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Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
Copyright © 2021 Korean Endocrine Society
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Study | Study design | No. of subjects | Age, yr | Gender | BMI, kg/m2 | Outcome: food preferences and/or intake | Outcome: taste responsiveness | Outcome: personality traits and eating behaviours | Including sensory tests |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mendoza et al. (2007) [7] | General population | 1,454 Obese | >20 |
825 Women (16.9% of women) 629 Men (13.1% of men) |
≥30 | Dietary energy density was associated with a higher BMI in women and trended toward a significant association in men. | - | - | |
8,233 Non-obese | - | - | - | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Dressler et al. (2013) [8] | 54 Overweight/obese | 83 Women (100%) | >25 | Liking for spreadable fats, several types of breads, and other products was higher in overweight/obese individuals. | - | - | |||
29 Lean/normal | <25 | ||||||||
|
|||||||||
Lampure et al. (2014) [9] | General population | 37,181 (n obese not reported) | 44.4 Mean age women | 28,504 Women (n obese not reported) | - | Obese women and men were found to have a strong liking for the fat-and-sweet sensations. | - | - | |
51.9 Mean age men | |||||||||
|
|||||||||
Lampure et al. (2016) [10] | General population | 664 Obese | - | Women (75.8%) | - | Liking for fat and for salt was higher in obese than in non-obese individuals. | - | - | |
24,112 Non-obese | - | Women (75.1%) | - | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Bartoshuk et al. (2006) [11] | Attendees at lectures |
305 Obese 144 Underweight |
- | - |
30 (mean) <18.5 (mean) |
Sweet foods and fat food liking increased with BMI and was higher in obese than underweight individuals. | - | - | |
Attendees at lectures | ,740 (n obese not reported) | - | - | <50 | - | The higher the BMI, the lower the perceived sweetness. | Yes | ||
|
|||||||||
Proserpio et al. (2017) [18] | Obese vs. control group | 46 Obese | 47.86 (mean) | 26 Women (56.5%) | 37.53 (mean) | Liking of samples with the strongest butter aroma was higher in obese individuals. | Sweetness and vanilla flavour of the samples with the strongest butter aroma were perceived as more intense by obese (particularly women). | Yes | |
45 Non-obese | 41.64 (mean) | 21 Women (46.6%) | 22.03 (mean) | - | |||||
|
|||||||||
Drewnowski et al. (1992) [22] | Obese patients | 475 Obese | - | 386 Women (81.2%) | 32.9 | Obese men listed mainly protein/fat sources among their favourite foods, while obese women listed mainly carbohydrate/fat sources. | - | - | |
89 Men | 36.4 | ||||||||
|
|||||||||
Drewnowski et al. (1991) [28] | Community-based sample | 61 Obese | 20–45 | 29 Women (47.5%) | - | Obese subjects characterized by large weight fluctuations showed elevated preferences for sugar and fat mixtures compared with the stable subgroup, while early age at onset of obesity (<10 years) had no significant effects on taste preferences. No differences in preferences for sugar solutions were reported. | No differences in perceptions for sugar solutions were reported. | - | Yes |
21 Lean | 16 Women (76.2%) | ||||||||
|
|||||||||
Spinelli et al. (2021) [50] | General population | 166 Obese | 43.88 | 86 Women (51.8%) | 33.55 | No association between PROP and BMI in obese and non-obese individuals. | - | Sensitivity to disgust predicted BMI only indirectly (mediated by restrained eating) in non-obese individuals. No association in obese individuals was reported. | Yes |
2,141 Non-obese | 37.21 | 1,270 Women (59.3%) | 23.05 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Proserpio et al. (2016) [56] | Obese vs. control group | 51 Obese | 42.00 (mean) | 28 Women (54.9%) | 34.08 | Liking for high-energy dense products was higher in obese than in normal-weight subjects. | Obese subjects showed higher threshold values (=reduced sensitivity) for basic tastes and fat and a reduced number of fungiform papillae compared with non-obese individuals. | No difference in neophobia was reported between obese and non-obese individuals. | Yes |
