1. Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations. World population aging 2019 highlights; New York: United Nations; 2019. p. 11-4.
2. Kim G, Kim JH. Impact of skeletal muscle mass on metabolic health. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020;35:1-6.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
3. Jung HW. Visualizing domains of comprehensive geriatric assessments to grasp frailty spectrum in older adults with a radar chart. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2020;24:55-6.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
5. Chen X, Mao G, Leng SX. Frailty syndrome: an overview. Clin Interv Aging 2014;9:433-41.
[PUBMED] [PMC]
6. Anker SD, Morley JE, von Haehling S. Welcome to the ICD-10 code for sarcopenia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2016;7:512-4.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
7. Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Gallagher D, Romero L, Heymsfield SB, Ross RR, et al. Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147:755-63.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
8. Lauretani F, Russo CR, Bandinelli S, Bartali B, Cavazzini C, Di Iorio A, et al. Age-associated changes in skeletal muscles and their effect on mobility: an operational diagnosis of sarcopenia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003;95:1851-60.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
9. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Report of the European Working Group on sarcopenia in older people. Age Ageing 2010;39:412-23.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
10. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruyere O, Cederholm T, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing 2019;48:16-31.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
11. Chen LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, Auyeung TW, Chou MY, Iijima K, et al. Asian Working Group for sarcopenia: 2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2020;21:300-7.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
12. Fielding RA, Vellas B, Evans WJ, Bhasin S, Morley JE, Newman AB, et al. Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International Working Group on Sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2011;12:249-56.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
13. McLean RR, Kiel DP. Developing consensus criteria for sarcopenia: an update. J Bone Miner Res 2015;30:588-92.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
14. Iannuzzi-Sucich M, Prestwood KM, Kenny AM. Prevalence of sarcopenia and predictors of skeletal muscle mass in healthy, older men and women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002;57:M772-7.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
15. Liu X, Hao Q, Hou L, Xia X, Zhao W, Zhang Y, et al. Ethnic groups differences in the prevalence of sarcopenia using the AWGS criteria. J Nutr Health Aging 2020;24:665-71.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
16. Pacifico J, Geerlings MAJ, Reijnierse EM, Phassouliotis C, Lim WK, Maier AB. Prevalence of sarcopenia as a comorbid disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp Gerontol 2020;131:110801.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
17. Cuthbertson D, Smith K, Babraj J, Leese G, Waddell T, Atherton P, et al. Anabolic signaling deficits underlie amino acid resistance of wasting, aging muscle. FASEB J 2005;19:422-4.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
18. Kim IY, Park S, Jang J, Wolfe RR. Understanding muscle protein dynamics: technical considerations for advancing sarcopenia research. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2020;24:157-65.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC] [PDF]
19. Timmerman KL, Lee JL, Fujita S, Dhanani S, Dreyer HC, Fry CS, et al. Pharmacological vasodilation improves insulin-stimulated muscle protein anabolism but not glucose utilization in older adults. Diabetes 2010;59:2764-71.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
20. Colleluori G, Aguirre L, Phadnis U, Fowler K, Armamento-Villareal R, Sun Z, et al. Aerobic plus resistance exercise in obese older adults improves muscle protein synthesis and preserves myocellular quality despite weight loss. Cell Metab 2019;30:261-73.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
21. Moore DR, Churchward-Venne TA, Witard O, Breen L, Burd NA, Tipton KD, et al. Protein ingestion to stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis requires greater relative protein intakes in healthy older versus younger men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015;70:57-62.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
22. Funai K, Parkington JD, Carambula S, Fielding RA. Age-associated decrease in contraction-induced activation of downstream targets of Akt/mTor signaling in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006;290:R1080-6.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
23. Talbot J, Maves L. Skeletal muscle fiber type: using insights from muscle developmental biology to dissect targets for susceptibility and resistance to muscle disease. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol 2016;5:518-34.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
24. Lexell J. Human aging, muscle mass, and fiber type composition. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1995;50(Spec No):11-6.
