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1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
2Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
3Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
4Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
Copyright © 2021 Korean Endocrine Society
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conception or design: S.H.L., J.H.K. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: S.H.L., J.W.K., H.K.Y., J.M.K., C.S.S., S.W.K., J.H.K. Drafting the work or revising: S.H.L. Final approval of the manuscript: S.H.L., J.W.K., H.K.Y., J.M.K., C.S.S., S.W.K., J.H.K.
Variable | Total (n=466) | Unilateral lesion (n=372) | Bilateral normal (n=55) | Bilateral lesion (n=39) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, yr | 51.0 (43.0–59.0) | 51.0 (43.5–59.0) | 47.0 (36.0–60.5) | 58.0 (51.0–64.0)b,c | 0.003 |
Female sex | 231 (49.6) | 189 (50.8) | 28 (50.9) | 14 (35.9) | 0.204 |
Height, cm | 163.7 (157.6–170.0) | 163.3 (157.4–169.8) | 163.3 (156.2–170.9) | 167.6 (160.2–172.4) | 0.145 |
Weight, kg | 67.4 (57.9–76.5) | 67.1 (57.3–76.1) | 66.0 (57.2–75.8) | 71.5 (64.5–80.1) | 0.077 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.2 (22.7–27.3) | 25.2 (22.6–27.2) | 24.6 (22.3–26.7) | 25.9 (24.1–28.0) | 0.122 |
Systolic BP, mm Hg | 142.0 (131.0–156.0) | 142.0 (132.0–155.0) | 150.0 (131.5–160.0) | 135.0 (125.5–153.5) | 0.082 |
Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 90.0 (81.0–98.0) | 90.0 (81.0–97.0) | 91.0 (81.0–100.0) | 87.0 (77.5–97.0) | 0.262 |
Antihypertensive drug, DDD | 2.0 (1.0–3.4) | 2.0 (1.0–3.5) | 1.0 (0.0–2.7)a | 2.0 (1.0–3.5) | 0.039 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 88.3 (75.2–104.5) | 88.0 (75.8–103.5) | 90.1 (74.8–107.3) | 84.7 (73.5–110.2) | 0.838 |
Serum potassium, mEq/L | 3.4 (3.0–4.0) | 3.3 (2.9–3.9) | 3.9 (3.5–4.2)a | 3.6 (3.0; 4.2) | <0.001 |
Hypokalemia | 228 (51.1) | 207 (55.6) | 12 (21.8)a | 19 (48.7)c | <0.001 |
PAC, ng/dL | 30.5 (23.4–45.2) | 31.3 (24.1–47.2) | 26.3 (19.7–34.0)a | 28.9 (21.9;41.9) | 0.001 |
PRA, ng/mL/hr | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.2 (0.1–0.5) | 0.2 (0.2–0.3) | 0.321 |
ARR, ng/dL per ng/mL/hr | 146.5 (75.3–300.0) | 163.0 (76.2–320.5) | 96.0 (57.9–192.6)a | 130.0 (91.0–239.2) | 0.012 |
Nodule size on CT, cm | 1.5 (1.1–1.8) | 1.5 (1.1–1.8) | NA | 1.5 (1.1–1.8) | 0.182 |
Values are expressed as median (interquartile range) or number (%). α<0.017 was considered to be statistically significant after post hoc Bonferroni correction for multiple testing (α=0.05/3=0.0167).
a α<0.017 unilateral lesion vs. bilateral normal;
b α<0.017 unilateral lesion vs. bilateral lesion;
c α<0.017 bilateral normal vs. bilateral lesion.
CT, computed tomography; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DDD, defined daily dose; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; PAC, plasma aldosterone concentration; PRA, plasma renin activity; ARR, aldosterone-to-renin ratio; NA, not applicable.
Values are expressed as median (interquartile range) or number (%).
CT, computed tomography; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DDD, defined daily dose; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; PAC, plasma aldosterone concentration; PRA, plasma renin activity; ARR, aldosterone-to-renin ratio.
