Fig. 1Study population flow diagram. KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
Fig. 2Distribution of the body mass index (BMI) in type 2 diabetes according to country. aData were adopted from reference [11]; bData were adopted from reference [17]; cData were adopted from reference [4].
Fig. 3Odds ratio (OR) of prevalence of cardiovascular disease (stroke, myocardial infarction [MI], or angina) or high risk factors for cardiovascular disease (hypertension, dyslipidemia) according to body mass index (BMI) categories. BMI of 18.5 to 22.9 kg/m2 as reference group. Using composite endpoint: stroke, MI or angina, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Adjusted by age and smoking. CI, confidence interval.
Table 1Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Study Population
Characteristic |
Type 2 diabetes (n=3,370) |
Non-diabetes (n=8,500) |
P valuea
|
Male sex |
1,694 (50.3) |
3,529 (41.5) |
<0.001 |
Age, yr |
62.2±11.4 |
52.8±14.1 |
<0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2
|
25.1±3.5 |
23.7±3.2 |
<0.001 |
Obesity |
|
|
<0.001 |
BMI 25.0-29.9 |
1,386 (41.1) |
2,390 (28.1) |
BMI ≥30 |
256 (7.6) |
265 (3.1) |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
128.6±17.2 |
119.5±17.0 |
<0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
77.2±10.6 |
76.4±10.3 |
<0.001 |
Hemoglobin A1c, % |
7.4±1.5 |
5.6±0.3 |
<0.001 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL |
189.9±41.5 |
192.9±35.7 |
<0.001 |
High density lipoprotein, mg/dL |
46.3±11.8 |
52.6±12.6 |
<0.001 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL |
178.5±140.3 |
130.9±98.9 |
<0.001 |
Smoking status |
|
|
<0.001 |
Never smoker |
1,740 (51.7) |
5,083 (59.8) |
Former smoker |
527 (15.7) |
1,726 (20.3) |
Current smoker |
1,089 (32.3) |
1,671 (19.7) |
Unknown |
11 (0.3) |
20 (0.2) |
Hypertension |
1,804 (53.5) |
1,871 (22.0) |
<0.001 |
Dyslipidemia |
832 (24.7) |
931 (11.0) |
<0.001 |
Stroke |
194 (5.8) |
156 (1.8) |
<0.001 |
MI or angina |
253 (7.5) |
225 (2.7) |
<0.001 |
Table 2Distribution of Recognition, Treatment and Control Rate according to Body Mass Index Category
BMI category, kg/m2
|
Recognition rate, %a
|
Treatment rate, %b
|
Control rate, %c
|
<18.5 |
84.4 |
59.2 |
35.6 |
18.5-22.9 |
80.1 |
65.1 |
30.0 |
23.0-24.9 |
75.2 |
61.5 |
25.0 |
25.0-29.9 |
71.9 |
58.6 |
24.4 |
≥30 |
65.1 |
52.3 |
28.9 |