Fig. 1The association between body weight changes and menstrual irregularity according to obesity status (A) or abdominal obesity status (B). Adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), current smoking, heavy alcohol drinking, regular exercise, calorie intake, education, income, metabolic syndrome, age of menarche, parity, and stress perception. HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; WC, waist circumference.
Table 1Baseline Characteristics of the Study Subjects According to Body Weight Changes in Previous 1 Year
![enm-32-248-i001.jpg]()
Characteristic |
No change (n=2,881) |
Weight loss (n=489) |
Weight gain (n=1,251) |
Age, yr |
36.3±0.2 |
33.3±0.5a
|
34.7±0.3a,b
|
Weight, kg |
55.4±0.2 |
56.3±0.5 |
61.1±0.3a,b
|
Height, cm |
159.5±0.1 |
160.0±0.3 |
159.9±0.2 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
21.8±0.1 |
22.0±0.2 |
23.9±0.1a,b
|
Waist circumference, cm |
73.1±0.2 |
73.3±0.5 |
78.0±0.3a,b
|
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
108.6±0.3 |
108.2±0.6 |
109.5±0.5 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
71.7±0.2 |
71.2±0.5 |
72.8±0.3a,b
|
Fasting glucose, mg/dL |
90.5±0.3 |
93.1±1.7 |
91.7±0.6 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL |
178.5±0.7 |
177.9±1.8 |
182.0±1.3a,b
|
Triglyceride, mg/dL |
78.5 (76.6–80.4) |
74.8 (70.4–79.6) |
90.8 (87.2–94.4)a,b
|
HDL-C, mg/dL |
57.7±0.3 |
58.3±0.7 |
55.8±0.4a,b
|
LDL-C, mg/dL |
102.8±0.6 |
101.9±1.6 |
105.1±1.1 |
Current smoking, % |
5.0 (0.5) |
9.8 (1.9)a
|
6.8 (0.9)a
|
Heavy alcohol drinking, % |
2.1 (0.3) |
3.5 (1.2) |
5.3 (1.0)a
|
Regular exercise, % |
15.5 (0.9) |
20.6 (2.2)a
|
17.5 (1.4)b
|
Energy intake/day, kcal |
1,796.9±16.8 |
1,726.7±41.4 |
1,707.9±24.6a
|
Carbohydrate, % |
65.1±0.3 |
63.4±0.6a
|
63.7±0.4a
|
Fat, % |
20.1±0.2 |
21.4±0.5a
|
21.2±0.3a
|
Protein, % |
14.8±0.1 |
15.2±0.3 |
15.1±0.2 |
Education, college or higher, % |
44.1 (1.3) |
35.5 (2.5)a
|
43.4 (1.9)b
|
Income, lowest quartile, % |
8.2 (0.7) |
11.4 (1.8) |
8.2 (1.1) |
Presence of spouse, % |
82.4 (1.2) |
72.3 (3.3)a
|
82.3 (1.8)b
|
Age of menarche, yr |
13.9±0.0 |
13.7±0.1a
|
13.7±0.1a
|
Parity, % |
67.7 (1.3) |
56.9 (3.0)a
|
63.8 (1.8)b
|
Menstrual irregularity, % |
13.1 (0.8) |
18.8 (2.2)a
|
17.9 (1.3)a
|
More than once/3 months, % |
11.0 (0.7) |
16.3 (2.0) |
14.9 (1.2) |
Less than once/3 months, % |
2.1 (0.3) |
2.5 (0.9) |
3.0 (0.6) |
Table 2Baseline Characteristics of the Study Subjects According to the Presence or Absence of Menstrual Irregularity
![enm-32-248-i002.jpg]()
Characteristic |
No (n=3,976) |
Yes (n=645) |
P value |
Age, yr |
35.6±0.2 |
35.1±0.5 |
0.345 |
Weight, kg |
56.9±0.2 |
58.1±0.5 |
0.013 |
Height, cm |
159.7±0.1 |
159.3±0.3 |
0.151 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
22.3±0.1 |
22.9±0.2 |
0.001 |
Waist circumference, cm |
74.2±0.2 |
75.9±0.5 |
<0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
108.7±0.3 |
109.3±0.6 |
0.337 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
72.0±0.2 |
71.9±0.5 |
0.826 |
Fasting glucose, mg/dL |
91.0±0.3 |
91.7±1.0 |
0.526 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL |
