Endocrinology and Metabolism

Review Article

Thyroid
Current Guidelines for Management of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: Mijin Kim, Bo Hyun Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(3):514-524. Published online June 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1082

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Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare neuroendocrine tumor originating from the parafollicular cells. The diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for the condition are different from those used for well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Since the 2015 American Thyroid Association guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of MTC, the latest, including the National Comprehensive Cancer Network and European Association for Medical Oncology guidelines have been updated to reflect several recent advances in the management of MTC. Advances in molecular diagnosis and postoperative risk stratification systems have led to individualized treatment and follow-up strategies. Multi-kinase inhibitors, such as vandetanib and cabozantinib, can prolong disease progression-free survival with favorable adverse effects. In addition, potent selective rearranged during transfection (RET) inhibitors (selpercatinib and pralsetinib) have shown a promising efficacy in recent clinical trials. This review summarizes the management of MTC in recent guidelines focused on sporadic MTC.

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Original Article

Clinical Study
Trends in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma in Korea: Hwa Young Ahn, Jae Eun Chae, Hyemi Moon, Junghyun Noh, Young Joo Park, Sin Gon Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(4):811-819. Published online November 20, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.709

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Background
Thyroid cancer is becoming increasingly common worldwide, but little is known about the epidemiology of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). This study investigated the current status of the incidence and treatment of MTC using Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) data for the entire Korean population from 2004 to 2016.
Methods
This study included 1,790 MTC patients identified from the NHIS database.
Results
The age-standardized incidence rate showed a slightly decreasing or stationary trend during the period, from 0.25 per 100,000 persons in 2004 to 0.19 in 2016. The average proportion of MTC among all thyroid cancers was 0.5%. For initial surgical treatment, 65.4% of patients underwent total thyroidectomy. After surgery, external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT) was performed in 10% of patients, a proportion that increased from 6.7% in 2004 to 11.0% in 2016. Reoperations were performed in 2.7% of patients (n=49) at a median of 1.9 years of follow-up (interquartile range, 1.2 to 3.4). Since November 2015, 25 (1.4%) patients with MTC were prescribed vandetanib by December 2016.
Conclusion
The incidence of MTC decreased slightly with time, and the proportion of patients who underwent total thyroidectomy was about 65%. EBRT, reoperation, and tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy are additional treatments after initial surgery for advanced MTC in Korea.

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Update on C-Cell Neuroendocrine Neoplasm: Prognostic and Predictive Histopathologic and Molecular Features of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
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Guiming Fu, Xiaoyi Li, Fengli Guo, Xianhui Ruan, Wei Zhang, Weijing Zhang, Yaping Zhang, Yibo Chen, Chunhua Li, Jin Chen, Xiangqian Zheng, Zhaohui Wang, Ming Gao
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JMIR Public Health and Surveillance.2023; 9: e47156. CrossRef
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Case Report

Two cases of 111Indium Pentetreotide Scan for the Pre- and Post-Operative Evaluation of Localization and Metastasis in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma.: Jae Hoon Chung, Kwang Won Kim, Kyu Jeung Ahn, Yong Ki Min, Myung Shik Lee, Moon Kyu Lee, Kyoung Ah Kim, Yeun Sun Kim, Eun Mi Koh; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1996;11(1):85-92. Published online November 7, 2019