Variable | Age, yr (<35, 35–39, 40–49, ≥50) | Age, yr (<50, ≥50) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||||
<35 (n=13) | 35–39 (n=20) | 40–49 (n=66) | ≥50 (n=99) | P value | <50 (n=99) | ≥50 (n=99) | P value | |
Age, yr | 33.0 (31.0–33.0) | 38.0a (36.5–39.0) | 45.0 (43.0–47.0) | 58.0b (53.0–63.0) | <0.001 | 43.0 (38.0–46.0) | 58.0 (53.0–63.0) | <0.001 |
|
||||||||
Female sex | 10 (76.9) | 8 (40.0) | 33 (50.0) | 52 (52.5) | 0.212 | 51 (51.5) | 52 (52.5) | >0.999 |
|
||||||||
Height, cm | 166.7 (163.0–169.0) | 168.1 (164.0–172.9) | 165.2 (159.6–172.0) | 161.0 (154.3–165.5) | <0.001 | 166.7 (161.0–171.1) | 161.0 (154.3–165.5) | <0.001 |
|
||||||||
Weight, kg | 58.0 (53.4–65.4) | 68.5a (58.5–77.3) | 66.2 (57.6–74.8) | 65.3 (56.3–73.1) | 0.152 | 66.0 (57.5–74.8) | 65.3 (56.3–73.1) | 0.294 |
|
||||||||
BMI, kg/m2 | 21.2 (19.7–25.9) | 23.6 (22.3–27.5) | 24.5 (21.9–25.8) | 24.5 (22.7–26.8) | 0.129 | 24.0 (21.7–26.1) | 24.5 (22.7–26.8) | 0.191 |
|
||||||||
Systolic BP, mm Hg | 142.0 (123.0–146.0) | 150.0 (131.0–162.5) | 146.0 (139.0–160.0) | 140.0 (130.5–155.0) | 0.055 | 145.0 (137.5–160.0) | 140.0 (130.5–155.0) | 0.033 |
|
||||||||
Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 93.0 (84.0–108.0) | 98.0 (82.5–109.5) | 95.5 (90.0–101.0) | 89.0 (80.0–95.0) | <0.001 | 95.0 (89.0–104.5) | 89.0 (80.0–95.0) | <0.001 |
|
||||||||
Anti-hypertensive drugs, DDD | 1.0 (0.0–3.0) | 2.0 (1.2–3.1) | 2.3 (1.0–3.5) | 3.0 (1.7–4.0) | 0.043 | 2.0 (1.0–3.3) | 3.0 (1.7–4.0) | 0.009 |
|
||||||||
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 94.4 (90.1–103.2) | 93.0 (76.5–116.0) | 91.4 (77.5–110.2) | 81.5 (66.1–95.4) | 0.005 | 92.4 (77.7–111.2) | 81.5 (66.1–95.4) | <0.001 |
|
||||||||
Serum potassium, mEq/L | 2.8 (2.6–3.0) | 3.1a (2.8–3.3) | 2.9 (2.7–3.1) | 3.0 (2.7–3.2) | 0.074 | 2.9 (2.7–3.1) | 3.0 (2.7–3.2) | 0.465 |
|
||||||||
PAC, ng/dL | 51.2 (40.5–76.4) | 48.1 (23.6–58.5) | 46.8 (31.4–69.9) | 37.5 (28.1–48.8) | 0.009 | 48.5 (30.5–68.0) | 37.5 (28.1–48.8) | 0.003 |
|
||||||||
PRA, ng/mL/hr | 0.3 (0.1–0.3) | 0.1 (0.1–0.3) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.305 | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.153 |
|
||||||||
ARR, ng/dL per ng/mL/hr | 238.8 (135.0–447.5) | 272.5 (99.2–576.0) | 268.5 (129.2–519.0) | 236.0 (141.3–395.5) | 0.736 | 267.0 (126.7–515.5) | 236.0 (141.3–395.5) | 0.261 |
|
||||||||
Nodule size on CT, cm | 1.5 (1.3–1.6) | 1.5 (1.0–2.0) | 1.8 (1.4–2.3) | 1.5b (1.1–1.8) | 0..001 | 1.6 (1.3–2.0) | 1.5 (1.1–1.8) | 0.001 |
Values are expressed as median (interquartile range) or number (%).
