Warning: fopen(/home/virtual/enm-kes/journal/upload/ip_log/ip_log_2024-03.txt): failed to open stream: Permission denied in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 88 Warning: fwrite() expects parameter 1 to be resource, boolean given in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 89 Epidemiology of Osteoporosis and Osteoporotic Fractures in South Korea
Skip Navigation
Skip to contents

Endocrinol Metab : Endocrinology and Metabolism

clarivate
OPEN ACCESS
SEARCH
Search

Articles

Page Path
HOME > Endocrinol Metab > Volume 28(2); 2013 > Article
Review Article
Epidemiology of Osteoporosis and Osteoporotic Fractures in South Korea
Young-Kyun Lee, Byung-Ho Yoon, Kyung-Hoi Koo
Endocrinology and Metabolism 2013;28(2):90-93.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2013.28.2.90
Published online: June 18, 2013

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea.

Corresponding author: Byung-Ho Yoon. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 463-707, Korea. Tel: +82-31-787-7204, Fax: +82-31-787-4056, cragy0215@naver.com

Copyright © 2013 Korean Endocrine Society

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

  • 4,793 Views
  • 60 Download
  • 39 Web of Science
  • 43 Crossref
  • Several epidemiologic studies suggested that osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures are not uncommon in South Korea. However, these previous cohort studies had limitations that may have influenced their results and the generalizability of the study conclusions, including small sample sizes, inclusion of only women, enrollment of participants from specific areas, and nonrandom selection of participants. Recently, epidemiologic studies using a nationwide claim register have been performed to overcome these limitations through collaboration between the Korean Society of Bone and Mineral Research and Health Insurance Review Assessments. Our review of the Korean Nationwide-database Osteoporosis Study could be helpful to obtain accurate incidence and prevalence estimations of osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related fractures in Korea.
Osteoporosis is an important worldwide public health concern [1-4]. In addition, osteoporosis-related fractures are one of the leading causes of significant morbidity and disability in elderly patients and increases the economic burden on the health care system [1-4].
Several studies have concluded that incidences of osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related fractures (hip, spine, distal radius, and humerus) vary across the world. It is reasonable to hypothesize that Korea might be a low-risk country for osteoporosis because it is one of Asian countries. However, there is a lack of studies and insufficient information to confirm this theory. In addition, comparison rates with other countries have not yet been established.
Recently, the Korean Nationwide-database Osteoporosis Study (KNOS) was performed through a collaboration between the Korean Society of Bone and Mineral Research (KSBMR) and Health Insurance Review and Assessments (HIRA) [5-10]. The KNOS included data from the Korean national claim registry using international classification of disease (ICD)-10 codes. Our review of the KNOS may be helpful for estimation of osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related fracture rates in Korea.
An operational definition of a patient with osteoporosis was established for the KNOS through a collaboration between the KSBMR and HIRA [7,9,10]. This definition included the following criteria: 1) use of exclusive medications for osteoporosis treatment (bisphosphonate, selective estrogen receptor modifier, vitamin K2, calcitonin, ipriflavone); 2) ICD diagnostic code of osteoporosis (ICD-10 codes M80 to M82) and use of those medications that are used not only osteoporosis but also other diseases (hormone therapy, calcium, vitamin D, oxymetholone); 3) males over 70 years and females over 65 years of age with a diagnosis of osteoporosis; 4) history of medication induced osteoporosis and/or past medical history suggestive of secondary osteoporosis in a middle-aged patient group (males, 50 to 69 years; females, 50 to 64 years); 5) presence of osteoporosis-related fractures (spine M48.4, M48.5, S22.0, S22.1, S32.0; cervical S42.0; humerus S42.2, S42.3; distal radius S52.5, S52.6; hip S72.0, S72.1; distal tibia S82.3, S82.5, S82.6). If patients met at least one of the five criteria, they were defined as an osteoporosis patient for the purposes of the study. These criteria did not identify patients with osteoporosis but identified patients undergoing treatment for osteoporosis. However, criteria using a coding system have become popular among epidemiologic studies using nationwide databases [9,10].
