Fig. 1Regional iodine status among Filipino women of childbearing age based on median urinary iodine concentration.
Table 1Epidemiological Criteria for Assessment of Iodine Nutrition in a Population Based on Median Urinary Iodine Concentration
Median UIC, µg/L |
Iodine intake |
Iodine nutrition |
<20 |
Insufficient |
Severe iodine deficiency |
20–49 |
Insufficient |
Moderate iodine deficiency |
50–99 |
Insufficient |
Mild iodine deficiency |
100–199 |
Adequate |
Optimal |
200–299 |
More than adequate |
Risk of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism in susceptible groups |
≥300 |
Excessive |
Risk of adverse health consequences |
Table 2Median Urinary Iodine Concentrations and Percentages of Levels <50 and ≥100 µg/L in Filipino Women Aged 15 to 45 Years Old by Region
Region |
Number |
Median (20th–80th percentile) |
% <50 µg/dL (95% CI) |
% ≥100 µg/dL (95% CI) |
Philippines |
6,194 |
123 (46–233) |
21.5 (20.2–22.8) |
58.1 (56.3–59.9) |
Ilocos Region |
390 |
105 (34–220) |
26.7 (20.6–32.8) |
52.3 (42.1–62.5) |
Cagayan Valley |
302 |
100 (40–205) |
23.5 (16.4–30.7) |
50.9 (42.8–58.9) |
Central Luzon |
569 |
127 (52–236) |
19.2 (14.7–23.7) |
59.8 (54.7–64.8) |
Calabarzon |
676 |
168 (82–289) |
12.4 (10.3–14.5) |
74.1 (69.9–78.3) |
Mimaropa |
260 |
122 (50–217) |
19.2 (13.5–25.0) |
60.1 (51.1–69.0) |
Bicol |
321 |
116 (47–205) |
21.7 (17.8–25.6) |
55.3 (49.9–60.6) |
Western Visayas |
372 |
96 (31–202) |
29.2 (23.7–34.7) |
47.2 (41.6–52.9) |
Central Visayas |
390 |
109 (46–198) |
22.1 (18.3–25.9) |
53.0 (47.4–58.5) |
Eastern Visayas |
311 |
125 (66–220) |
13.7 (9.9–17.6) |
60.6 (52.8–68.3) |
Western Mindanao |
280 |
74 (26–161) |
36.9 (30.4–43.5) |
37.7 (29.9–45.6) |
Northern Mindanao |
343 |
101 (39–189) |
25.1 (21.1–29.1) |
50.4 (44.4–56.4) |
Southern Mindanao |
365 |
91 (35–174) |
27.7 (24.3–31.1) |
45.8 (39.7–51.9) |
Central Mindanao |
348 |
103 (32–219) |
29.1 (23.4–34.7) |
50.7 (45.5–55.9) |
NCR |
589 |
160 (54–260) |
18.3 (14.9–21.7) |
66.4 (62.3–70.5) |
CAR |
245 |
107 (40–196) |
23.5 (15.9–31.2) |
50.9 (43.5–58.2) |
ARMM |
202 |
72 (25–172) |
36.9 (25.1–48.7) |
41.9 (31.3–52.6) |
Caraga |
231 |
113 (48–218) |
20.7 (10.0–31.4) |
55.1 (42.3–67.8) |
Table 3Percent Distribution of Urinary Iodine Concentration in Filipino Women of Childbearing Age by Region
Characteristic |
Number |
Urinary iodine concentration, µg/L |
<20 |
20–49 |
50–99 |
100–199 |
200–299 |
≥300 |
Philippines |
6,194 |
9.2 |
12.3 |
20.4 |
30.6 |
16.1 |
11.4 |
Ilocos Region |
390 |
11.9 |
14.8 |
21.0 |
27.5 |
14.1 |
10.8 |