PA, primary aldosteronism; PAC, plasma aldosterone concentration; CT, computed tomography; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DDD, defined daily dose; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; PRA, plasma renin activity; ARR, aldosterone-to-renin ratio.
a P<0.05, PA patients between ages <35 and 35–39 years with marked PA (e.g., hypokalemia and PAC >15.9 ng/dL) and unilateral adrenal lesion on CT;
b P<0.05, PA patients between ages <40 and 40–49 years with marked PA (e.g., hypokalemia and PAC >15.9 ng/dL) and unilateral adrenal lesion on CT.
Variable | Total (n=466) | Unilateral lesion (n=372) | Bilateral normal (n=55) | Bilateral lesion (n=39) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, yr | 51.0 (43.0–59.0) | 51.0 (43.5–59.0) | 47.0 (36.0–60.5) | 58.0 (51.0–64.0) |
0.003 |
Female sex | 231 (49.6) | 189 (50.8) | 28 (50.9) | 14 (35.9) | 0.204 |
Height, cm | 163.7 (157.6–170.0) | 163.3 (157.4–169.8) | 163.3 (156.2–170.9) | 167.6 (160.2–172.4) | 0.145 |
Weight, kg | 67.4 (57.9–76.5) | 67.1 (57.3–76.1) | 66.0 (57.2–75.8) | 71.5 (64.5–80.1) | 0.077 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.2 (22.7–27.3) | 25.2 (22.6–27.2) | 24.6 (22.3–26.7) | 25.9 (24.1–28.0) | 0.122 |
Systolic BP, mm Hg | 142.0 (131.0–156.0) | 142.0 (132.0–155.0) | 150.0 (131.5–160.0) | 135.0 (125.5–153.5) | 0.082 |
Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 90.0 (81.0–98.0) | 90.0 (81.0–97.0) | 91.0 (81.0–100.0) | 87.0 (77.5–97.0) | 0.262 |
Antihypertensive drug, DDD | 2.0 (1.0–3.4) | 2.0 (1.0–3.5) | 1.0 (0.0–2.7) |
2.0 (1.0–3.5) | 0.039 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 88.3 (75.2–104.5) | 88.0 (75.8–103.5) | 90.1 (74.8–107.3) | 84.7 (73.5–110.2) | 0.838 |
Serum potassium, mEq/L | 3.4 (3.0–4.0) | 3.3 (2.9–3.9) | 3.9 (3.5–4.2) |
3.6 (3.0; 4.2) | <0.001 |
Hypokalemia | 228 (51.1) | 207 (55.6) | 12 (21.8) |
19 (48.7) |
<0.001 |
PAC, ng/dL | 30.5 (23.4–45.2) | 31.3 (24.1–47.2) | 26.3 (19.7–34.0) |
28.9 (21.9;41.9) | 0.001 |
PRA, ng/mL/hr | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.2 (0.1–0.5) | 0.2 (0.2–0.3) | 0.321 |
ARR, ng/dL per ng/mL/hr | 146.5 (75.3–300.0) | 163.0 (76.2–320.5) | 96.0 (57.9–192.6) |
130.0 (91.0–239.2) | 0.012 |
Nodule size on CT, cm | 1.5 (1.1–1.8) | 1.5 (1.1–1.8) | NA | 1.5 (1.1–1.8) | 0.182 |
CT findings | AVS findings | Concordance of CT findings | Prevalence of unilateral PA on AVS | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||
Unilateral | Bilateral | ||||
| |||||
Right | Left | ||||
Unilateral lesion (n=372) | 66.7 (248/372) | 71.8 (267/372) | |||
Right (n=140) | 97 | 8 | 35 | ||
Left (n=232) | 11 | 151 | 70 | ||
| |||||
