Table 1Characteristics of Participants across Quartiles of Potential Renal Acid Load: The Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (n=1,405)
Variable |
Dietary acid-base load |
P value |
Q1
|
Q2
|
Q3
|
Q4
|
PRAL, mEq/day |
|
|
|
|
|
Range |
<-35.8 |
-35.8 to -18 |
-18 to -4 |
>-4 |
|
Mean |
-59.85±0.37 |
-26.67±0.37 |
-11.80±0.37 |
10.28±0.37 |
|
Age, yr |
41.9±13 |
40.9±12.7 |
39.36±12.8 |
37.12±12.5 |
0.01 |
Female sex, % |
57.2 |
61.2 |
56.7 |
41.7 |
0.01 |
Menopause in women, % |
19.9 |
18.3 |
14.7 |
12.9 |
0.01 |
Weight, kg |
73.4±0.4 |
74.0±0.4 |
72.5±0.4 |
74.0±0.4 |
0.30 |
BMI, kg/m2
|
27.0±0.13 |
27.18±0.13 |
26.72±0.12 |
27.3±0.12 |
0.01 |
WC, cm |
91.0±0.3 |
92.0±0.3 |
91.3±0.3 |
92.8±0.3 |
0.04 |
SBP, mm Hg |
112.3±0.4 |
113±0.4 |
112±0.4 |
113±0.4 |
0.27 |
DBP, mm Hg |
75.5±0.3 |
75.9±0.3 |
75.4±0.3 |
75.6±0.3 |
0.53 |
TG, mg/dL |
139±2.6 |
136.4±2.5 |
133±2.45 |
138±2.5 |
0.44 |
FBS, mg/dL |
105.9±3.05 |
109.7±2.87 |
110.5±3.33 |
112.9±3.41 |
0.48 |
Abdominal obesity, % |
40.5 |
42 |
37 |
42.8 |
0.01 |
Low HDL-C, % |
43.9 |
44.1 |
43.2 |
41.4 |
0.47 |
High TGs, % |
31.4 |
33.1 |
30 |
33.5 |
0.16 |
High FBS, % |
22.9 |
22.9 |
19.55 |
19.2 |
0.20 |
Hypertension, % |
26.05 |
26.16 |
21.24 |
22.63 |
0.11 |
Metabolic syndrome, % |
27.93 |
29.09 |
23.36 |
26.4 |
0.14 |
Table 2Dietary Intakes of Participants across Quartiles of Potential Renal Acid Load: The Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (n=1,405)
Variable |
Dietary acid-base load |
P valuea
|
Q1
|
Q2
|
Q3
|
Q4
|
PRAL, mEq/day |
|
|
|
|
|
Range |
<-35.8 |
-35.8 to -18 |
-18 to -4 |
>-4 |
|
Mean |
-59.8±0.4 |
-26.8±0.4 |
-11.8±0.4 |
10.3±0.4 |
|
Energy intake, kcal/day |
2,581±19.5 |
2,229±18.5 |
2,223±18.2 |
2,617±18.4 |
0.52 |
Macronutrients |
|
|
|
|
|
Carbohydrates energy, % |
61.1±0.2 |
58.9±0.3 |
58.1±0.2 |
57.8±0.3b
|
0.001 |
Fat energy, % |
28.9±0.4 |
30.1±0.4 |
30.2±0.4 |
31.0±0.4b
|
0.002 |
Protein energy, % |
14.8±0.1 |
14.4±0.1 |
14.5±0.1 |
15.9±0.1b
|
0.001 |
Saturated fat, g/day |
23.9±0.9 |
25.7±0.9 |
26.7±0.9 |
29.3±0.9b
|
0.001 |
Dietary fiber |
55.6±0.9 |
47.3±0.9 |
43.5±0.9 |
43.7±0.9b
|
0.001 |
Micronutrients, mg/day |
|
|
|
|
|
Calcium |
1,808±11.8 |
1,458±11.2 |
1,343±11.0 |
1,211±11.2b
|
0.001 |
Potassium |
6,137±23.1 |
4,735±21.9 |
4,143±21.5 |
3,464±21.8b
|
0.001 |
Phosphorus |
1,641±8.2 |
1,615±7.8 |
1,626±7.7 |
1,678±7.8b
|
0.001 |
Magnesium |
529.2±2.6 |
465.6±2.4 |
446.4±2.4 |
436.6±2.4b
|
0.001 |
Food groups, g/day |
|
|
|
|
|
Meat |
38.3±1.1 |
41.5±1.1 |
43.6±1.1 |
59.1±1.1b
|
0.001 |
Fish |
10.8±0.5 |
11.1±0.5 |
10.8±0.5 |
13.2±0.5 |
0.001 |
Egg |
14.3±0.5 |
15.1±0.5 |
14.9±0.5 |
16.8±0.5 |
0.001 |
Grains |
369±4.3 |
432±4.1 |
483±4.0 |
553±4.1b
|
0.001 |
Fruit |
618±9.2 |
446±8.7 |
338±8.6 |
195±8.7b
|
0.001 |
Vegetable |
428±4.9 |
332±4.7 |
280±4.6 |
230±4.7b
|
0.001 |
Dairy |
415±6.7 |
435±6.4 |
437±6.3 |
418±6.4 |
0.32 |
Table 3Multivariate Associations between Potential Renal Acid Load and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: The Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
Factor |
Standardized β coefficient |
P valuea
|
Weight |
0.098 |
0.001 |
Waist circumference |
0.062 |
0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure |
0.043 |
0.054 |
Diastolic blood pressure |
0.061 |
0.006 |
Triglyceride |
0.143 |
0.002 |
HDL-C |
-0.110 |
0.001 |
Fasting blood pressure |
0.02 |
0.260 |
Creatinine |
0.142 |
0.001 |
Table 4Multivariate Associations between PRO:K Ratio and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: The Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
Factor |
Standardized β coefficient |
P valuea
|
Weight |
0.055 |
0.001 |
Waist circumference |
0.04 |
0.002 |
Systolic blood pressure |
0.009 |
0.56 |
Diastolic blood pressure |
0.026 |
0.046 |
Triglyceride |
0.031 |
0.021 |
HDL-C |
-0.060 |
0.001 |
Fasting blood pressure |
0.01 |
0.43 |
Creatinine |
0.07 |
0.001 |