Although KNOS did not follow WHO criteria for osteoporosis, the operational definition of osteoporosis showed satisfactory validity when compared with other previous epidemiological studies from other countries [9].
Given the operational definition, approximately 1.31 million people visited a medical facility for diagnosis or treatment of osteoporosis in 2008 [10]. Meanwhile, according to the 2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey that was based upon the WHO definition of osteoporosis, 4.9% of males and 32.4% of females older than 50 years of age carried a diagnosis of osteoporosis [11]. This suggests that osteoporosis is present in 2.51 million people or, approximately 19.3% of people over 50 years of age. In other words, only 52.2% of patients (1.31/2.51) with osteoporosis visited medical facilities for diagnosis. It is well known, however, that the incidence rate of osteoporosis is influenced by various factors including the definition of osteoporosis, methods used to determine bone mineral density, and the reference population used to calculate T scores [12,13].
Although the number of patients receiving care for osteoporosis has gradually increased (1.07 million patients in 2005, 1.20 million people in 2006, and 1.33 million people in 2007) the recognition and cure rates of osteoporosis are relatively lower than other chronic diseases [7,10].
It is universally accepted that osteoporosis is an important factor elevating the risk of osteoporotic fractures in areas such as the wrist, vertebral column, hip, and proximal humerus.
To identify osteoporosis-related fractures, certain ICD-10 codes and a patient age cutoff value of 50 years were used in the KNOS [14-16]. Fractures were identified on the basis of selected ICD-10 codes; hip (ICD-10 codes S72.0 [fracture of the femoral neck], S72.1 [pertrochanteric fracture], and seven procedures [open reduction of fractured extremity-femur, closed pinning-femur, external fixation-pelvis/femur, closed reduction of fractured extremity-pelvis/femur, bone traction, skin traction, hemiarthroplasty-hip]); spine (S22.0 [fracture of the thoracic spine], S22.1 [multiple fractures of the thoracic spine], S32.0 [fracture of the lumbar spine], M48.4 [fatigue fracture of vertebra], and M48.5 [collapsed vertebra, NEC]); distal radius (S52.5 [fracture of the distal radius] and S52.6 [combined fracture of the distal radius/ulna]); humerus (S42.2 [fracture of the proximal humerus] and S42.3 [fracture of shaft of humerus]); and overall any fractures [6].
The crude overall incidence of osteoporosis-related fractures was 1,635 per 100,000 person years from 2005 to 2008 and the gender-specific incidence was 725 per 100,000 person years for men and 2,408 per 100,000 person years for women. For both genders, the incidence rate of most osteoporosis-related fractures increased with age [6].
The residual lifetime risk of osteoporosis-related fractures for individuals over age 50 was estimated to be 23.8% for men and 59.5% for women [6]. After a fracture occurs, a serious problem or reduction in quality of daily life may result. In the case of hip fractures requiring surgery, the residual lifetime risk was 5.3% and 12.3% in males and females, respectively [6]. Additionally, the residual lifetime risk of distal radius fractures was 4.9% and 21.7% in males and females, respectively [6]. Although the residual lifetime risk of a hip fracture at age 50 was 5.23% in men and 12.31% in women, which was lower than that of Japan, the residual lifetime risk of distal radius fractures was similar to that in Sweden, a population with high risk for osteoporotic fractures [6].
The KNOS study found that doctors recognized osteoporosis in 1.23 million patients over 50 years of age in 2007. Among these patients, approximately 89.9% were females. In terms of age groups, the utilization of health care in the 50- to 64-year-old group was 516 patients per 10,000 people while the elderly group (65 to 74 years of age) was 1,661 patients per 10,000 people, which was 3.2-fold higher than that of the 50- to 64-year-old group. Additionally, the utilization of health care in older than 75-year-old group reached 1,880 patients per 10,000 subjects, indicating that the number of patients with osteoporosis recognized by doctors increased as the population aged [7].
A clinic (54.3%) was most frequently utilized by osteoporosis patients after osteoporosis was first diagnosed. However, patients with a history of fracture and drug-induced or secondary osteoporosis visited medical facilities capable of delivering higher levels of care more frequently than clinics (hospitals 25.5% and general hospitals 29.9%) [7].