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Abstract PDF: Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland(MTC) constitutes approximatesly 3% to 10% of all malignant thyroid tumors. It appears in both familial and sporadic forms. Metastases are frequently present at diagnosis and are resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Surgical resection of the primary tumor and the metastases is the mainstay of treatment. Although MTC can be detected by elevated serum calcitonin, localization of residual or metastatic foci may be difficult. Many scintigraphic methods have been used for identification of the residual tumor or metastasis. However, most of them have either low sensitivity or low specificity. MTC frequently secretes somatostatin and may express somatostatin receptors. Recently, somatostatin-receptor imaging has been known to be useful for the detection of residual and recurrent medullary thyroid carcinoma. A 25 year-old woman who was dignosed as medullary carcinoma by biopsy of thyroid mass is presented. Thirteen years ago, she underwent left thyroidectomy due to thyroid cancer(MTC). Laboratory tests revealed an increase in the levels in serum CEA(CEA=557.6 ng/ml) and calcitonin(calcitonin= 720 pg/ml). The second patient, a 30 year-old female, complained of a palpable mass in the left anterior neck. Ten years ago, she underwent a right lobectomy of thyroid gland due to adenomatous goiter. Laboratory tests revealed an increase in the levels in serum CEA(CEA=617 ng/ml) and Calcitonin (Calcitonin=2,300 pg/ml). In both cases, pre- and postoperative In-111 pentetreotide scintigraphy were done and compared with "'I scintigraphy. In-111 pentetreotide scan may be useful for the localization of residual or metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma. Further study is warranted to define the sensitivity and specificity of the technique.

Original Articles

Clinical Significance of Routine Measurement of Serum Calcitonin in Korean Patients with Thyroid Nodules as a Screening test of Sporadic Thyroid Medullary Carcinoma.: Young Kee Shong, Cheol Soo Choi, Hye Young Park, Bo Youn Cho; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1996;11(1):11-17. Published online November 7, 2019

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Abstract PDF: Background
: It is not easy to diagnose sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma(MTC) before surgery and this might lead the patient reoperation and/or lowered chance of definite cure. Methods : The prevalence of sporadic MTC in Korean was studied in patients with thyroid nodules. A prospective study of 1048 consecutive patients with thyroid nodules was performed. In all patients, measurements of basal serum calcitonin, thyroid hormones, TSH, anti-thyroglobulin antibody and anti-thyroperoxidase antibody were undertaken along with technetium-99m thyroid scintigraphy and fine needle aspiration cytology. In patients with elevated basal calcitonin levels, calcium stimulated calcitonin level was determined. Results: Two patient had markedly elevated calcitonin levels(over 3,200 pg/mL and 1,763 pg/ mL) and another one slightly elevated calcitoni#n(71.9 pg/mL). Fine needle aspiration cytology was suggestive of MTC in one and nodular hyperplasia in the other two. They underwent surgery and histological examination revealed MTC in those two with markedly elevated calcitonin levels. The patient with slightly elevated calcitonin, who was on the maintenance hemodialysis due to chronic renal failure, had nodular hyperplasia. Conclusion: MTC was found in 0.19% of patients with thyroid nodules, which was not different with the previously reported prevalence in Europe. Routine measurements of serum calcitonin might be of value to detect sporadic MTC; however, the cost-effectiveness of routine measurement of serum calcitonin is not clear, considering the relatively low prevalence of MTC in Koreans.

Thyroid
Procalcitonin as Marker of Recurrent Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Pierpaolo Trimboli, Luca Giovanella; Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(2):204-210. Published online June 21, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.2.204

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Calcitonin measurement is pivotal in the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), but several pitfalls can affect its reliability. Other potential markers have been proposed, and procalcitonin (ProCT) has been reported as promising. The present study was undertaken to summarize the published data and provide more robust estimates on the reliability of ProCT as marker in the management of patients with MTC.

Methods

The systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The sources comprised studies published through May 2018. Original articles that reported series of MTC patients undergone ProCT during postoperative follow-up were searched. A random-effects model was used for statistical pooling of the data. The I² index was used to quantify the consistency among the studies. The Egger test evaluated the possible presence of significant publication bias. Quality assessment of the studies was performed according to Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 (QUADAS-2).

Results

According to inclusion and exclusion criteria five papers, reporting 296 MTC patients undergone ProCT evaluation, were finally selected. The number of MTC with recurrence was 140. The pooled sensitivity of ProCT in detecting recurrence was 96% (95% confidence interval [CI], 92% to 99%), with neither heterogeneity (I²=0%) nor publication bias (Egger test, 3.16; P=0.99). The pooled specificity was 96% (95% CI, 87% to 100%) with mild heterogeneity (I²=66.6%), while Egger test was not calculable.