Bilateral (n=94) | |||||
Normal (n=55) | 11 | 8 | 36 | 65.5 (36/55) | 34.5 (19/55) |
Lesion (n=39) | 10 | 13 | 16 | 41.0 (16/39) | 59.0 (23/39) |
| |||||
Overall | 64.4 (300/466) | 66.3 (309/466) |
Variable | Concordance (n=248) | Discordance (n=124) | P value | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | ||||
Age, yr | 49.0 (42.0–57.0) | 53.0 (46.0–60.0) | 0.002 | 0.971 (0.950–0.991) | <0.001 | 0.973 (0.948–0.998) | 0.035 |
| |||||||
Female sex | 135 (54.4) | 54 (43.5) | 0.061 | 1.549 (1.003–2.391) | 0.048 | 1.197 (0.704–2.033) | 0.507 |
| |||||||
Height, cm | 163.2 (157.4–169.0) | 163.7 (157.7–170.3) | 0.455 | NA | NA | ||
| |||||||
Weight, kg | 65.2 (56.4–73.8) | 71.0 (62.5–80.1) | <0.001 | NA | NA | ||
| |||||||
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.3 (22.2–26.7) | 26.3 (23.6–28.8) | <0.001 | 0.876 (0.825–0.931) | <0.001 | 0.901 (0.838–0.968) | 0.004 |
| |||||||
Systolic BP, mm Hg | 143.5 (131.5–156.5) | 140.0 (132.0–152.5) | 0.258 | 1.004 (0.993–1.016) | 0.483 | NA | |
| |||||||
Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 90.0 (82.0–99.0) | 88.0 (81.0–94.0) | 0.049 | 1.017 (0.999–1.035) | 0.067 | NA | |
| |||||||
Anti-hypertensive drug, DDD | 2.0 (1.0–3.6) | 2.0 (0.7–3.2) | 0.062 | 1.000 (0.998–1.001) | 0.609 | NA | |
| |||||||
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 73.7 (58.7–92.2) | 72.9 (61.7–89.5) | 0.863 | 0.977 (0.991–1.009) | 0.977 | NA | |
| |||||||
Serum potassium, mEq/L | 3.1 (2.8–3.5) | 3.9 (3.5–4.1) | <0.001 | 0.164 (0.104–0.259) | <0.001 | 0.258 (0.159–0420) | <0.001 |
| |||||||
Hypokalemia | 176 (71.0) | 31 (25.0) | <0.001 | 7.333 (4.491–11.974) | <0.001 | NA | |
| |||||||
PAC, ng/dL | 37.3 (27.4–55.5) | 26.1 (20.9–31.9) | <0.001 | 1.043 (1.026–1.059) | <0.001 | 1.011 (0.996–1.026) | 0.145 |
| |||||||
PRA, ng/mL/hr | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | <0.001 | 0.833 (0.616–1.128) | 0.237 | ||
| |||||||
ARR, ng/dL per ng/mL/hr | 234.5 (115.8–399.5) | 85.2 (51.0–156.9) | <0.001 | 1.006 (1.004–1.007) | <0.001 | 1.003 (1.001–1.005) | 0.002 |
| |||||||
Nodule size on CT, cm | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | 1.3 (1.0–1.8) | 0.011 | 1.124 (0.825–1.531) | 0.458 | NA |
Variable | Total (n=198) | Age, yr (<35, 35–39, 40–49, ≥50) | Age, yr (<50, ≥50) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
<35 (n=13) | 35–39 (n=20) | 40–49 (n=66) | ≥50 (n=99) | P value | <50 (n=99) | ≥50 (n=99) | P value | ||
Unilateral PA on AVS | 0.283 | 0.081 | |||||||
Ipsilateral lesion on CT | 169 (85.4) | 11 (84.6) | 20 (100.0) | 59 (89.4) | 79 (79.8) | 90 (90.9) | 79 (79.8) | ||
Contralateral lesion on CT | 6 (3.0) | 0 | 0 | 2 (3.0) | 4 (4.0) | 2 (2.0) | 4 (4.0) | ||