Regarding the devices to diagnose osteoporosis, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA scanning) was the most commonly utilized method (46.3%) followed by quantitative computed tomography (18.2%) and radiographic absorptiometry (2.3%) [7].
Of the osteoporosis patients recognized by doctors in 2007, 58.4% of the patients were prescribed antiosteoporosis drugs for 6 months or more. The average number of days of osteoporosis drug therapy was 70 days [7].
Osteoporotic hip fractures have become public health concern as they require surgery in most cases. The treatment of osteoporotic fractures frequently result in a number of difficulties because they mainly occur in elderly patients with weak bone strength and reduced fracture healing capacity. However, osteoporotic fractures also induced many other problems in patients including a difficult time returning to daily life after the fractures and a higher mortality than in the general population.
The KNOS presented standardized mortality ratios (SMR) in order to find excess mortality associated with hip fractures (ICD-10 codes of S72.0 [fracture of the neck of the femur] or S72.1 [trochanteric fracture]). SMRs are defined as the age and gender matched ratios of observed mortality to expected mortality. KNOS demonstrated that the excess mortality within 1 year was about four times and three times higher for males and females in patients with hip fractures compared to that of the individuals without fractures, respectively [8]. The SMR of hip fractures was the highest during the first 3 months after the fracture but gradually declined as time progressed. Nevertheless, SMRs were almost 2-fold higher at the 2 year follow-up [8].
Vertebral fractures (ICD-10 code of S22.0 [fracture of the thoracic spine], S22.1 [multiple fractures of the thoracic spine], S32.0 [fracture of the lumbar spine], M48.4 [fatigue fracture of vertebra], and M48.5 [collapsed vertebra, NEC]) have a low diagnostic rate due to mild symptoms and infrequent utilization of medical facilities. There was an approximate 3.5-fold and 2.5-fold higher mortality within 1 year after vertebral fracture in males and females, respectively, when compared to the general population [5]. The overall mortality rates at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after vertebral fracture in men (55.6%, 94.1%, 146.1%, and 206.1%, respectively) were higher than women (24.1%, 43.6%, 71.6%, and 104.8%, respectively). In both genders, age-specific mortality rates after vertebral fracture were higher than those of the general population [5].
Moreover, it should be considered that the socioeconomic burdens placed on patients after an osteoporotic fracture has the potential to be quite significant. This is because secondary osteoporotic fractures may take place in patients in whom it may be difficult to return to their normal activity even after fractures are successfully treated [5,8].
In Korea, the most commonly used drugs to treat osteoporosis were bisphosphonates [7]. During the last 5 years, the number of bisphosphonate prescriptions increased more than 3-fold due to attitude changes with regards to osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures. However, despite the gradual increase in the utilization of osteoporosis drugs, osteoporotic fractures did not significantly decrease in Korea, unlike in other developed Western countries [17].
Several factors should be considered for this finding. Insufficient drug compliance might be a reason in individual patients. Poor awareness of osteoporosis has been suggested to be important in drug compliance [18]. In addition, the medical reimbursement system can also influence this finding. During the study period, South Korea reimbursement guidelines for osteoporosis treatment only covered a period of 6 months and required that patients had a T score of less than -3.0 or history of osteoporosis-related fractures of the spine or hip. Since October 2011, reimbursement guidelines have been changed to cover a period of 12 months after an annual check of bone mineral density and the cutoff value for reimbursement has also been also changed to a T score of -2.5. In addition to drug therapy, environmental improvements, and educational awareness of this disease should be utilized to eventually aid in reducing occurrence of osteoporotic fractures in Korea.
Although Korea has been known as a low-risk country for osteoporosis, KNOS demonstrated that the socioeconomic burdens of osteoporosis has increased and mortality after osteoporosis-related fracture is higher than the general population in Korea. The KNOS could serve as baseline data for estimation of osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related fractures in Korea.