Cagayan Valley |
302 |
9.1 |
14.5 |
25.6 |
29.6 |
13.1 |
8.1 |
Central Luzon |
569 |
7.5 |
11.7 |
21.0 |
31.7 |
16.0 |
12.0 |
Calabarzon |
676 |
5.9 |
6.5 |
13.5 |
31.8 |
22.7 |
19.6 |
Mimaropa |
260 |
8.7 |
10.5 |
20.7 |
35.7 |
15.1 |
9.3 |
Bicol |
321 |
6.5 |
15.2 |
23.0 |
33.5 |
11.5 |
10.3 |
Western Visayas |
372 |
13.6 |
15.6 |
23.6 |
26.8 |
11.0 |
9.5 |
Central Visayas |
390 |
8.3 |
13.8 |
25.0 |
33.4 |
13.4 |
6.2 |
Eastern Visayas |
311 |
3.1 |
10.6 |
25.7 |
36.4 |
15.3 |
8.9 |
Western Mindanao |
280 |
14.9 |
22.1 |
25.3 |
24.5 |
8.4 |
4.9 |
Northern Mindanao |
343 |
9.7 |
15.4 |
24.5 |
32.6 |
12.1 |
5.6 |
Southern Mindanao |
365 |
13.7 |
13.9 |
26.5 |
28.4 |
9.8 |
7.6 |
Central Mindanao |
348 |
13.4 |
15.7 |
20.2 |
27.4 |
14.8 |
8.5 |
NCR |
589 |
8.7 |
9.6 |
15.2 |
30.4 |
22.2 |
13.8 |
CAR |
245 |
10.8 |
12.7 |
25.6 |
31.2 |
11.6 |
8.0 |
ARMM |
202 |
16.1 |
20.8 |
21.2 |
23.7 |
9.9 |
8.3 |
Caraga |
231 |
9.3 |
11.4 |
24.2 |
31.6 |
15.2 |
8.4 |
Table 4Distribution of Urinary Iodine Concentration among Women of Childbearing Age by Place of Residence, Wealth Quintile, Level of Iodine in Salt, and Educational Attainment
Characteristic |
Number |
Median |
Urinary iodine concentration, µg/L |
<20 |
20–49 |
50–99 |
100–199 |
200–299 |
≥300 |
Place of residencea
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rural |
3,254 |
102 |
10.8 |
14.6 |
23.7 |
29.7 |
12.3 |
9.0 |
Urban |
2,940 |
142 |
8.0 |
10.5 |
17.9 |
31.4 |
19.0 |
13.2 |
Wealth quintilea
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Poorest |
1,199 |
92 |
13.1 |
16.1 |
24.6 |
26.8 |
10.8 |
8.6 |
Poor |
1,212 |
101 |
10.3 |
15.1 |
24.0 |
30.1 |
13.2 |
7.3 |
Middle |
1,270 |
124 |
8.4 |
11.5 |
20.3 |
31.7 |
16.2 |
11.9 |
Rich |
1,228 |
140 |
7.7 |
10.4 |
17.9 |
33.2 |
17.6 |
13.2 |
Richest |
1,143 |
152 |
7.5 |
9.8 |
17.1 |
30.8 |
20.2 |
14.5 |
Level of iodine in salt, ppma
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0–4.9 |
2,728 |
115 |
10.7 |
12.8 |
21.0 |
31.6 |
14.4 |
9.5 |
5–14.9 |
1,624 |
114 |
9.4 |
14.2 |
20.9 |
30.5 |
15.8 |
9.1 |
15–39.9 |
1,094 |
148 |
6.4 |
9.3 |
19.8 |
30.1 |
18.3 |
16.1 |
≥40 |
320 |
179 |
5.2 |
11.7 |
10.3 |
28.4 |
22.4 |
22.0 |
Educational attainmenta
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No formal education completed |
66 |
68 |
21.4 |
14.1 |
27.5 |
24.5 |
11.3 |
1.1 |
At least elementary |
1,020 |
97 |
11.5 |
16.6 |
23.2 |
27.2 |
13.7 |
7.8 |
At least high school |
3,385 |
126 |
8.7 |
12.0 |
20.5 |
31.2 |
15.8 |
11.8 |
At least college |
1,697 |
136 |
8.4 |
10.8 |
18.4 |
31.5 |
18.2 |
12.7 |