| |||||||||
Bilateral PA on AVS | 23 (11.6) | 2 (15.4) | 0 | 5 (7.6) | 16 (16.2) | 7 (7.1) | 16 (16.2) | ||
| |||||||||
Concordance between CT and AVS | 0.061 | 0.044 | |||||||
Concordance | 169 (85.4) | 11 (84.6) | 20 (100.0) | 59 (89.4) | 79 (79.8) | 90 (90.9) | 79 (79.8) | ||
Discordance | 29 (14.6) | 2 (15.4) | 0 | 7 (10.6) | 20 (20.2) | 9 (9.1) | 20 (20.2) |
Variable | Total (n=139) | Age, yr (<35, 35–39, 40–49, ≥50) | Age, yr (<50, ≥50) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
< 35 (n=11) | 35–39 (n=12) | 40–49 (n=51) | ≥50 (n=65) | P value | <50 (n=74) | ≥50 (n=65) | P value | ||
Unilateral PA on AVS | 0.658 | 0.773 | |||||||
Ipsilateral lesion on CT | 125 (89.9) | 9 (81.8) | 12 (100.0) | 47 (92.2) | 57 (87.7) | 68 (91.9) | 57 (87.7) | ||
Contralateral lesion on CT | 2 (1.4) | 0 | 0 | 1 (2.0) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (1.5) | ||
| |||||||||
Bilateral PA on AVS | 12 (8.6) | 2 (18.2) | 0 | 3 (5.9) | 7 (10.8) | 5 (6.8) | 7 (10.8) | ||
| |||||||||
Concordance between CT and AVS | 0.419 | 0.590 | |||||||
Concordance | 125 (89.9) | 9 (81.8) | 12 (100.0) | 47 (92.2) | 57 (87.7) | 68 (91.9) | 57 (87.7) | ||
Discordance | 14 (10.1) | 2 (18.2) | 0 | 4 (7.8) | 8 (12.3) | 6 (8.1) | 8 (12.3) |
Variable | Age, yr (<35, 35–39, 40–49, ≥50) | Age, yr (<50, ≥50) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
<35 (n=13) | 35–39 (n=20) | 40–49 (n=66) | ≥50 (n=99) | P value | <50 (n=99) | ≥50 (n=99) | P value | |
Age, yr | 33.0 (31.0–33.0) | 38.0 |
45.0 (43.0–47.0) | 58.0 |
<0.001 | 43.0 (38.0–46.0) | 58.0 (53.0–63.0) | <0.001 |
| ||||||||
Female sex | 10 (76.9) | 8 (40.0) | 33 (50.0) | 52 (52.5) | 0.212 | 51 (51.5) | 52 (52.5) | >0.999 |
| ||||||||
Height, cm | 166.7 (163.0–169.0) | 168.1 (164.0–172.9) | 165.2 (159.6–172.0) | 161.0 (154.3–165.5) | <0.001 | 166.7 (161.0–171.1) | 161.0 (154.3–165.5) | <0.001 |
| ||||||||
Weight, kg | 58.0 (53.4–65.4) | 68.5 |
66.2 (57.6–74.8) | 65.3 (56.3–73.1) | 0.152 | 66.0 (57.5–74.8) | 65.3 (56.3–73.1) | 0.294 |
| ||||||||
BMI, kg/m2 | 21.2 (19.7–25.9) | 23.6 (22.3–27.5) | 24.5 (21.9–25.8) | 24.5 (22.7–26.8) | 0.129 | 24.0 (21.7–26.1) | 24.5 (22.7–26.8) | 0.191 |
| ||||||||
Systolic BP, mm Hg | 142.0 (123.0–146.0) | 150.0 (131.0–162.5) | 146.0 (139.0–160.0) | 140.0 (130.5–155.0) | 0.055 | 145.0 (137.5–160.0) | 140.0 (130.5–155.0) | 0.033 |
| ||||||||
Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 93.0 (84.0–108.0) | 98.0 (82.5–109.5) | 95.5 (90.0–101.0) | 89.0 (80.0–95.0) | <0.001 | 95.0 (89.0–104.5) | 89.0 (80.0–95.0) | <0.001 |
| ||||||||