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

  • 1. Reginster JY, Burlet N. Osteoporosis: a still increasing prevalence. Bone 2006;38(2 Suppl 1):S4–S9. ArticlePubMed
  • 2. Johnell O, Kanis J. Epidemiology of osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int 2005;16(Suppl 2):S3–S7. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 3. Borgstrom F, Sobocki P, Strom O, Jonsson B. The societal burden of osteoporosis in Sweden. Bone 2007;40:1602–1609. ArticlePubMed
  • 4. Delmas PD. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Lancet 2002;359:2018–2026. ArticlePubMed
  • 5. Lee YK, Jang S, Jang S, Lee HJ, Park C, Ha YC, Kim DY. Mortality after vertebral fracture in Korea: analysis of the National Claim Registry. Osteoporos Int 2012;23:1859–1865. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 6. Park C, Ha YC, Jang S, Jang S, Yoon HK, Lee YK. The incidence and residual lifetime risk of osteoporosis-related fractures in Korea. J Bone Miner Metab 2011;29:744–751. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 7. Jang S, Park C, Jang S, Yoon HK, Shin CS, Kim DY, Ha YC, Lee SS, Choi HJ, Lee YK, Kim BT, Choi JY. Medical service utilization with osteoporosis. Endocrinol Metab 2010;25:326–339.Article
  • 8. Yoon HK, Park C, Jang S, Jang S, Lee YK, Ha YC. Incidence and mortality following hip fracture in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2011;26:1087–1092. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 9. Park C, Jang S, Jang S, Ha YC, Lee YK, Yoon HK, Shin CS, Kim DY, Lee SS, Choi HJ, Kim BT, Choi JY. Identification and validation of osteoporotic hip fracture using the national health insurance database. J Korean Hip Soc 2010;22:305–311.Article
  • 10. Choi HJ, Shin CS, Ha YC, Jang SM, Jang SH, Park CM, Yoon HK, Lee SS. Burden of osteoporosis in adults in Korea: a national health insurance database study. J Bone Miner Metab 2011;30:54–58. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 11. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [Internet]; Cheongwon: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; c2012. cited 2013 Apr 20. Available from: http://knhanes.cdc.go.kr/knhanes/index.do.
  • 12. Gjesdal CG, Aanderud SJ, Haga HJ, Brun JG, Tell GS. Femoral and whole-body bone mineral density in middle-aged and older Norwegian men and women: suitability of the reference values. Osteoporos Int 2004;15:525–534. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 13. Shin CS, Choi HJ, Kim MJ, Kim JT, Yu SH, Koo BK, Cho HY, Cho SW, Kim SW, Park YJ, Jang HC, Kim SY, Cho NH. Prevalence and risk factors of osteoporosis in Korea: a community-based cohort study with lumbar spine and hip bone mineral density. Bone 2010;47:378–387. ArticlePubMed
  • 14. Kang HY, Yang KH, Kim YN, Moon SH, Choi WJ, Kang DR, Park SE. Incidence and mortality of hip fracture among the elderly population in South Korea: a population-based study using the national health insurance claims data. BMC Public Health 2010;10:230ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
  • 15. Lim S, Koo BK, Lee EJ, Park JH, Kim MH, Shin KH, Ha YC, Cho NH, Shin CS. Incidence of hip fractures in Korea. J Bone Miner Metab 2008;26:400–405. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 16. Lippuner K, Johansson H, Kanis JA, Rizzoli R. Remaining lifetime and absolute 10-year probabilities of osteoporotic fracture in Swiss men and women. Osteoporos Int 2009;20:1131–1140. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 17. Lee YK, Ha YC, Park C, Yoo JJ, Shin CS, Koo KH. Bisphosphonate use and increased incidence of subtrochanteric fracture in South Korea: results from the National Claim Registry. Osteoporos Int 2013;24:707–711. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 18. Kim SR, Ha YC, Park YG, Lee SR, Koo KH. Orthopedic surgeon’s awareness can improve osteoporosis treatment following hip fracture: a prospective cohort study. J Korean Med Sci 2011;26:1501–1507. ArticlePubMedPMC