[PUBMED]
25. Nilwik R, Snijders T, Leenders M, Groen BB, van Kranenburg J, Verdijk LB, et al. The decline in skeletal muscle mass with aging is mainly attributed to a reduction in type II muscle fiber size. Exp Gerontol 2013;48:492-8.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
26. Short KR, Vittone JL, Bigelow ML, Proctor DN, Coenen-Schimke JM, Rys P, et al. Changes in myosin heavy chain mRNA and protein expression in human skeletal muscle with age and endurance exercise training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005;99:95-102.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
27. Klitgaard H, Zhou M, Schiaffino S, Betto R, Salviati G, Saltin B. Ageing alters the myosin heavy chain composition of single fibres from human skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Scand 1990;140:55-62.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
28. Lexell J, Downham DY. The occurrence of fibre-type grouping in healthy human muscle: a quantitative study of cross-sections of whole vastus lateralis from men between 15 and 83 years. Acta Neuropathol 1991;81:377-81.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
29. Wallace DC. A mitochondrial paradigm of metabolic and degenerative diseases, aging, and cancer: a dawn for evolutionary medicine. Annu Rev Genet 2005;39:359-407.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
30. Spinelli JB, Haigis MC. The multifaceted contributions of mitochondria to cellular metabolism. Nat Cell Biol 2018;20:745-54.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
31. Chan DC. Mitochondria: dynamic organelles in disease, aging, and development. Cell 2006;125:1241-52.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
32. Lopez-Otin C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G. The hallmarks of aging. Cell 2013;153:1194-217.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
33. Chabi B, Ljubicic V, Menzies KJ, Huang JH, Saleem A, Hood DA. Mitochondrial function and apoptotic susceptibility in aging skeletal muscle. Aging Cell 2008;7:2-12.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
34. Lin MT, Beal MF. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Nature 2006;443:787-95.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
35. Migliavacca E, Tay SKH, Patel HP, Sonntag T, Civiletto G, McFarlane C, et al. Mitochondrial oxidative capacity and NAD+ biosynthesis are reduced in human sarcopenia across ethnicities. Nat Commun 2019;10:5808.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
36. Rygiel KA, Picard M, Turnbull DM. The ageing neuromuscular system and sarcopenia: a mitochondrial perspective. J Physiol 2016;594:4499-512.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
37. Lundt S, Zhang N, Wang X, Polo-Parada L, Ding S. The effect of NAMPT deletion in projection neurons on the function and structure of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in mice. Sci Rep 2020;10:99.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
38. Scarpulla RC, Vega RB, Kelly DP. Transcriptional integration of mitochondrial biogenesis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012;23:459-66.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
39. Sun N, Youle RJ, Finkel T. The mitochondrial basis of aging. Mol Cell 2016;61:654-66.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
40. Masiero E, Agatea L, Mammucari C, Blaauw B, Loro E, Komatsu M, et al. Autophagy is required to maintain muscle mass. Cell Metab 2009;10:507-15.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
41. Pyo JO, Yoo SM, Ahn HH, Nah J, Hong SH, Kam TI, et al. Overexpression of Atg5 in mice activates autophagy and extends lifespan. Nat Commun 2013;4:2300.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
42. Ryu D, Mouchiroud L, Andreux PA, Katsyuba E, Moullan N, Nicolet-Dit-Felix AA, et al. Urolithin A induces mitophagy and prolongs lifespan in C. elegans and increases muscle function in rodents. Nat Med 2016;22:879-88.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
43. Andreux PA, Blanco-Bose W, Ryu D, Burdet F, Ibberson M, Aebischer P, et al. The mitophagy activator urolithin A is safe and induces a molecular signature of improved mitochondrial and cellular health in humans. Nat Metab 2019;1:595-603.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
44. Fang EF, Hou Y, Palikaras K, Adriaanse BA, Kerr JS, Yang B, et al. Mitophagy inhibits amyloid-β and tau pathology and reverses cognitive deficits in models of Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Neurosci 2019;22:401-12.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC] [PDF]