Anti-hypertensive drugs, DDD | 1.0 (0.0–3.0) | 2.0 (1.2–3.1) | 2.3 (1.0–3.5) | 3.0 (1.7–4.0) | 0.043 | 2.0 (1.0–3.3) | 3.0 (1.7–4.0) | 0.009 |
| ||||||||
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 94.4 (90.1–103.2) | 93.0 (76.5–116.0) | 91.4 (77.5–110.2) | 81.5 (66.1–95.4) | 0.005 | 92.4 (77.7–111.2) | 81.5 (66.1–95.4) | <0.001 |
| ||||||||
Serum potassium, mEq/L | 2.8 (2.6–3.0) | 3.1 |
2.9 (2.7–3.1) | 3.0 (2.7–3.2) | 0.074 | 2.9 (2.7–3.1) | 3.0 (2.7–3.2) | 0.465 |
| ||||||||
PAC, ng/dL | 51.2 (40.5–76.4) | 48.1 (23.6–58.5) | 46.8 (31.4–69.9) | 37.5 (28.1–48.8) | 0.009 | 48.5 (30.5–68.0) | 37.5 (28.1–48.8) | 0.003 |
| ||||||||
PRA, ng/mL/hr | 0.3 (0.1–0.3) | 0.1 (0.1–0.3) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.305 | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.153 |
| ||||||||
ARR, ng/dL per ng/mL/hr | 238.8 (135.0–447.5) | 272.5 (99.2–576.0) | 268.5 (129.2–519.0) | 236.0 (141.3–395.5) | 0.736 | 267.0 (126.7–515.5) | 236.0 (141.3–395.5) | 0.261 |
| ||||||||
Nodule size on CT, cm | 1.5 (1.3–1.6) | 1.5 (1.0–2.0) | 1.8 (1.4–2.3) | 1.5 |
0..001 | 1.6 (1.3–2.0) | 1.5 (1.1–1.8) | 0.001 |
Values are expressed as median (interquartile range) or number (%). α<0.017 was considered to be statistically significant after α<0.017 unilateral lesion vs. bilateral normal; α<0.017 unilateral lesion vs. bilateral lesion; α<0.017 bilateral normal vs. bilateral lesion. CT, computed tomography; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DDD, defined daily dose; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; PAC, plasma aldosterone concentration; PRA, plasma renin activity; ARR, aldosterone-to-renin ratio; NA, not applicable.
Values are expressed as percentage (number/total number). CT, computed tomography; AVS, adrenal vein sampling; PA, primary aldosteronism.
Values are expressed as median (interquartile range) or number (%). CT, computed tomography; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DDD, defined daily dose; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; PAC, plasma aldosterone concentration; PRA, plasma renin activity; ARR, aldosterone-to-renin ratio.
Values are expressed as number (%). CT, computed tomography; AVS, adrenal vein sampling; PA, primary aldosteronism.
Values are expressed as number (%). CT, computed tomography; AVS, adrenal vein sampling; PA, primary aldosteronism.
Values are expressed as median (interquartile range) or number (%). PA, primary aldosteronism; PAC, plasma aldosterone concentration; CT, computed tomography; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DDD, defined daily dose; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; PRA, plasma renin activity; ARR, aldosterone-to-renin ratio.