Figure & Data

References

    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  
    • The 2024 Guidelines for Osteoporosis - Korean Society of Menopause
      Dong Ock Lee, Yeon Hee Hong, Moon Kyoung Cho, Young Sik Choi, Sungwook Chun, Youn-Jee Chung, Seung Hwa Hong, Kyu Ri Hwang, Jinju Kim, Hoon Kim, Dong-Yun Lee, Sa Ra Lee, Hyun-Tae Park, Seok Kyo Seo, Jung-Ho Shin, Jae Yen Song, Kyong Wook Yi, Haerin Paik, J
      Journal of Menopausal Medicine.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Prevalence of osteoporosis and incidence of related fractures in developed economies in the Asia Pacific region: a systematic review
      Manju Chandran, Katherine Brind’Amour, Saeko Fujiwara, Yong-Chan Ha, Hai Tang, Jawl-Shan Hwang, James Tinker, John A. Eisman
      Osteoporosis International.2023; 34(6): 1037.     CrossRef
    • Effects of Bazedoxifene/Vitamin D Combination Therapy on Serum Vitamin D Levels and Bone Turnover Markers in Postmenopausal Women with Osteopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
      Chaiho Jeong, Jeonghoon Ha, Jun-Il Yoo, Young-Kyun Lee, Jung Hee Kim, Yong-Chan Ha, Yong-Ki Min, Dong-Won Byun, Ki-Hyun Baek, Ho Yeon Chung
      Journal of Bone Metabolism.2023; 30(2): 189.     CrossRef
    • Risk of Fractures in Thyroid Cancer Patients With Postoperative Hypoparathyroidism: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea
      Seong Hee Ahn, You Jin Lee, Seongbin Hong, Jung Wee Park, Ye Jhin Jeon, Bit‐Na Yoo, Yong‐Chan Ha, Jean Kyung Bak, Ha Young Kim, Young‐Kyun Lee
      Journal of Bone and Mineral Research.2023; 38(9): 1268.     CrossRef
    • Impact of changes in physical activity and incident fracture after acute ischemic stroke
      Dae young Cheon, Kyung-Do Han, Jeen Hwa Lee, Kyung-Ho Yu, Bo Young Choi, Minwoo Lee
      Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Associations between Long-Term Air Pollution Exposure and Risk of Osteoporosis-Related Fracture in a Nationwide Cohort Study in South Korea
      Seulkee Heo, Honghyok Kim, Sera Kim, Seung-Ah Choe, Garam Byun, Jong-Tae Lee, Michelle L. Bell
      International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(4): 2404.     CrossRef
    • Significance of Measuring Lumbar Spine 3-Dimensional Computed Tomography Hounsfield Units to Predict Screw Loosening
      Kyeong Hwan Kim, Tae-Hwan Kim, Seok Woo Kim, Ji Hee Kim, Heui Seung Lee, In Bok Chang, Joon Ho Song, Yong-Kil Hong, Jae Keun Oh
      World Neurosurgery.2022; 165: e555.     CrossRef
    • Risk of osteoporotic fracture in older patients under antihypertensive treatment
      Oh Kyung Kwon, Sun-Hwa Kim, Si-Hyuck Kang, Young-Kyun Lee, Chang-Hwan Yoon, Hae-Young Lee, Tae-Jin Youn, In-Ho Chae, Cheol-Ho Kim
      European Journal of Preventive Cardiology.2021; 28(11): e12.     CrossRef
    • Risk factors for subsequent vertebral fractures following a previous hip fracture
      Sang-Min Park, Sung Jun Go, Heesoo Han, Jung Wee Park, Young-Kyun Lee, Ho-Joong Kim, Jin S. Yeom, Kyung-Hoi Koo
      Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism.2021; 39(2): 193.     CrossRef
    • Characteristics of Osteoporosis & Osteoporotic Fractures in Korea Based on Health Insurance Review and Assessment (HIRA) Database: 2009–2017