52 Non-obese | 38.38 (mean) | 27 Women (51.9%) | 21.57 | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Davis et al. (2004) [72] | Obese vs. control group | 40 Obese | 33.3 | 148 Women (100%) | >30 | - | - | Overweight women were significantly more sensitive to reward than those of normal weight, but more anhedonic than the overweight women. | |
108 Non-obese | <30 | ||||||||
|
|||||||||
Proserpio et al. (2018) [92] | Obese vs. control group | 45 Obese |
43.46 Mean age for women 52.4 Mean age for men |
25 Women (55.5%) | 37.57 (mean) | - | PROP responsiveness and fungiform papille number were lower in obese men (vs. obese women and non-obese). | Obese individuals were more neophobic than non-obese individuals. | Yes |
40 Non-obese |
40.38 Mean age for women 41.84 Mean age for men |
21 Women (52.5%) | 22.67 (mean) | ||||||
|
|||||||||
Elfhag et al. (2006) [94] | Obese patients | 60 Obese | 43.5 Mean age 20–65 | 44 Women (73.3%) | 40.1 | - | - | Strong sweet taste was associated with a neurotic personality and strong fat preference with lower levels of restrained eating. | |
|
|||||||||
Interventions | |||||||||
|
|||||||||
Altun et al. (2016) [61] | Patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) | 52 Obese | 19–60 | 30 Women (57.7%) | 32.5–63.0 before surgery | - | Significant improvement in taste acuity to sweet, sour, salty, and bitter tastants in morbidly obese patients after LSG during a follow-up period of 3 months. | - | Yes |
|
|||||||||
Holinski et al. (2015) [62] | Patients undergoing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, or adjustable gastric banding | 44 Obese | 47.1 (obese) | 29 Women (65.9 %) | BMI >40 or >35 with relevant co-morbidities | About 22.7% of morbidly obese patients were shown to have limited in gustatory and olfactory function; six months after surgery, olfactory and gustatory function was not different when compared to healthy controls. | Yes | ||
23 Lean (control) | 39.5 (lean) | 15 Women (65.2 %) | |||||||
|
|||||||||
Andriessen et al. (2018) [64] | Intervention (low calorie diet) | 123 Overweight and obese | 18–65 | 75 Women (60.9%) | 27–45 (range) | Decreased preference for high-carbohydrate, high-fat, and low-energy products after the intervention | - | - | |
|
|||||||||
Van Vuuren et al. (2017) [67] | Patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) | 106 Obese | 42 (mean) | 81% Women | Mean BMI before surgery 44 | Decreased enjoyment for sweet and fatty foods and decreased desire for fatty and sweet after bariatric surgery (after 4/6 weeks and after 6/8 months); Increase of intensity of sweet and fatty after the LSG (after 4/6 weeks and after 6/8 months). | - | - |
Study | Study design | No. of subjects | Age, yr | Gender | BMI, kg/m2 | Outcome: food preferences and/or intake | Outcome: taste responsiveness | Outcome: personality traits and eating behaviours | Including sensory tests |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mendoza et al. (2007) [7] | General population | 1,454 Obese | >20 | 825 Women (16.9% of women) 629 Men (13.1% of men) |
≥30 | Dietary energy density was associated with a higher BMI in women and trended toward a significant association in men. | - | - | |
8,233 Non-obese | - | - | - | ||||||
| |||||||||
Dressler et al. (2013) [8] | 54 Overweight/obese | 83 Women (100%) | >25 | Liking for spreadable fats, several types of breads, and other products was higher in overweight/obese individuals. | - | - | |||
29 Lean/normal | <25 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Lampure et al. (2014) [9] | General population | 37,181 (n obese not reported) | 44.4 Mean age women | 28,504 Women (n obese not reported) | - | Obese women and men were found to have a strong liking for the fat-and-sweet sensations. | - | - | |
51.9 Mean age men | |||||||||
| |||||||||
Lampure et al. (2016) [10] | General population | 664 Obese | - | Women (75.8%) | - | Liking for fat and for salt was higher in obese than in non-obese individuals. | - | - | |
24,112 Non-obese | - | Women (75.1%) | - | ||||||