45. Eisenberg T, Abdellatif M, Schroeder S, Primessnig U, Stekovic S, Pendl T, et al. Cardioprotection and lifespan extension by the natural polyamine spermidine. Nat Med 2016;22:1428-38.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
46. Katsyuba E, Romani M, Hofer D, Auwerx J. NAD+ homeostasis in health and disease. Nat Metab 2020;2:9-31.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
47. Gomes AP, Price NL, Ling AJ, Moslehi JJ, Montgomery MK, Rajman L, et al. Declining NAD(+) induces a pseudohypoxic state disrupting nuclear-mitochondrial communication during aging. Cell 2013;155:1624-38.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
48. Camacho-Pereira J, Tarrago MG, Chini CCS, Nin V, Escande C, Warner GM, et al. CD38 dictates age-related NAD decline and mitochondrial dysfunction through an SIRT3-dependent mechanism. Cell Metab 2016;23:1127-39.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
49. Frederick DW, Loro E, Liu L, Davila A Jr, Chellappa K, Silverman IM, et al. Loss of NAD homeostasis leads to progressive and reversible degeneration of skeletal muscle. Cell Metab 2016;24:269-82.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
50. Goody MF, Henry CA. A need for NAD+ in muscle development, homeostasis, and aging. Skelet Muscle 2018;8:9.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
51. Zhang H, Ryu D, Wu Y, Gariani K, Wang X, Luan P, et al. NAD+ repletion improves mitochondrial and stem cell function and enhances life span in mice. Science 2016;352:1436-43.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
52. Kang BE, Choi JY, Stein S, Ryu D. Implications of NAD+ boosters in translational medicine. Eur J Clin Invest 2020;50:e13334.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
53. Elhassan YS, Kluckova K, Fletcher RS, Schmidt MS, Garten A, Doig CL, et al. Nicotinamide riboside augments the aged human skeletal muscle NAD+ metabolome and induces transcriptomic and anti-inflammatory signatures. Cell Rep 2019;28:1717-28.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
54. Tarrago MG, Chini CCS, Kanamori KS, Warner GM, Caride A, de Oliveira GC, et al. A potent and specific CD38 inhibitor ameliorates age-related metabolic dysfunction by reversing tissue NAD+ decline. Cell Metab 2018;27:1081-95.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
55. Ryu D, Zhang H, Ropelle ER, Sorrentino V, Mazala DA, Mouchiroud L, et al. NAD+ repletion improves muscle function in muscular dystrophy and counters global PARylation. Sci Transl Med 2016;8:361ra139.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
56. Claflin DR, Jackson MJ, Brooks SV. Age affects the contraction-induced mitochondrial redox response in skeletal muscle. Front Physiol 2015;6:21.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
57. Lee SJ. Regulation of muscle mass by myostatin. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2004;20:61-86.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
58. McPherron AC, Lawler AM, Lee SJ. Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member. Nature 1997;387:83-90.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
59. Amthor H, Macharia R, Navarrete R, Schuelke M, Brown SC, Otto A, et al. Lack of myostatin results in excessive muscle growth but impaired force generation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007;104:1835-40.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
60. Schuelke M, Wagner KR, Stolz LE, Hubner C, Riebel T, Komen W, et al. Myostatin mutation associated with gross muscle hypertrophy in a child. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2682-8.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
61. Hansen J, Brandt C, Nielsen AR, Hojman P, Whitham M, Febbraio MA, et al. Exercise induces a marked increase in plasma follistatin: evidence that follistatin is a contraction-induced hepatokine. Endocrinology 2011;152:164-71.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
62. Chang YC, Liu HW, Chan YC, Hu SH, Liu MY, Chang SJ. The green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate attenuates age-associated muscle loss via regulation of miR-486-5p and myostatin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020;692:108511.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
63. Bergen HR 3rd, Farr JN, Vanderboom PM, Atkinson EJ, White TA, Singh RJ, et al. Myostatin as a mediator of sarcopenia versus homeostatic regulator of muscle mass: insights using a new mass spectrometry-based assay. Skelet Muscle 2015;5:21.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
64. Yarasheski KE, Bhasin S, Sinha-Hikim I, Pak-Loduca J, Gonzalez-Cadavid NF. Serum myostatin-immunoreactive protein is increased in 60-92 year old women and men with muscle wasting. J Nutr Health Aging 2002;6:343-8.