      Ho-Seok Oh, Sung-Kyu Kim, Hyoung-Yeon Seo
      Healthcare.2021; 9(3): 324.     CrossRef
    • Association between Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Risk of Osteoporosis in Korean Premenopausal Women
      Sang-Yeoup Lee, Hye-Rim Hwang, Yu-Hyeon Yi, Jin-Mi Kim, Yun-Jin Kim, Jeong-Gyu Lee, Young-Hye Cho, Young-Jin Tak, Seung Hun Lee, Eun Ju Park, Youngin Lee
      Medical Principles and Practice.2021; 30(6): 527.     CrossRef
    • Association Between Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors and Osteoporotic Fractures in Older Persons With Alzheimer's Disease
      Dae Yeon Won, Seong Jun Byun, Jin Sook Jeong, Ju-Young Shin
      Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.2020; 21(8): 1128.     CrossRef
    • High Circulating Sphingosine 1-Phosphate is a Risk Factor for Osteoporotic Fracture Independent of Fracture Risk Assessment Tool
      Seung Hun Lee, Jee Yang Lee, Kyeong-Hye Lim, Young-Sun Lee, Seong-Hee Kim, Sooyoung Choi, Seong-Hwan Cho, Jung-Min Koh
      Calcified Tissue International.2020; 107(4): 362.     CrossRef
    • Osteoporosis and Osteoporotic Fracture Fact Sheet in Korea
      Seong Hee Ahn, Sang-Min Park, So Young Park, Jun-Il Yoo, Hyoung-Seok Jung, Jae-Hwi Nho, Se Hwa Kim, Young-Kyun Lee, Yong-Chan Ha, Sunmee Jang, Tae-Young Kim, Ha Young Kim
      Journal of Bone Metabolism.2020; 27(4): 281.     CrossRef
    • Assessing the effects of National Health Insurance reimbursement policy revisions for anti-osteoporotic drugs in Korean women aged 50 or older
      Ja Seo Koo, Seong Hwan Moon, Hankil Lee, Sohee Park, Yun Mi Yu, Hye-Young Kang, Robert Daniel Blank
      PLOS ONE.2020; 15(12): e0244759.     CrossRef
    • The Epidemiology of Fracture in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke in Korea
      Kyung Bok Lee, Jung-Gon Lee, Beom Joon Kim, Jun Yup Kim, Keon-Joo Lee, Moon-Ku Han, Jong-Moo Park, Kyusik Kang, Yong-Jin Cho, Hong-Kyun Park, Keun-Sik Hong, Tai Hwan Park, Soo Joo Lee, Mi-Sun Oh, Kyung-Ho Yu, Byung-Chul Lee, Jae-Kwan Cha, Dae-Hyun Kim, Jo
      Journal of Korean Medical Science.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Osteoporosis detection in panoramic radiographs using a deep convolutional neural network-based computer-assisted diagnosis system: a preliminary study
      Jae-Seo Lee, Shyam Adhikari, Liu Liu, Ho-Gul Jeong, Hyongsuk Kim, Suk-Ja Yoon
      Dentomaxillofacial Radiology.2019; 48(1): 20170344.     CrossRef
    • Medical Big Data Is Not Yet Available: Why We Need Realism Rather than Exaggeration
      Hun-Sung Kim, Dai-Jin Kim, Kun-Ho Yoon
      Endocrinology and Metabolism.2019; 34(4): 349.     CrossRef
    • Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet and Bone Mineral Density in Spanish Premenopausal Women
      Jesús Pérez-Rey, Raúl Roncero-Martín, Sergio Rico-Martín, Purificación Rey-Sánchez, Juan Pedrera-Zamorano, María Pedrera-Canal, Fidel López-Espuela, Jesús Lavado García
      Nutrients.2019; 11(3): 555.     CrossRef
    • Effect of Training and Testing Condition of Convolutional Neural Network on evaluating Osteoporosis
      Jae-Yun Kim, Jae-Seo Lee, Byung-Cheol Kang, Hyongsuk Kim, Shyam Adhikari, Liu Liu, Suk-Ja Yoon
