1. Guariguata L, Whiting DR, Hambleton I, Beagley J, Linnenkamp U, Shaw JE. Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014;103:137-149.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
2. Rawshani A, Rawshani A, Franzen S, Eliasson B, Svensson AM, Miftaraj M, et al. Mortality and cardiovascular disease in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2017;376:1407-1418.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
3. Preis SR, Hwang SJ, Coady S, Pencina MJ, D'Agostino RB Sr, Savage PJ, et al. Trends in all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality among women and men with and without diabetes mellitus in the Framingham Heart Study, 1950 to 2005. Circulation 2009;119:1728-1735.
[CROSSREF]
4. Wong HK, Ong KL, Cheung CL, Cheung BM. Utilization of glucose, blood pressure, and lipid lowering medications among people with type II diabetes in the United States, 1999-2010. Ann Epidemiol 2014;24:516-521.
[CROSSREF]
5. Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HA. 10-Year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1577-1589.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
6. ACCORD Study Group. Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, Goff DC Jr, Grimm RH Jr, et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1575-1585.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
7. ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, Neal B, Billot L, et al. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2560-2572.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
8. Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med 2007;356:2457-2471.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
10. Zheng SL, Roddick AJ, Aghar-Jaffar R, Shun-Shin MJ, Francis D, Oliver N, et al. Association between use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists, and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors with all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2018;319:1580-1591.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
11. Wiviott SD, Raz I, Bonaca MP, Mosenzon O, Kato ET, Cahn A, et al. Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2019;380:347-357.
[CROSSREF]
12. Kim YG, Han SJ, Kim DJ, Lee KW, Kim HJ. Association between sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and a reduced risk of heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a real-world nationwide population-based cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018;17:91
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC] [PDF]
13. Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, de Zeeuw D, Fulcher G, Erondu N, et al. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2017;377:644-657.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
14. Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, Kristensen P, Mann JF, Nauck MA, et al. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2016;375:311-322.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
15. Davies MJ, D'Alessio DA, Fradkin J, Kernan WN, Mathieu C, Mingrone G, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care 2018;41:2669-2701.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
16. Koo BK, Lee CH, Yang BR, Hwang SS, Choi NK. The incidence and prevalence of diabetes mellitus and related atherosclerotic complications in Korea: a National Health Insurance database study. PLoS One 2014;9:e110650.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
17. Kang YM, Cho YK, Lee SE, Park JY, Lee WJ, Kim YJ, et al. Cardiovascular diseases and life expectancy in adults with type 2 diabetes: a Korean national sample cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017;102:3443-3451.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
18. Ross R. Atherosclerosis: an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999;340:115-126.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
19. Khunti K, Kosiborod M, Ray KK. Legacy benefits of blood glucose, blood pressure and lipid control in individuals with diabetes and cardiovascular disease: time to overcome multifactorial therapeutic inertia? Diabetes Obes Metab 2018;20:1337-1341.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
20. Gaede P, Oellgaard J, Carstensen B, Rossing P, Lund-Andersen H, Parving HH, et al. Years of life gained by multifactorial intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria: 21 years follow-up on the Steno-2 randomised trial. Diabetologia 2016;59:2298-2307.
[CROSSREF] [PDF]
21. Riddle MC, Gerstein HC, Holman RR, Inzucchi SE, Zinman B, Zoungas S, et al. A1C targets should be personalized to maximize benefits while limiting risks. Diabetes Care 2018;41:1121-1124.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
22. Task Force on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Ryden L, Grant PJ, Anker SD, Berne C, et al. ESC guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD: summary. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2014;11:133-173.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
23. Lee JH, Lim NK, Cho MC, Park HY. Epidemiology of heart failure in Korea: present and future. Korean Circ J 2016;46:658-664.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
24. Rosano GM, Fini M, Caminiti G, Barbaro G. Cardiac metabolism in myocardial ischemia. Curr Pharm Des 2008;14:2551-2562.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
25. Ko TH, Marquez JC, Kim HK, Jeong SH, Lee S, Youm JB, et al. Resistance exercise improves cardiac function and mitochondrial efficiency in diabetic rat hearts. Pflugers Arch 2018;470:263-275.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
26. Home PD, Pocock SJ, Beck-Nielsen H, Curtis PS, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, et al. Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes in oral agent combination therapy for type 2 diabetes (RECORD): a multicentre, randomised, open-label trial. Lancet 2009;373:2125-2135.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
27. Elder DH, Singh JS, Levin D, Donnelly LA, Choy AM, George J, et al. Mean HbA1c and mortality in diabetic individuals with heart failure: a population cohort study. Eur J Heart Fail 2016;18:94-102.