[PUBMED]
65. Ratkevicius A, Joyson A, Selmer I, Dhanani T, Grierson C, Tommasi AM, et al. Serum concentrations of myostatin and myostatin-interacting proteins do not differ between young and sarcopenic elderly men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2011;66:620-6.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
66. Hofmann M, Halper B, Oesen S, Franzke B, Stuparits P, Tschan H, et al. Serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-1, members of the TGF-beta superfamily and follistatin do not reflect different stages of dynapenia and sarcopenia in elderly women. Exp Gerontol 2015;64:35-45.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
67. Schafer MJ, Atkinson EJ, Vanderboom PM, Kotajarvi B, White TA, Moore MM, et al. Quantification of GDF11 and myostatin in human aging and cardiovascular disease. Cell Metab 2016;23:1207-15.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
68. GTEx Consortium. Human genomics. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) pilot analysis: multitissue gene regulation in humans. Science 2015;348:648-60.
[PUBMED] [PMC]
69. Sinha M, Jang YC, Oh J, Khong D, Wu EY, Manohar R, et al. Restoring systemic GDF11 levels reverses age-related dysfunction in mouse skeletal muscle. Science 2014;344:649-52.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
70. Egerman MA, Cadena SM, Gilbert JA, Meyer A, Nelson HN, Swalley SE, et al. GDF11 increases with age and inhibits skeletal muscle regeneration. Cell Metab 2015;22:164-74.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
71. Egerman MA, Glass DJ. The role of GDF11 in aging and skeletal muscle, cardiac and bone homeostasis. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2019;54:174-83.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
72. Zimmers TA, Jiang Y, Wang M, Liang TW, Rupert JE, Au ED, et al. Exogenous GDF11 induces cardiac and skeletal muscle dysfunction and wasting. Basic Res Cardiol 2017;112:48.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC] [PDF]
73. Zhou Y, Sharma N, Dukes D, Myzithras MB, Gupta P, Khalil A, et al. GDF11 treatment attenuates the recovery of skeletal muscle function after injury in older rats. AAPS J 2017;19:431-7.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
74. Jin Q, Qiao C, Li J, Xiao B, Li J, Xiao X. A GDF11/myostatin inhibitor, GDF11 propeptide-Fc, increases skeletal muscle mass and improves muscle strength in dystrophic mdx mice. Skelet Muscle 2019;9:16.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC] [PDF]
75. Mullican SE, Lin-Schmidt X, Chin CN, Chavez JA, Furman JL, Armstrong AA, et al. GFRAL is the receptor for GDF15 and the ligand promotes weight loss in mice and nonhuman primates. Nat Med 2017;23:1150-7.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
76. Yang L, Chang CC, Sun Z, Madsen D, Zhu H, Padkjaer SB, et al. GFRAL is the receptor for GDF15 and is required for the anti-obesity effects of the ligand. Nat Med 2017;23:1158-66.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
77. Ryu MJ, Kim SJ, Kim YK, Choi MJ, Tadi S, Lee MH, et al. Crif1 deficiency reduces adipose OXPHOS capacity and triggers inflammation and insulin resistance in mice. PLoS Genet 2013;9:e1003356.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
78. Chung HK, Ryu D, Kim KS, Chang JY, Kim YK, Yi HS, et al. Growth differentiation factor 15 is a myomitokine governing systemic energy homeostasis. J Cell Biol 2017;216:149-65.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
79. Moon JS, Goeminne LJE, Kim JT, Tian JW, Kim SH, Nga HT, et al. Growth differentiation factor 15 protects against the aging-mediated systemic inflammatory response in humans and mice. Aging Cell 2020;19:e13195.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC] [PDF]
80. Emmerson PJ, Wang F, Du Y, Liu Q, Pickard RT, Gonciarz MD, et al. The metabolic effects of GDF15 are mediated by the orphan receptor GFRAL. Nat Med 2017;23:1215-9.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
81. Hsu JY, Crawley S, Chen M, Ayupova DA, Lindhout DA, Higbee J, et al. Non-homeostatic body weight regulation through a brainstem-restricted receptor for GDF15. Nature 2017;550:255-9.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
82. Lerner L, Tao J, Liu Q, Nicoletti R, Feng B, Krieger B, et al. MAP3K11/GDF15 axis is a critical driver of cancer cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2016;7:467-82.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
83. Jones JE, Cadena SM, Gong C, Wang X, Chen Z, Wang SX, et al. Supraphysiologic administration of GDF11 induces cachexia in part by upregulating GDF15. Cell Rep 2018;22:1522-30.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
84. Suriben R, Chen M, Higbee J, Oeffinger J, Ventura R, Li B, et al. Antibody-mediated inhibition of GDF15-GFRAL activity reverses cancer cachexia in mice. Nat Med 2020;26:1264-70.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
