMT and HOMA-IR. In a multiple regression analysis, age and VMNR were the most important independent risk factors of an increased carotid IMT. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the role of thigh muscle, as well as that of visceral fat, played a very important role in the occurrence of atherosclerosis. VMNR was found to be an especially important independent factor for an increased carotid IMT.

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High fat stores in ectopic compartments in men with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: an anthropometric determinant of carotid atherosclerosis and insulin resistance
S-K Kim, S-W Park, I-J Hwang, Y-K Lee, Y-W Cho
International Journal of Obesity.2010; 34(1): 105. CrossRef

The Relation of Serum Adiponectin and Resistin Concentrations with Metabolic Risk Factors.: Seong Tae Ryu, Seok O Park, Se Hwa Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2005;20(5):444-451. Published online October 1, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2005.20.5.444

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Adiponectin is a fat cell-secreted cytokine, which has been reported to improve insulin sensitivity and have antiatherogenic properties. However, it is still unclear whether resistin plays a significant role in the development of insulin resistance in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of the adiponectin and resistin concentrations with insulin resistance, metabolic markers and adiposity in healthy and type 2 diabetic subjects. METHODS: Eighty-three type 2 diabetic and 139 healthy subjects were studied. Blood samples were drawn after fasting to determine the fasting plasma glucose, insulin, resistin, adiponectin, total cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol levels. The subcutaneous and visceral fat areas were measured at the umbilical level using computed tomography. RESULTS: The serum adiponectin concentrations were significantly lower in the diabetic(6.7+/-2.3microgram/mL) than in the obese(8.2+/-2.4microgram/mL, P<0.01) and non-obese subjects(9.9+/-4.5microgram/mL, P<0.01). The serum resistin concentrations were Similar between the non-obese, obese and type 2 diabetic subjects. From a multiple regression analysis, the fasting glucose, HDL-cholesterol and HOMA-IR were found to be independent determinants of the log of the adiponectin level in the diabetes group. In healthy subjects, the gender, BMI, HOMA-IR, visceral fat area and HDL-cholesterol were associated with the log of the adiponectin level. However, the log of the resistin level was not associated with the markers of insulin resistance and obesity. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the serum adiponectin concentration was closely related to the insulin resistance marker in both healthy and type 2 diabetic subjects. However, the resistin concentration was not associated with the markers of insulin resistance and/or obesity.

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Effect of Simvastatin on induced apical periodontitis in rats: a tomographic and biochemical analysis
Jussara Machado PEREIRA, Alex SEMENOFF-SEGUNDO, Natalino Francisco da SILVA, Álvaro Henrique BORGES, Tereza Aparecida Delle Vedove SEMENOFF
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Seo-Eun Yeon, Hee-Ryoung Son, Jung-Sook Choi, Eun-Kyung Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(1): 12. CrossRef
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Mi Joung Kim, Hyun Young Jun, Hye Bog Rha
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The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2011; 44(4): 292. CrossRef
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Korean Diabetes Journal.2008; 32(3): 196. CrossRef

Adiponectin Gene Polymorphism and Carotid Artery Intima-Media thickness in Type 2 Diabetes.: Eun Seok Kang, So Young Park, So Hun Kim, Hyun Joo Lee, Kyu Yeon Hur, Seung Jin Han, Se Eun Park, Hyeong Jin Kim, Chul Woo Ahn, Bong Soo Cha, Sung Kil Lim, Kyung Rae Kim, Hyun Chul Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2005;20(1):29-39. Published online February 1, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2005.20.1.29

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to examine the association between the common polymorphisms of the adiponectin gene(ACDC) and the intima-media thickness(IMT) of the common carotid arteries in type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: The B mode ultrasound examination of carotid artery was performed on 133 type 2 diabetic patients. The carotid IMT was calculated using the Intimascope computer program. The SNP45 and SNP276 of the ACDC were examined. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the carotid IMT among the SNP45 genotypes(0.66+/-0.18mm for TT, 0.71+/-0.12mm for TG and 0.64+/-0.15mm for GG, P=NS). Subjects carrying the SNP276 GG genotype had a markedly lower serum adiponectin concentration than those carrying the TT genotype(3.35+/-2.00microgram/mL vs. 4.98+/-2.24microgram/mL, P=0.029) The carotid IMT was significantly higher in patients with the SNP276 GG genotype than those with the TT genotype (0.70+/-0.17mm vs. 0.59+/-0.13mm, P=0.032). Patients with the +45GG/+276GG genotype combination showed significantly higher mean carotid IMT than the other genotype combinations(0.78+/-0.09mm vs. 0.71+/-0.15mm, P=0.013) CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the adiponectin gene, SNP276 is associated with the carotid IMT in type 2 diabetic patients. Further studies are will be needed to confirm these genotypephenotype associations.

Relationship between Serum Adiponectin and Development of the Metabolic Syndrome.: S S Park, K M Choi, S B Kwon, O H Ryu, H J Ryu, S Y Park, H Y Kim, J A Seo, K W Lee, S G Kim, N H Kim, D S Choi, S H Baik; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2004;19(5):492-500. Published online October 1, 2004

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
We investigated whether low serum adiponectin concentrations are able to predict the future development of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study, which included 372 elderly Koreans that participated in the South-West Seoul (SWS) study, conducted in 1999 and 2002 in Seoul, Korea. Fasting and post-challenge 2-hour plasma glucose, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), blood pressure, lipid profiles, and serum adiponectin data were examined. RESULTS: Adiponectin concentrations obtained in 1999 and 2002 were highly correlated (r = 0.63, P < 0.0001), and the three-year within-person variation of the adiponectin concentrations was not significant (P=0.61). The serum adiponectin level was closely correlated with metabolic syndrome; negatively with BMI, WHR, blood pressure, triglyceride and blood glucose, and positively with HDL cholesterol. Subjects with metabolic syndrome showed lower serum adiponectin concentrations than those without (P < 0.0001). The baseline adiponectin levels were found to be correlated with subsequent changes in the WHR, LDL cholesterol, and fasting and post-load 2h glucose over the 3-year period, after adjusting the baseline values. A multiple logistic regression analysis showed that lower baseline serum adiponectin concentrations were significantly associated with the developments of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome after adjusting for age, gender, obesity, history of impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension and dyslipidemia. CONCLUSION: Reduced concentrations of adiponectin were found to be independently associated with increase risks of both type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in elderly Koreans

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