Conclusion

The present meta-analysis provides evidence that ProCT is reliable to manage MTC patients during their postoperative follow-up.

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Review Article

Thyroid
Recent Updates on the Management of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: Bo Hyun Kim, In Joo Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(3):392-399. Published online August 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.3.392

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare neuroendocrine tumor derived from the thyroid C cells producing calcitonin. MTC accounts for 0.6% of all thyroid cancers and incidence of MTC increased steadily between 1997 and 2011 in Korea. It occurs either sporadically or in a hereditary form based on germline rearranged during transfection (RET) mutations. MTC can be cured only by complete resection of the thyroid tumor and any loco-regional metastases. The most appropriate treatment is still less clear in patients with residual or recurrent disease after initial surgery or those with distant metastases because most patients even with metastatic disease have indolent courses with slow progression for several years and MTC is not responsive to either radioactive iodine therapy or thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression. Recently, two tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), vandetanib and cabozantinib, are approved for use in patients with advanced, metastatic or progressive MTC. In this review, we summarize the current approach according to revised American Thyroid Association guidelines and recent advances in systemic treatment such as TKIs for patients with persistent or recurrent MTC after surgery.

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A label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on gold nanoparticles and graphene oxide for the detection of tumor marker calcitonin
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Original Article

Endocrine Research
Selective Mitochondrial Uptake of MKT-077 Can Suppress Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Cell Survival In Vitro and In Vivo: Dmytro Starenki, Jong-In Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(4):593-603. Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.4.593

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Background

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a neuroendocrine tumor mainly caused by mutations in the rearranged during transfection (RET) proto-oncogene. Not all patients with progressive MTC respond to current therapy inhibiting RET, demanding additional therapeutic strategies. We recently demonstrated that disrupting mitochondrial metabolism using a mitochondria-targeted agent or by depleting a mitochondrial chaperone effectively suppressed human MTC cells in culture and in mouse xenografts by inducing apoptosis and RET downregulation. These observations led us to hypothesize that mitochondria are potential therapeutic targets for MTC. This study further tests this hypothesis using1-ethyl-2-[[3-ethyl-5-(3-methylbenzothiazolin-2-yliden)]-4-oxothiazolidin-2-ylidenemethyl] pyridinium chloride (MKT-077), a water-soluble rhodocyanine dye analogue, which can selectively accumulate in mitochondria.

Methods

The effects of MKT-077 on cell proliferation, survival, expression of RET and tumor protein 53 (TP53), and mitochondrial activity were determined in the human MTC lines in culture and in mouse xenografts.

Results

MKT-077 induced cell cycle arrest in TT and MZ-CRC-1. Intriguingly, MKT-077 also induced RET downregulation and strong cell death responses in TT cells, but not in MZ-CRC-1 cells. This discrepancy was mainly due to the difference between the capacities of these cell lines to retain MKT-077 in mitochondria. The cytotoxicity of MKT-077 in TT cells was mainly attributed to oxidative stress while being independent of TP53. MKT-077 also effectively suppressed tumor growth of TT xenografts.

Conclusion

MKT-077 can suppress cell survival of certain MTC subtypes by accumulating in mitochondria and interfering with mitochondrial activity although it can also suppress cell proliferation via other mechanisms. These results consistently support the hypothesis that mitochondrial targeting has therapeutic potential for MTC.

