Fig. 1Wheel-running exercise induced speed-dependent changes in physiological parameters in the blood. (A) Experimental design for treatment with passive exercise by placing mice on a running wheel rotating at 6, 9, or 12 m/min for 1 hour per day for 3 days. Physiological parameters in the blood were analyzed with the i-STAT CG4+ cartridge and the i-STAT 1 clinical portable analyzer from Abbott. (B) Lactate levels in the blood of untreated control (CON), and mice with exercise at the speed of 6 m/min (EXE-6), 9 m/min (EXE-9), and 12 m/min (EXE-12). (C) Blood pH levels of untreated CON, and mice with exercise at the speed of EXE-6, EXE-9, and EXE-12. (D, E) Partial pressures of O2 (pO2, D) and saturated O2 (sO2, E) levels in the blood of untreated CON, and mice with exercise at the speed of EXE-6, EXE-9, and EXE-12. (F-I) Partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2, F), total CO2 (TCO2, G), HCO3 (H), and base excess extracellular fluid (BEecf, I) levels in the blood of untreated CON, and mice with exercise at the speed of EXE-6, EXE-9, and EXE-12. Values are expressed as mean±SEM (n=6 to 15). Difference between the indicated groups at aP<0.05; bP<0.01, respectively (one-way analysis of variance followed by the Newman-Keuls test).
Fig. 2Passive exercise for 7 days increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus. (A) Experimental design for treatment with passive exercise for 1 hour per day for 7 days, and the time point of tissue preparation. (B, C) Representative photomicrographs showing the expression of Ki67 (a marker for progenitor cells, B) and doublecortin (DCX, a marker for differentiating neurons, C) in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus of control (CON) mice and mice treated with 7 days of exercise at the speed of 9 m/min (7d EXE). The right box shows high magnification of the area marked in the DG (n=6). Scale bars, 50 µm in B and C.
Fig. 3Repeated passive exercise produced changes in physiological parameters in the blood for normal mice. (A) Experimental design for treatment with passive exercise at the speed of 9 m/min for 1 hour per day for 1, 7, 14, and 21 days. Physiological parameters in the blood were analyzed with i-STAT CG4+ cartridge and the i-STAT 1 analyzer from Abbott. (B) Lactate levels measured using i-STAT CG4+ in the blood of untreated control (CON), and mice with daily 1-hour exercise for 1 day (EXE 1d), 7 days (EXE 7d), 14 days (EXE 14d), and 21 days (EXE 21d). (C) Blood pH levels of untreated CON, and mice with 1 hour exercise for 1 day (EXE 1d), 7 days (EXE 7d), 14 days (EXE 14d) and 21 days (EXE 21d). (D, E) Partial pressures of O2 (pO2, D) and saturated O2 (sO2, E) levels in the blood of untreated CON, and mice with daily 1-hour EXE 1d, EXE 7d, EXE 14d, and EXE 21d. (F-I) Partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2, F), total CO2 (TCO2, G), HCO3 (H) and base excess extra cellular fluid (BEecf, I) levels in the blood of untreated CON, and mice with daily 1-hour EXE 1d, EXE 7d, EXE 14d, and EXE 21d. Values are expressed as mean±SEM (n=6 to 15). Difference between the indicated groups at aP<0.05; bP<0.01, respectively (one-way analysis of variance followed by the Newman-Keuls test).
Fig. 4Repeated passive exercise in mice that had been subjected to chronic repeated stress produced changes in physiological parameters in the blood. (A) Experimental design for treatment with 2 hours×14 days of restraint (RST), and post-stress treatment with exercise (EXE). Mice were treated with 2 hours×14 days RST only, and with 2 hours×14 days RST followed by post-stress treatment with 1 hour of exercise for 14 days (RST+EXE 14d), and 21 days (RST+EXE 21d). Physiological blood parameters were analyzed with i-STAT CG4+ cartridge and the i-STAT 1 analyzer from Abbott. (B) Lactate levels in the blood of control (CON) mice, mice treated with 2 hours×14 days RST only, 2 hours×14 days RST+EXE 14d, and 2 hours×14 days RST+EXE 21d. (C) Blood pH of CON mice, mice treated with 2 hours×14 days RST only, 2 hours×14 days RST+EXE 14d, and 2 hours×14 days RST+EXE 21d. (D, E) Partial pressures of O2 (pO2, D) and saturated O2 (sO2, E) levels in the blood of CON mice, mice treated with 2 hours×14 days RST only, 2 hours×14 days RST+EXE 14d, and 2 hours×14 days RST+EXE 21d. (F-I) Partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2, F), total CO2 (TCO2, G), HCO3 (H), and base excess extra cellular fluid (BEecf, I) levels in the blood of CON mice, mice treated with 2 hours×14 days RST only, 2 hours×14 days RST+EXE 14d, and 2 hours×14 days RST+EXE 21d. Values are expressed as mean±SEM (n=5 to 15). Difference between the indicated group at aP<0.05; bP<0.01, respectively (one-way analysis of variance followed by the Newman-Keuls test).