85. Arumugam M, Raes J, Pelletier E, Le Paslier D, Yamada T, Mende DR, et al. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature 2011;473:174-80.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
86. Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, Trehan I, Dominguez-Bello MG, Contreras M, et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature 2012;486:222-7.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
87. Ticinesi A, Nouvenne A, Cerundolo N, Catania P, Prati B, Tana C, et al. Gut microbiota, muscle mass and function in aging: a focus on physical frailty and sarcopenia. Nutrients 2019;11:1633.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
88. Nay K, Jollet M, Goustard B, Baati N, Vernus B, Pontones M, et al. Gut bacteria are critical for optimal muscle function: a potential link with glucose homeostasis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019;317:E158-71.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
89. Claesson MJ, Jeffery IB, Conde S, Power SE, O’Connor EM, Cusack S, et al. Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly. Nature 2012;488:178-84.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
90. Vaiserman AM, Koliada AK, Marotta F. Gut microbiota: a player in aging and a target for anti-aging intervention. Ageing Res Rev 2017;35:36-45.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
91. Koh A, Molinaro A, Stahlman M, Khan MT, Schmidt C, Manneras-Holm L, et al. Microbially produced imidazole propionate impairs insulin signaling through mTORC1. Cell 2018;175:947-61.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
92. Enoki Y, Watanabe H, Arake R, Sugimoto R, Imafuku T, Tominaga Y, et al. Indoxyl sulfate potentiates skeletal muscle atrophy by inducing the oxidative stress-mediated expression of myostatin and atrogin-1. Sci Rep 2016;6:32084.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
93. Lahiri S, Kim H, Garcia-Perez I, Reza MM, Martin KA, Kundu P, et al. The gut microbiota influences skeletal muscle mass and function in mice. Sci Transl Med 2019;11:eaan5662.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
94. Manickam R, Oh HYP, Tan CK, Paramalingam E, Wahli W. Metronidazole causes skeletal muscle atrophy and modulates muscle chronometabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2018;19:2418.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
95. Blacher E, Bashiardes S, Shapiro H, Rothschild D, Mor U, Dori-Bachash M, et al. Potential roles of gut microbiome and metabolites in modulating ALS in mice. Nature 2019;572:474-80.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
96. Grosicki GJ, Fielding RA, Lustgarten MS. Gut microbiota contribute to age-related changes in skeletal muscle size, composition, and function: biological basis for a gut-muscle axis. Calcif Tissue Int 2018;102:433-42.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
97. Symons TB, Sheffield-Moore M, Wolfe RR, Paddon-Jones D. A moderate serving of high-quality protein maximally stimulates skeletal muscle protein synthesis in young and elderly subjects. J Am Diet Assoc 2009;109:1582-6.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
98. Kim IY, Schutzler S, Schrader A, Spencer H, Kortebein P, Deutz NE, et al. Quantity of dietary protein intake, but not pattern of intake, affects net protein balance primarily through differences in protein synthesis in older adults. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015;308:E21-8.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
99. Bauer J, Biolo G, Cederholm T, Cesari M, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Morley JE, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2013;14:542-59.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
100. McGlory C, van Vliet S, Stokes T, Mittendorfer B, Phillips SM. The impact of exercise and nutrition on the regulation of skeletal muscle mass. J Physiol 2019;597:1251-8.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
101. Dillon EL, Sheffield-Moore M, Paddon-Jones D, Gilkison C, Sanford AP, Casperson SL, et al. Amino acid supplementation increases lean body mass, basal muscle protein synthesis, and insulin-like growth factor-I expression in older women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:1630-7.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
102. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Landi F, Schneider SM, Zuniga C, Arai H, Boirie Y, et al. Prevalence of and interventions for sarcopenia in ageing adults: a systematic review. Report of the International Sarcopenia Initiative (EWGSOP and IWGS). Age Ageing 2014;43:748-59.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