Citations

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Immunoexpression of HSPA9 and CUL2 in prostatic tissue and adenocarcinoma
Carlos Gustavo Hirth, Gislane Rocha Vasconcelos, Maria do Perpétuo Socorro Saldanha da Cunha, Carlos Heli Bezerra Leite, Conceição Aparecida Dornelas
Annals of Diagnostic Pathology.2022; 56: 151843. CrossRef
Analogs of the Heat Shock Protein 70 Inhibitor MKT-077 Suppress Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Cells
Seung-Keun Hong, Dmytro Starenki, Oleta T. Johnson, Jason E. Gestwicki, Jong-In Park
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(3): 1063. CrossRef
Effect of F16-Betulin Conjugate on Mitochondrial Membranes and Its Role in Cell Death Initiation
Mikhail V. Dubinin, Alena A. Semenova, Darya A. Nedopekina, Eldar V. Davletshin, Anna Yu. Spivak, Konstantin N. Belosludtsev
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Emerging insights into mitochondria-specific targeting and drug delivering strategies: Recent milestones and therapeutic implications
Sugapriya Dhanasekaran, Divya Venugopal, Noura Al-Dayan, Vijaya Ravinayagam, Arif Ahmed Mohammed
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Growth Inhibitory Signaling of the Raf/MEK/ERK Pathway
Pui-Kei Wu, Andrew Becker, Jong-In Park
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Vinayak Narayanankutty , Arunaksharan Narayanankutty, Anusree Nair
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Mortalin (GRP75/HSPA9) Promotes Survival and Proliferation of Thyroid Carcinoma Cells
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Case Reports

Thyroid
A Calcitonin-Negative Neuroendocrine Tumor Derived from Follicular Lesions of the Thyroid: Ga Young Kim, Chul Yun Park, Chang Ho Cho, June Sik Park, Eui Dal Jung, Eon Ju Jeon; Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(2):221-225. Published online December 9, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.2.221

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Neuroendocrine lesions of the thyroid are rare. The most common types are medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTCs) and C-cell hyperplasia. MTCs originate from thyroid parafollicular cells that secrete calcitonin which serves as a serum marker of MTCs. Here, the rare case of a calcitonin-negative neuroendocrine tumor (NET) derived from follicular lesions of the thyroid is described. A 34-year-old man presented at our hospital for the surgical management of an incidental thyroid nodule that was observed on an ultrasound sonography (USG) of the neck. Initially, USG-guided aspiration cytology was performed, and a MTC was suspected. The expressions of thyroglobulin and thyroid transcription factor-1, which are thyroid follicular cell markers, and synaptophysin and chromogranin A, which are neuroendocrine markers, was confirmed following surgical pathology. However, the staining of calcitonin, a marker of MTCs, was not observed. A nonmedullary NET of the thyroid is uncommon, and the distinction between calcitonin-negative NETs and MTCs of the thyroid may be important due to differences in their clinical courses and management.