[CROSSREF]
28. Boussageon R, Bejan-Angoulvant T, Saadatian-Elahi M, Lafont S, Bergeonneau C, Kassai B, et al. Effect of intensive glucose lowering treatment on all cause mortality, cardiovascular death, and microvascular events in type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2011;343:d4169
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
29. Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, Bluhmki E, Hantel S, et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2015;373:2117-2128.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
30. Zelniker TA, Wiviott SD, Raz I, Im K, Goodrich EL, Bonaca MP, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Lancet 2019;393:31-39.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
31. Roder ME. Major adverse cardiovascular event reduction with GLP-1 and SGLT2 agents: evidence and clinical potential. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2018;9:33-50.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
32. Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, Eliaschewitz FG, Jodar E, Leiter LA, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2016;375:1834-1844.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
33. Gargiulo P, Savarese G, D’Amore C, De Martino F, Lund LH, Marsico F, et al. Efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists on macrovascular and microvascular events in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2017;27:1081-1088.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
34. Kang YM, Cho YK, Lee J, Lee SE, Lee WJ, Park JY, et al. Asian subpopulations may exhibit greater cardiovascular benefit from long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists: a meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Diabetes Metab J 2018 12 27 [Epub].
[CROSSREF]
35. Kosiborod M, Lam CSP, Kohsaka S, Kim DJ, Karasik A, Shaw J, et al. Cardiovascular events associated with SGLT-2 inhibitors versus other glucose-lowering drugs: the CVD-REAL study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;71:2628-2639.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
36. Kosiborod M, Cavender MA, Fu AZ, Wilding JP, Khunti K, Holl RW, et al. Lower risk of heart failure and death in patients initiated on sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors versus other glucose-lowering drugs: the CVD-REAL study (comparative effectiveness of cardiovascular outcomes in new users of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors). Circulation 2017;136:249-259.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
37. Tanaka H, Takano K, Iijima H, Kubo H, Maruyama N, Hashimoto T, et al. Factors affecting canagliflozin-induced transient urine volume increase in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Adv Ther 2017;34:436-451.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
38. Ansary TM, Nakano D, Nishiyama A. Diuretic effects of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and their influence on the renin-angiotensin system. Int J Mol Sci 2019;20:E629.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
39. Tikkanen I, Narko K, Zeller C, Green A, Salsali A, Broedl UC, et al. Empagliflozin reduces blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Diabetes Care 2015;38:420-428.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
40. Tikkanen I, Chilton R, Johansen OE. Potential role of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in the treatment of hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2016;25:81-86.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
41. Pham SV, Chilton RJ. EMPA-REG OUTCOME: the cardiologist’s point of view. Am J Cardiol 2017;120:S53-S58.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
42. Rahman A, Fujisawa Y, Nakano D, Hitomi H, Nishiyama A. Effect of a selective SGLT2 inhibitor, luseogliflozin, on circadian rhythm of sympathetic nervous function and locomotor activities in metabolic syndrome rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017;44:522-525.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
43. Wan N, Rahman A, Hitomi H, Nishiyama A. The effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on sympathetic nervous activity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018;9:421
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
44. Pfeffer MA, Claggett B, Diaz R, Dickstein K, Gerstein HC, Kober LV, et al. Lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes and acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2015;373:2247-2257.
[CROSSREF]
45. Vallon V. The proximal tubule in the pathophysiology of the diabetic kidney. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011;300:R1009-R1022.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
46. Wang XX, Levi J, Luo Y, Myakala K, Herman-Edelstein M, Qiu L, et al. SGLT2 protein expression is increased in human diabetic nephropathy: SGLT2 protein inhibition decreases renal lipid accumulation, inflammation, and the development of nephropathy in diabetic mice. J Biol Chem 2017;292:5335-5348.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
47. Vallon V, Rose M, Gerasimova M, Satriano J, Platt KA, Koepsell H, et al. Knockout of Na-glucose transporter SGLT2 attenuates hyperglycemia and glomerular hyperfiltration but not kidney growth or injury in diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013;304:F156-F167.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
48. Hansell P, Welch WJ, Blantz RC, Palm F. Determinants of kidney oxygen consumption and their relationship to tissue oxygen tension in diabetes and hypertension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2013;40:123-137.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