103. Cortassa S, Caceres V, Bell LN, O’Rourke B, Paolocci N, Aon MA. From metabolomics to fluxomics: a computational procedure to translate metabolite profiles into metabolic fluxes. Biophys J 2015;108:163-72.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
104. Narkar VA, Downes M, Yu RT, Embler E, Wang YX, Banayo E, et al. AMPK and PPARdelta agonists are exercise mimetics. Cell 2008;134:405-15.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
105. Kim JA, Roy RR, Zhong H, Alaynick WA, Embler E, Jang C, et al. PPARδ preserves a high resistance to fatigue in the mouse medial gastrocnemius after spinal cord transection. Muscle Nerve 2016;53:287-96.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
106. Mosti MP, Stunes AK, Ericsson M, Pullisaar H, Reseland JE, Shabestari M, et al. Effects of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-δ agonist GW501516 on bone and muscle in ovariectomized rats. Endocrinology 2014;155:2178-89.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
107. Sahebkar A, Chew GT, Watts GF. New peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists: potential treatments for atherogenic dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014;15:493-503.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
108. Kadayat TM, Shrestha A, Jeon YH, An H, Kim J, Cho SJ, et al. Targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ): a medicinal chemistry perspective. J Med Chem 2020;63:10109-34.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
109. Winder WW, Hardie DG. Inactivation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in muscle during exercise. Am J Physiol 1996;270(2 Pt 1):E299-304.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
110. Wojtaszewski JF, Nielsen P, Hansen BF, Richter EA, Kiens B. Isoform-specific and exercise intensity-dependent activation of 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2000;528(Pt 1):221-6.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
111. Hardie DG, Schaffer BE, Brunet A. AMPK: an energy-sensing pathway with multiple inputs and outputs. Trends Cell Biol 2016;26:190-201.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
112. Steinberg GR, O’Neill HM, Dzamko NL, Galic S, Naim T, Koopman R, et al. Whole body deletion of AMP-activated protein kinase {beta}2 reduces muscle AMPK activity and exercise capacity. J Biol Chem 2010;285:37198-209.
[PUBMED] [PMC]
113. Thomas MM, Wang DC, D’Souza DM, Krause MP, Layne AS, Criswell DS, et al. Muscle-specific AMPK β1β2-null mice display a myopathy due to loss of capillary density in nonpostural muscles. FASEB J 2014;28:2098-107.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC] [PDF]
114. Bujak AL, Crane JD, Lally JS, Ford RJ, Kang SJ, Rebalka IA, et al. AMPK activation of muscle autophagy prevents fasting-induced hypoglycemia and myopathy during aging. Cell Metab 2015;21:883-90.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
115. Lantier L, Mounier R, Leclerc J, Pende M, Foretz M, Viollet B. Coordinated maintenance of muscle cell size control by AMP-activated protein kinase. FASEB J 2010;24:3555-61.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
116. Mu J, Barton ER, Birnbaum MJ. Selective suppression of AMP-activated protein kinase in skeletal muscle: update on ‘lazy mice’. Biochem Soc Trans 2003;31(Pt 1):236-41.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
117. Thomson DM. The role of AMPK in the regulation of skeletal muscle size, hypertrophy, and regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2018;19:3125.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
118. Winder WW, Holmes BF, Rubink DS, Jensen EB, Chen M, Holloszy JO. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase increases mitochondrial enzymes in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2000;88:2219-26.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
119. Pauly M, Chabi B, Favier FB, Vanterpool F, Matecki S, Fouret G, et al. Combined strategies for maintaining skeletal muscle mass and function in aging: myostatin inactivation and AICAR-associated oxidative metabolism induction. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015;70:1077-87.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
120. Ljubicic V, Miura P, Burt M, Boudreault L, Khogali S, Lunde JA, et al. Chronic AMPK activation evokes the slow, oxidative myogenic program and triggers beneficial adaptations in mdx mouse skeletal muscle. Hum Mol Genet 2011;20:3478-93.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
121. Pauly M, Daussin F, Burelle Y, Li T, Godin R, Fauconnier J, et al. AMPK activation stimulates autophagy and ameliorates muscular dystrophy in the mdx mouse diaphragm. Am J Pathol 2012;181:583-92.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