Citations

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Calcitonin-Negative Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Thyroid Gland: Case Report and Literature Review
Ricardo Fernández-Ferreira, Ildefonso Roberto De la Peña-López, Karla Walkiria Zamudio-Coronado, Luis Antonio Delgado-Soler, María Eugenia Torres-Pérez, Christianne Bourlón-de los Ríos, Rubén Cortés-González
Case Reports in Oncology.2021; 14(1): 112. CrossRef
Calcitonin-negative neuroendocrine tumor of the thyroid with metastasis to liver-rare presentation of an unusual tumor: A case report and review of literature
Huai-Jie Cai, Han Wang, Nan Cao, Bin Huang, Fan-Lei Kong, Li-Ren Lu, Ya-Yuan Huang, Wei Wang
World Journal of Clinical Cases.2020; 8(1): 179. CrossRef
Medullary thyroid carcinoma with double negative calcitonin and CEA: a case report and update of literature review
Claudio Gambardella, Chiara Offi, Guglielmo Clarizia, Roberto Maria Romano, Immacolata Cozzolino, Marco Montella, Rosa Maria Di Crescenzo, Massimo Mascolo, Angelo Cangiano, Sergio Di Martino, Giancarlo Candela, Giovanni Docimo
BMC Endocrine Disorders.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Calcitonin negative Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: a challenging diagnosis or a medical dilemma?
Claudio Gambardella, Chiara Offi, Renato Patrone, Guglielmo Clarizia, Claudio Mauriello, Ernesto Tartaglia, Francesco Di Capua, Sergio Di Martino, Roberto Maria Romano, Lorenzo Fiore, Alessandra Conzo, Giovanni Conzo, Giovanni Docimo
BMC Endocrine Disorders.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Calcitonin-Negative Neuroendocrine Tumor of the Thyroid
Megan Parmer, Stacey Milan, Alireza Torabi
International Journal of Surgical Pathology.2017; 25(2): 191. CrossRef
Clinical and pathological analysis of 19 cases of medullary thyroid carcinoma without an increase in calcitonin
Qiufeng Zhou, Shuanglei Yue, Ye Cheng, Ju Jin, Haimiao Xu
Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology.2017; 69(8): 575. CrossRef
Primary Calcitonin-negative Neuroendocrine Tumor
Sabri Özden, Aysel Colak, Baris Saylam, Ömer Cengiz
World Journal of Endocrine Surgery.2017; 9(3): 104. CrossRef
LONG-TERM RESULTS OF SURGICAL TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH FOLLICULAR TUMORS OF THE THYROID
I. N. Zubarovskiy, M. V. Mikhailova, S. K. Osipenko
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Thyroid
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma with Ectopic Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Syndrome: Hong Seok Choi, Min Joo Kim, Chae Ho Moon, Jong Ho Yoon, Ha Ra Ku, Geon Wook Kang, Im Il Na, Seung-Sook Lee, Byung-Chul Lee, Young Joo Park, Hong Il Kim, Yun Hyi Ku; Endocrinol Metab. 2014;29(1):96-100. Published online March 14, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2014.29.1.96

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Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) syndrome is caused most frequently by a bronchial carcinoid tumor or by small cell lung cancer. Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare etiology of ectopic ACTH syndrome. We describe a case of Cushing syndrome due to ectopic ACTH production from MTC in a 48-year-old male. He was diagnosed with MTC 14 years ago and underwent total thyroidectomy, cervical lymph node dissection and a series of metastasectomies. MTC was confirmed by the pathological examination of the thyroid and metastatic mediastinal lymph node tissues. Two years after his last surgery, he developed Cushingoid features, such as moon face and central obesity, accompanied by uncontrolled hypertension and new-onset diabetes. The laboratory results were compatible with ectopic ACTH syndrome. A bilateral adrenalectomy improved the clinical and laboratory findings that were associated with Cushing syndrome. This is the first confirmed case of ectopic ACTH syndrome caused by MTC in Korea.

Citations

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Medullary Thyroid Cancer with Ectopic Cushing's Syndrome: A Case Report and Systematic Review of Detailed Cases from the Literature
Andrea Corsello, Vittoria Ramunno, Pietro Locantore, Giovanni Pacini, Esther Diana Rossi, Francesco Torino, Alfredo Pontecorvi, Carmela De Crea, Rosa Maria Paragliola, Marco Raffaelli, Salvatore Maria Corsello
Thyroid.2022; 32(11): 1281. CrossRef
Mucosal Neuroma Cues for Endocrine Emergency Treatment
Gyu Gang Choi, Hwan Jin Lee, Hyo Jin Han, Young Beom Jeong, Heung Bum Lee, Ji Hyun Park
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(6): 1312. CrossRef
Articles in 'Endocrinology and Metabolism' in 2014
Won-Young Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2015; 30(1): 47. CrossRef
Rapid response of hypercortisolism to vandetanib treatment in a patient with advanced medullary thyroid cancer and ectopic Cushing syndrome
Fabián Pitoia, Fernanda Bueno, Angélica Schmidt, Sabrina Lucas, Graciela Cross
Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism.2015; 59(4): 343. CrossRef

A Case of Concurrent Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Familial Medullary Thyroid Microcarcinoma with a Germline C634W Mutation.: Ji Hye Kim, Ji Hyun Park, Tae Sun Park, Hong Sun Baek, Myoung Ja Chung, Ki Hwan Hong; Endocrinol Metab. 2010;25(4):354-359. Published online December 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2010.25.4.354