      The Korean Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology.2019; 43(3): 73.     CrossRef
    • Comparison of intraoperative radiation exposure with and without use of distal targeting device: a randomized control study
      Jun-Il Yoo, Hojin Jeong, Jaeboem Na, Sang-Youn Song, Jung-Taek Kim, Yong-Han Cha, Chan Ho Park
      Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery.2019; 139(11): 1579.     CrossRef
    • Anemia and Risk of Fractures in Older Korean Adults: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
      Eun Ae Lee, Dong Wook Shin, Jun Hyun Yoo, Hyeon Young Ko, Su Min Jeong
      Journal of Bone and Mineral Research.2019; 34(6): 1049.     CrossRef
    • Elevated ceramides 18:0 and 24:1 with aging are associated with hip fracture risk through increased bone resorption
      Beom-Jun Kim, Jin Young Lee, So Jeong Park, Seung Hum Lee, Su Jung Kim, Hyun Ju Yoo, Sarah I. Rivera De Pena, Meghan McGee-Lawrence, Carlos M. Isales, Jung-Min Koh, Mark W. Hamrick
      Aging.2019; 11(21): 9388.     CrossRef
    • Effect of improved medication adherence on health care costs in osteoporosis patients
      Hyemin Cho, Ji-Hye Byun, Inmyung Song, Ha Y. Kim, Yong-Chan Ha, Tae-Young Kim, Young-Kyun Lee, Sunmee Jang
      Medicine.2018; 97(30): e11470.     CrossRef
    • Osteoporosis and fracture after gastrectomy for stomach cancer
      Gi Hyeon Seo, Hae Yeon Kang, Eun Kyung Choe
      Medicine.2018; 97(17): e0532.     CrossRef
    • Inflammation inhibitory effect of water extract from pumpkin’s tendril
      Ha-Na Jeong, Ju-Hee Choi, Ha-Nul Lee, So-Hyeon Lee, Soon-Chang Cho, Jong-Hwan Park, Young-Min Kim
      Korean Journal of Food Preservation.2017; 24(8): 1122.     CrossRef
    • Strong familial association of bone mineral density between parents and offspring: KNHANES 2008–2011
      H. S. Choi, J. H. Park, S. H. Kim, S. Shin, M. J. Park
      Osteoporosis International.2017; 28(3): 955.     CrossRef
    • Vertebral bone attenuation on low-dose chest CT: quantitative volumetric analysis for bone fragility assessment
      Y. W. Kim, J. H. Kim, S. H. Yoon, J. H. Lee, C.-H. Lee, C. S. Shin, Y. S. Park
      Osteoporosis International.2017; 28(1): 329.     CrossRef
    • Factors Affecting Bone Mineral Density Measurement after Fracture in South Korea
      Jin-Woo Kim, Yong-Chan Ha, Young-Kyun Lee
      Journal of Bone Metabolism.2017; 24(4): 217.     CrossRef
    • Femoral geometry, bone mineral density, and the risk of hip fracture in premenopausal women: a case control study
      Dong-Hwa Lee, Kyong Yeun Jung, A Ram Hong, Jung Hee Kim, Kyoung Min Kim, Chan Soo Shin, Seong Yeon Kim, Sang Wan Kim
      BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.2016;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • The Association of Higher Plasma Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Levels with Lower Bone Mineral Density and Higher Bone Turnover Rate in Postmenopausal Women
      Hyeonmok Kim, Seong Hee Ahn, Chaeho Shin, Seung Hun Lee, Beom-Jun Kim, Jung-Min Koh
      Endocrinology and Metabolism.2016; 31(3): 454.     CrossRef
    • Oral Bisphosphonates and Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Risks in Asians with Osteoporosis: A Nested Case-Control Study Using National Retrospective Cohort Sample Data from Korea