122. Hall DT, Griss T, Ma JF, Sanchez BJ, Sadek J, Tremblay AMK, et al. The AMPK agonist 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), but not metformin, prevents inflammation-associated cachectic muscle wasting. EMBO Mol Med 2018;10:e8307.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
123. Myers RW, Guan HP, Ehrhart J, Petrov A, Prahalada S, Tozzo E, et al. Systemic pan-AMPK activator MK-8722 improves glucose homeostasis but induces cardiac hypertrophy. Science 2017;357:507-11.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
124. Esquejo RM, Salatto CT, Delmore J, Albuquerque B, Reyes A, Shi Y, et al. Activation of liver AMPK with PF-06409577 corrects NAFLD and lowers cholesterol in rodent and primate preclinical models. EBioMedicine 2018;31:122-32.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
125. Menzies KJ, Singh K, Saleem A, Hood DA. Sirtuin 1-mediated effects of exercise and resveratrol on mitochondrial biogenesis. J Biol Chem 2013;288:6968-79.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
126. Lagouge M, Argmann C, Gerhart-Hines Z, Meziane H, Lerin C, Daussin F, et al. Resveratrol improves mitochondrial function and protects against metabolic disease by activating SIRT1 and PGC-1alpha. Cell 2006;127:1109-22.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
127. Timmers S, Konings E, Bilet L, Houtkooper RH, van de Weijer T, Goossens GH, et al. Calorie restriction-like effects of 30 days of resveratrol supplementation on energy metabolism and metabolic profile in obese humans. Cell Metab 2011;14:612-22.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
128. Dufour CR, Wilson BJ, Huss JM, Kelly DP, Alaynick WA, Downes M, et al. Genome-wide orchestration of cardiac functions by the orphan nuclear receptors ERRalpha and gamma. Cell Metab 2007;5:345-56.
[PUBMED]
129. Rangwala SM, Wang X, Calvo JA, Lindsley L, Zhang Y, Deyneko G, et al. Estrogen-related receptor gamma is a key regulator of muscle mitochondrial activity and oxidative capacity. J Biol Chem 2010;285:22619-29.
[PUBMED] [PMC]
130. Lee SJ, McPherron AC. Regulation of myostatin activity and muscle growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98:9306-11.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
131. Amato AA, Sivakumar K, Goyal N, David WS, Salajegheh M, Praestgaard J, et al. Treatment of sporadic inclusion body myositis with bimagrumab. Neurology 2014;83:2239-46.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
132. Tillner J, Posch MG, Wagner F, Teichert L, Hijazi Y, Einig C, et al. A novel dual glucagon-like peptide and glucagon receptor agonist SAR425899: Results of randomized, placebo-controlled first-in-human and first-in-patient trials. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019;21:120-8.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
133. Tai J, Liu W, Li Y, Li L, Holscher C. Neuroprotective effects of a triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor agonist in the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res 2018;1678:64-74.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
134. Dollerup OL, Chubanava S, Agerholm M, Sondergard SD, Altıntas A, Moller AB, et al. Nicotinamide riboside does not alter mitochondrial respiration, content or morphology in skeletal muscle from obese and insulin-resistant men. J Physiol 2020;598:731-54.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
135. Mills KF, Yoshida S, Stein LR, Grozio A, Kubota S, Sasaki Y, et al. Long-term administration of nicotinamide mononucleotide mitigates age-associated physiological decline in mice. Cell Metab 2016;24:795-806.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
136. Guo S, Chen Q, Sun Y, Chen J. Nicotinamide protects against skeletal muscle atrophy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Arch Physiol Biochem 2019;125:470-7.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
137. Wilkinson DJ, Brook MS, Smith K, Atherton PJ. Stable isotope tracers and exercise physiology: past, present and future. J Physiol 2017;595:2873-82.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
138. Hellerstein MK. New stable isotope-mass spectrometric techniques for measuring fluxes through intact metabolic pathways in mammalian systems: introduction of moving pictures into functional genomics and biochemical phenotyping. Metab Eng 2004;6:85-100.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
139. Hinkley JM, Cornnell HH, Standley RA, Chen EY, Narain NR, Greenwood BP, et al. Older adults with sarcopenia have distinct skeletal muscle phosphodiester, phosphocreatine, and phospholipid profiles. Aging Cell 2020;19:e13135.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC] [PDF]
140. Makimura H, Stanley TL, Sun N, Hrovat MI, Systrom DM, Grinspoon SK. The association of growth hormone parameters with skeletal muscle phosphocreatine recovery in adult men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:817-23.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]