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Abstract PDF: The origins of medullary carcinoma (MTC) and papillary carcinoma (PTC) of the thyroid are embryologically different. Tumors showing concurrent medullary and papillary features are rare and they represent less than 1% of all thyroid malignancies. Hereditary MTC is an autosomal dominantly inherited disease which is genetically determined as part of the MEN 2A, MEN 2B, or variants of MEN 2A such as familial MTC. Germline mutations of the RET gene are the underlying cause of the majority of cases of hereditary medullary carcinomas. The pathogenesis of concurrent PTC with familial MTC has rarely been known. Genetic analysis of the RET oncogene has so far provided conflicting results. Here we describe a family whose sibling was affected by both PTC & MTC, and the family carried a germ-line point mutation in the RET extracellular domain that converted cysteine 634 into tryptophan (C634W).

Original Article

Clinicopathological Characteristics and Prognostic Factors of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma.: Hye Won Jang, Ji In Lee, Kyu Yeon Hur, Jae Hyeon Kim, Sun Wook Kim, Yong Ki Min, Myung Shik Lee, Moon Kyu Lee, Kwang Won Kim, Jae Hoon Chung; Endocrinol Metab. 2010;25(3):183-191. Published online September 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2010.25.3.183

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Studies on the clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic factors of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) in Korea are very rare. METHODS: We enrolled 56 MTC patients who underwent surgery at Samsung Medical Center from 1995 to 2006. We analyzed their gender, age at diagnosis, the pathologic findings, the TNM stage, the association with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN), RET protooncogene mutation and the, serum basal calcitonin levels before and after the surgery. We investigated the overall survival and the prognostic factors. RESULTS: The mean age at diagnosis was 46 years and the male/female ratio was 1:2.7. Fine needle aspiration cytology detected 61% of the MTC. The mean tumor size was 2.6 cm (range: 0.2-9.0 cm). Fifty-two percent of patients had the TNM stage more than III at the time of diagnosis. Distant metastasis was found in 5.3% (3/56) of the patients, either at the time of diagnosis or during the follow-up period. Hereditary MTC comprised of 23% of the patients and the disease developed at a younger age (38 years vs. 48 years, respectively, P < 0.05) with more bilaterality. RET protooncogene mutations were found in 27% (9/33) of the patients and most of them were in codon 634. After the primary surgery, the serum basal calcitonin levels were persistently elevated over 13 ng/L in 49% of the patients. The overall 5-year survival rate was 95.5%. Tumor size and distant metastasis were the significant prognostic factors for survival by univariate analysis (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: There were no significant differences in the clinicopathological characteristics of MTC and survival in Korea compared to those of the Western countries.