      Sun-Young Jung, Hyun Soon Sohn, Eun-Ja Park, Hae Sun Suh, Ji-Won Park, Jin-Won Kwon, Chi-Ling Chen
      PLOS ONE.2016; 11(3): e0150531.     CrossRef
    • The effects of body mass index on the hereditary influences that determine peak bone mass in mother–daughter pairs (KNHANES V)
      K. M. Kim, Y. J. Kim, S. H. Choi, S. Lim, J. H. Moon, J. H. Kim, S. W. Kim, H. C. Jang, C. S. Shin
      Osteoporosis International.2016; 27(6): 2057.     CrossRef
    • Low Bone Mineral Density Is Associated with Tooth Loss in Postmenopausal Women: A Nationwide Representative Study in Korea
      Soyeon Ji, Young Jin Tak, Dong Hun Han, Yun Jin Kim, Sang Yeoup Lee, Jeong Gyu Lee, Dong Wook Jeong, Min Ji Kim
      Journal of Women's Health.2016; 25(11): 1159.     CrossRef
    • The circulating sphingosine-1-phosphate level predicts incident fracture in postmenopausal women: a 3.5-year follow-up observation study
      S. J. Bae, S. H. Lee, S. H. Ahn, H.-M. Kim, B.-J. Kim, J.-M. Koh
      Osteoporosis International.2016; 27(8): 2533.     CrossRef
    • Is central skeleton bone quality a predictor of the severity of proximal humeral fractures?
      Seung Yeol Lee, Soon-Sun Kwon, Tae Hoon Kim, Sang-Jin Shin
      Injury.2016; 47(12): 2777.     CrossRef
    • Association of the TREML2 and HTR1E Genetic Polymorphisms with Osteoporosis
      Dongju Jung, Hyun-Seok Jin
      Biomedical Science Letters.2015; 21(4): 181.     CrossRef
    • A Large National Cohort Study of the Association between Bisphosphonates and Osteonecrosis of the Jaw in Patients with Osteoporosis
      J.-W. Kwon, E.-J. Park, S.-Y. Jung, H.S. Sohn, H. Ryu, H.S. Suh
      Journal of Dental Research.2015; 94(9_suppl): 212S.     CrossRef
    • Reliability and validity of lower extremity computed tomography as a screening tool for osteoporosis
      S. Y. Lee, S.-S. Kwon, H. S. Kim, J. H. Yoo, J. Kim, J. Y. Kim, B. C. Min, S. J. Moon, K. H. Sung
      Osteoporosis International.2015; 26(4): 1387.     CrossRef
    • Osteoporosis in Healthy South Indian Males and the Influence of Life Style Factors and Vitamin D Status on Bone Mineral Density
      Sahana Shetty, Nitin Kapoor, Dukhabandhu Naik, Hesarghatta Shyamasunder Asha, Suresh Prabu, Nihal Thomas, Mandalam Subramaniam Seshadri, Thomas Vizhalil Paul
      Journal of Osteoporosis.2014; 2014: 1.     CrossRef
    • Brief Review of Articles in 'Endocrinology and Metabolism' in 2013
      Won-Young Lee
      Endocrinology and Metabolism.2014; 29(3): 251.     CrossRef
    • Association of osteoporosis susceptibility genes with bone mineral density and bone metabolism related markers in Koreans: The Chungju Metabolic Disease Cohort (CMC) study
      Se Eun Park, Ki Won Oh, Won Young Lee, Ki Hyun Baek, Kun Ho Yoon, Ho Young Son, Won Chul Lee, Moo Il Kang
      Endocrine Journal.2014; 61(11): 1069.     CrossRef
    • Management of Osteoporosis: Who to Treat, What to Use, and for How Long?
      Sang Wan Kim
      Korean Journal of Medicine.2013; 85(4): 364.     CrossRef

    • PubReader PubReader
    • Cite
      CITE
      export Copy
      Close
    • XML DownloadXML Download

    Endocrinol Metab : Endocrinology and Metabolism