178.8±0.7 |
182.7±1.7 |
0.031 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL |
80.4 (78.8–82.1) |
86.2 (81.7–91.0) |
0.018 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
57.4±0.2 |
56.6±0.6 |
0.204 |
LDL-C, mg/dL |
102.8±0.6 |
106.2±1.4 |
0.025 |
Diabetes mellitus, % |
2.4 (0.3) |
4.2 (1.0) |
0.033 |
Hypertension, % |
6.7 (0.5) |
8.6 (1.1) |
0.084 |
Metabolic syndrome, % |
9.9 (0.6) |
14.0 (1.6) |
0.007 |
Current smoking, % |
5.7 (0.5) |
7.7 (1.3) |
0.105 |
Heavy alcohol drinking, % |
3.1 (0.4) |
3.3 (1.0) |
0.866 |
Regular exercise, % |
16.6 (0.7) |
16.3 (1.7) |
0.876 |
Energy intake/day, kcal |
1,765.6±14.0 |
1,759.1±38.4 |
0.875 |
Carbohydrate, % |
64.6±0.2 |
64.4±0.5 |
0.772 |
Fat, % |
20.5±0.2 |
20.8±0.4 |
0.590 |
Protein, % |
14.9±0.1 |
14.8±0.2 |
0.652 |
Education, college or higher, % |
45.0 (1.1) |
31.9 (2.3) |
<0.001 |
Income, lowest quartile, % |
8.5 (0.7) |
9.2 (1.5) |
0.643 |
Presence of spouse, % |
82.2 (1.2) |
75.9 (2.6) |
0.005 |
Age of menarche, yr |
13.8±0.0 |
14.0±0.1 |
0.025 |
Parity, % |
66.7 (1.1) |
58.5 (2.4) |
0.001 |
Weight changes in previous 1 year, % |
|
|
0.001 |
No change |
63.1 (1.0) |
53.7 (2.4) |
Weight loss |
10.3 (0.6) |
13.6 (1.7) |
Weight gain |
26.6 (0.9) |
32.7 (2.3) |
Self-perceived weight status, % |
|
|
0.019 |
Lean |
12.1 (0.6) |
11.4 (1.4) |
Normal |
43.0 (1.0) |
36.8 (2.4) |
Obese |
44.8 (1.0) |
51.8 (2.3) |
Subjective health status, % |
|
|
<0.001 |
Good |
36.3 (1.0) |
29.2 (2.1) |
Intermediate |
50.9 (1.1) |
50.3 (2.3) |
Bad |
12.8 (0.6) |
20.6 (1.8) |
Stress perception, % |
31.7 (0.9) |
38.9 (2.3) |
0.002 |
Depressive symptom, % |
12.9 (0.6) |
18.5 (1.7) |
0.001 |
Suicidal ideation, % |
14.4 (0.7) |
20.6 (1.9) |
0.034 |
Table 3Odds Ratios for the Presence of Menstrual Irregularity According to Body Weight Changes
![enm-32-248-i003.jpg]()
Variable |
Total (n=4,621) |
Obesity (BMI 25 kg/m2) |
Abdominal obesity (WC 80 cm) |
No (n=3,706) |
Yes (n=901) |
No (n=3,497) |
Yes (n=1,099) |
Model 1a
|
|
|
|
|
|
No change |
1 (reference) |
1 (reference) |
1 (reference) |
1 (reference) |
1 (reference) |
Weight loss |
1.48 (1.07–2.04) |
1.31 (0.91–1.88) |
2.39 (1.20–4.78) |
1.13 (0.83–1.54) |
1.82 (1.20–2.74) |
Weight gain |
1.30 (1.03–1.64) |
1.04 (0.77–1.41) |
2.35 (1.49–3.70) |
1.27 (0.87–1.85) |
2.36 (1.26–4.42) |
P value |
0.012 |
0.343 |
0.001 |
0.399 |
0.003 |
Model 2b
|
|
|
|
|
|
No change |
1 (reference) |
1 (reference) |
1 (reference) |
1 (reference) |
1 (reference) |
Weight loss |
1.65 (1.17–2.33) |
1.43 (0.96–2.11) |
2.77 (1.34–5.72) |
1.16 (0.84–1.61) |
2.07 (1.35–3.18) |
Weight gain |
1.38 (1.09–1.75) |
1.11 (0.81–1.53) |
2.47 (1.54–3.96) |
1.36 (0.91–2.04) |
2.90 (1.51–5.56) |
P value |
0.002 |
0.192 |
<0.001 |
0.268 |
<0.001 |
Model 3c
|
|
|
|
|
|
No change |
1 (reference) |
1 (reference) |
1 (reference) |
1 (reference) |
1 (reference) |
Weight loss |
1.74 (1.22–2.48) |
1.44 (0.97–2.15) |
3.33 (1.60–6.94) |
1.06 (0.70–1.59) |
3.07 (1.81–5.21) |
Weight gain |
1.45 (1.13–1.86) |
1.16 (0.82–1.62) |
2.62 (1.62–4.24) |
1.65 (1.04–2.62) |
4.43 (1.97–9.98) |
P value |
0.001 |
0.166 |
<0.001 |
0.101 |
<0.001 |