Citations

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Preoperative Clinical and Sonographic Predictors for Lateral Cervical Lymph Node Metastases in Sporadic Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Hye-Seon Oh, Hyemi Kwon, Eyun Song, Min Ji Jeon, Dong Eun Song, Tae Yong Kim, Jeong Hyun Lee, Suck Joon Hong, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong, Jung Hwan Baek, Won Gu Kim
Thyroid.2018; 28(3): 362. CrossRef
The Relationship between Ultrasonographic Features and Clinical Characteristics of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Min Joon Park, Young Sik Choi, Hee Sung Song, Beom Su Kim
Clinical Ultrasound.2018; 3(1): 8. CrossRef
Dynamic risk stratification for medullary thyroid cancer according to the response to initial therapy
Hyemi Kwon, Won Gu Kim, Min Ji Jeon, Dong Eun Song, Yu-Mi Lee, Tae-Yon Sung, Ki-Wook Chung, Jong Ho Yoon, Suck Joon Hong, Jung Hwan Baek, Jeong Hyun Lee, Tae Yong Kim, Won Bae Kim, Young Kee Shong
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Postoperative biochemical remission of serum calcitonin is the best predictive factor for recurrence‐free survival of medullary thyroid cancer: a large‐scale retrospective analysis over 30 years
Kyong Yeun Jung, Seok‐Mo Kim, Won Sang Yoo, Bup‐Woo Kim, Yong Sang Lee, Kyung Won Kim, Kyu Eun Lee, Jong Ju Jeong, Kee‐Hyun Nam, Se Hoon Lee, Jeong Hun Hah, Woong Youn Chung, Ka Hee Yi, Do Joon Park, Yeo‐Kyu Youn, Myung‐Whun Sung, Bo Youn Cho, Cheong Soo
Clinical Endocrinology.2016; 84(4): 587. CrossRef
Changing trends in the clinicopathological features and clinical outcomes of medullary thyroid carcinoma
Hyemi Kwon, Won Gu Kim, Tae‐Yon Sung, Min Ji Jeon, Dong Eun Song, Yu‐Mi Lee, Jong Ho Yoon, Ki‐Wook Chung, Suck Joon Hong, Jung Hwan Baek, Jeong Hyun Lee, Tae Yong Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim
Journal of Surgical Oncology.2016; 113(2): 152. CrossRef
Localization of medullary thyroid carcinoma after surgery using 11C-methionine PET/CT: comparison with 18F-FDG PET/CT
Hye Won Jang, Joon Young Choi, Ji In Lee, Hee Kyung Kim, Hyun Won Shin, Jung Hee Shin, Sun Wook Kim, Jae Hoon Chung
Endocrine Journal.2010; 57(12): 1045. CrossRef

Case Report

A Case of Sporadic Medullary Thyroid Cancer with RET G691S Polymorphism.: Min Kyu Kang, Jung Min Lee, Ji Hyun Kim, Min Young Lee, Ji Hyun Kim, Sung Dae Moon, Je Ho Han, Sang Ah Chang; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2009;24(4):293-297. Published online December 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2009.24.4.293

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Abstract PDF: Sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is the most common form of MTC and somatic RET proto-oncogene mutations account for approximately 25% of the patients with sporadic MTC. However, other pathogeneses of sporadic MTC are still unclear. Not only RET mutation, but also polymorphisms of RET may have an association with sporadic MTC. We herein describe the association of MTC and RET proto-oncogene polymorphism. A 51-year-old man was diagnosed with MTC, which was incidentally found on a thyroid sonogram. The patient underwent total thyroidectomy and genetic mutational analysis of the RET gene. Genetic testing detected a polymorphism in codon 691 (G691S) on exon 11 of the RET proto-oncogene. His son and daughter had the same polymorphism. We report on this case along with a review of the related literature on RET gene polymorphism of sporadic MTC.

Original Article

Search for Materials that Influence Human Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Cell Proliferation.: Hyun Won Shin, Hye Won Jang, Keun Sook Kim, Ji In Lee, Ji Young Park, Sun Wook Kim, Yong Ki Min, Myung Shik Lee, Moon Kyu Lee, Kwang Won Kim, Jae Hoon Chung; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2009;24(2):93-99. Published online June 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2009.24.2.93

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Surgical excision is the only effective treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and there is no certain treatment for recurrence or distant metastasis. Materials that influence MTC cell proliferation were recently reported. Presently, we evaluated the influence of dexamethasone, somatostatin, progesterone, estradiol-17-beta, forskolin and gastrin on MTC cell proliferation and calcitonin secretion. METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted and sequenced from untreated thyroid TT cells and cells treated with 10-5~10-10 M dexamethasone, somatostatin, progesterone, estradiol-17-beta, forskolin or gastrin, and cultured for 1~6 days. Cell proliferation was assessed using a BrdU assay at days 1, 2, 3, and 6. Calcitonin in the culture medium from dexamethasone-treated TT cells was measured at days 1~3. RESULTS: Replacement of cysteine with tryptophan at codon 634 of exon 11 was evident in treated TT cells. There was no significant difference in cell proliferation at days 1~3 in cells treated with somatostatin, progesterone, estradiol-17-beta, gastrin and forskolin, while proliferation was inhibited in dexamethasone-treated cells in a concentration-dependent manner from 10-5~10-8 M with no inhibition evident at 10-10 M. Calcitonin levels in 10-5~10-8 M dexamethasone-treated cells were decreased. CONCLUSION: Dexamethasone is a potentially useful compound to suppress MTC cell proliferation. Further studies are necessary to explore this potential further prior to clinical use.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Identification of Growth Regulatory Factors in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Cell Line
Young Suk Jo, Minho Shong
Journal of Korean Endocrine Society.2009; 24(2): 84. CrossRef