49. Vallon V, Komers R. Pathophysiology of the diabetic kidney. Compr Physiol 2011;1:1175-1232.
[CROSSREF]
50. Wanner C, Inzucchi SE, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, von Eynatten M, Mattheus M, et al. Empagliflozin and progression of kidney disease in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2016;375:323-334.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
51. Kohan DE, Fioretto P, Johnsson K, Parikh S, Ptaszynska A, Ying L. The effect of dapagliflozin on renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Nephrol 2016;29:391-400.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
52. Thomson SC, Rieg T, Miracle C, Mansoury H, Whaley J, Vallon V, et al. Acute and chronic effects of SGLT2 blockade on glomerular and tubular function in the early diabetic rat. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012;302:R75-R83.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
53. Vallon V, Richter K, Blantz RC, Thomson S, Osswald H. Glomerular hyperfiltration in experimental diabetes mellitus: potential role of tubular reabsorption. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999;10:2569-2576.
[PUBMED]
54. Hallow KM, Gebremichael Y, Helmlinger G, Vallon V. Primary proximal tubule hyperreabsorption and impaired tubular transport counterregulation determine glomerular hyperfiltration in diabetes: a modeling analysis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017;312:F819-F835.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
56. Thrasher J. Pharmacologic management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: available therapies. Am J Med 2017;130:S4-S17.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
57. Karagiannis T, Liakos A, Bekiari E, Athanasiadou E, Paschos P, Vasilakou D, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists for the management of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015;17:1065-1074.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
58. Zhang F, Tang X, Cao H, Lu Q, Li N, Liu Y, et al. Impaired secretion of total glucagon-like peptide-1 in people with impaired fasting glucose combined impaired glucose tolerance. Int J Med Sci 2012;9:574-581.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
59. Yabe D, Kuroe A, Lee S, Watanabe K, Hyo T, Hishizawa M, et al. Little enhancement of meal-induced glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion in Japanese: comparison of type 2 diabetes patients and healthy controls. J Diabetes Investig 2010;1:56-59.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
60. Kim YG, Hahn S, Oh TJ, Park KS, Cho YM. Differences in the HbA1c-lowering efficacy of glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues between Asians and non-Asians: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014;16:900-909.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
61. Meier JJ. GLP-1 receptor agonists for individualized treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2012;8:728-742.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
62. Nagashima M, Watanabe T, Terasaki M, Tomoyasu M, Nohtomi K, Kim-Kaneyama J, et al. Native incretins prevent the development of atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Diabetologia 2011;54:2649-2659.
[CROSSREF]
63. Ceriello A, Esposito K, Testa R, Bonfigli AR, Marra M, Giugliano D. The possible protective role of glucagon-like peptide 1 on endothelium during the meal and evidence for an “endothelial resistance” to glucagon-like peptide 1 in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011;34:697-702.
[CROSSREF]
64. Nikolaidis LA, Mankad S, Sokos GG, Miske G, Shah A, Elahi D, et al. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 in patients with acute myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction after successful reperfusion. Circulation 2004;109:962-965.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
65. Noyan-Ashraf MH, Momen MA, Ban K, Sadi AM, Zhou YQ, Riazi AM, et al. GLP-1R agonist liraglutide activates cytoprotective pathways and improves outcomes after experimental myocardial infarction in mice. Diabetes 2009;58:975-983.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
66. Chilton RJ, Gullestad L, Fitchett D, Inzucchi SE, Mattheus M, Woerle HJ, et al. Empagliflozin reduces markers of arterial stiffness, vascular resistance and cardiac workload in EMPA-REG OUTCOME. Circulation 2018;134:A13520.
67. Abdul-Ghani M, Del Prato S, Chilton R, DeFronzo RA. SGLT2 inhibitors and cardiovascular risk: lessons learned from the EMPA-REG OUTCOME study. Diabetes Care 2016;39:717-725.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
68. Hardy ST, Loehr LR, Butler KR, Chakladar S, Chang PP, Folsom AR, et al. Reducing the blood pressure-related burden of cardiovascular disease: impact of achievable improvements in blood pressure prevention and control. J Am Heart Assoc 2015;4:e002276.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
69. Cook NR, Cohen J, Hebert PR, Taylor JO, Hennekens CH. Implications of small reductions in diastolic blood pressure for primary prevention. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:701-709.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
70. Boussageon R, Supper I, Bejan-Angoulvant T, Kellou N, Cucherat M, Boissel JP, et al. Reappraisal of metformin efficacy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. PLoS Med 2012;9:e1001204.
[CROSSREF]
71. Saydah SH, Eberhardt MS, Loria CM, Brancati FL. Age and the burden of death attributable to diabetes in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 2002;156:714-719.
[CROSSREF] [PDF]