Case Reports

A Patient with Concurrent Medullary and Papillary Carcinoma of the Thyroid.: Seung Hee Yoo, Keun Joon Lim, Seung Hwan Lee, Ji Hyun Kim, Soon Hwa Hong, Jae Hyoung Cho, Chan Kwon Jung, Hyuk Sang Kwon, Kun Ho Yoon, Min Sik Kim, Bong Yun Cha, Ho Young Son; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(3):235-240. Published online June 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.3.235

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Abstract PDF

The origin of medullary thyroid carcinoma and papillary thyroid carcinoma are embryogenically different, so these tumors have been thought to be independent of each other. We experienced a case of concurrent medullary and papillary thyroid carcinoma in one patient. The patient underwent total thyroidectomy and both two tumors were located at different lobes, respectively. Both tumors showed their own characteristic pathologic and immunohistochemical findings. The patient's elevated calcitonin level returned to the normal range after operation and there has been no evidence of recurrence. It is still controversial whether the concurrency is just coincidental or it arises from activation of a common tumorigenic pathway.

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A Case of Concurrent Papillary and Medullary Thyroid Carcinomas Detected as Recurrent Medullary Carcinoma after Initial Surgery for Papillary Carcinoma
Dongbin Ahn, Jin Ho Sohn, Ji Young Park
Journal of Korean Thyroid Association.2013; 6(1): 80. CrossRef

A Case of Familial Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma with a E768D Mutation in RET Proto-Oncogene.: Yeon Kyeong Kim, Jin Woo Kim, Sang Mi Ahn, Kyoung Eun Song, Sun Hye Jung, Dae Jung Kim, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwan Woo Lee, Chul Ho Kim, Ji Hee Hong, Seon Yong Jeong, Hyon Ju Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2005;20(4):375-380. Published online August 1, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2005.20.4.375

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Abstract PDF

A medullary thyroid carcinoma, a neoplasm of parafollicular C cell origin, occurs as a sporadic or hereditary disease. A hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma is an autosomal dominantly inherited disease, which is composed of multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A and 2B, with a familial medullary thyroid carcinoma. Germline mutations of the RET gene are the underlying cause of the majority of hereditary medullary carcinomas. Here, the case of a 42 years-old man with a familial medullary thyroid carcinoma, confirmed by the detection of a RET proto-oncogene mutation at exon 13 on codon 768 from a GAG(Glu) to a GAT(Asp), is described. The patient underwent a total thyroidectomy and modified radical neck dissection. His sister was found to have the same mutant gene.

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A Case of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma with de novo V804M RET Germline Mutation
Young Sik Choi, Hye Jung Kwon, Bu Kyung Kim, Su Kyoung Kwon, Yo Han Park, Jeong Hoon Kim, Sang Bong Jung, Chang Hoon Lee, Seong Keun Lee, Shinya Uchino
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2013; 28(1): 156. CrossRef
A Family of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2A with a C634R Mutation and a G691S Polymorphism in RET Proto-oncogene
Seoung Wook Yun, Won Sang Yoo, Koo Hyun Hong, Bae Hwan Kim, Min Ho Kang, Young Kwang Choo, Hee Yoon Park, Do Hee Kim, Hyun-Kyung Chung, Myung-Chul Chang, Mi Seon Kwon, Hee Jin Kim
Journal of Korean Endocrine Society.2007; 22(6): 453. CrossRef

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