| |||||||||
Bartoshuk et al. (2006) [11] | Attendees at lectures | 305 Obese 144 Underweight |
- | - | 30 (mean) <18.5 (mean) |
Sweet foods and fat food liking increased with BMI and was higher in obese than underweight individuals. | - | - | |
Attendees at lectures | ,740 (n obese not reported) | - | - | <50 | - | The higher the BMI, the lower the perceived sweetness. | Yes | ||
| |||||||||
Proserpio et al. (2017) [18] | Obese vs. control group | 46 Obese | 47.86 (mean) | 26 Women (56.5%) | 37.53 (mean) | Liking of samples with the strongest butter aroma was higher in obese individuals. | Sweetness and vanilla flavour of the samples with the strongest butter aroma were perceived as more intense by obese (particularly women). | Yes | |
45 Non-obese | 41.64 (mean) | 21 Women (46.6%) | 22.03 (mean) | - | |||||
| |||||||||
Drewnowski et al. (1992) [22] | Obese patients | 475 Obese | - | 386 Women (81.2%) | 32.9 | Obese men listed mainly protein/fat sources among their favourite foods, while obese women listed mainly carbohydrate/fat sources. | - | - | |
89 Men | 36.4 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Drewnowski et al. (1991) [28] | Community-based sample | 61 Obese | 20–45 | 29 Women (47.5%) | - | Obese subjects characterized by large weight fluctuations showed elevated preferences for sugar and fat mixtures compared with the stable subgroup, while early age at onset of obesity (<10 years) had no significant effects on taste preferences. No differences in preferences for sugar solutions were reported. | No differences in perceptions for sugar solutions were reported. | - | Yes |
21 Lean | 16 Women (76.2%) | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Spinelli et al. (2021) [50] | General population | 166 Obese | 43.88 | 86 Women (51.8%) | 33.55 | No association between PROP and BMI in obese and non-obese individuals. | - | Sensitivity to disgust predicted BMI only indirectly (mediated by restrained eating) in non-obese individuals. No association in obese individuals was reported. | Yes |
2,141 Non-obese | 37.21 | 1,270 Women (59.3%) | 23.05 | ||||||
| |||||||||
Proserpio et al. (2016) [56] | Obese vs. control group | 51 Obese | 42.00 (mean) | 28 Women (54.9%) | 34.08 | Liking for high-energy dense products was higher in obese than in normal-weight subjects. | Obese subjects showed higher threshold values (=reduced sensitivity) for basic tastes and fat and a reduced number of fungiform papillae compared with non-obese individuals. | No difference in neophobia was reported between obese and non-obese individuals. | Yes |
52 Non-obese | 38.38 (mean) | 27 Women (51.9%) | 21.57 | ||||||
| |||||||||
Davis et al. (2004) [72] | Obese vs. control group | 40 Obese | 33.3 | 148 Women (100%) | >30 | - | - | Overweight women were significantly more sensitive to reward than those of normal weight, but more anhedonic than the overweight women. | |
108 Non-obese | <30 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Proserpio et al. (2018) [92] | Obese vs. control group | 45 Obese | 43.46 Mean age for women 52.4 Mean age for men |
25 Women (55.5%) | 37.57 (mean) | - | PROP responsiveness and fungiform papille number were lower in obese men (vs. obese women and non-obese). | Obese individuals were more neophobic than non-obese individuals. | Yes |
40 Non-obese | 40.38 Mean age for women 41.84 Mean age for men |
21 Women (52.5%) | 22.67 (mean) | ||||||
| |||||||||
Elfhag et al. (2006) [94] | Obese patients | 60 Obese | 43.5 Mean age 20–65 | 44 Women (73.3%) | 40.1 | - | - | Strong sweet taste was associated with a neurotic personality and strong fat preference with lower levels of restrained eating. | |
| |||||||||
Interventions | |||||||||
| |||||||||
Altun et al. (2016) [61] | Patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) | 52 Obese | 19–60 | 30 Women (57.7%) | 32.5–63.0 before surgery | - | Significant improvement in taste acuity to sweet, sour, salty, and bitter tastants in morbidly obese patients after LSG during a follow-up period of 3 months. | - | Yes |
| |||||||||
Holinski et al. (2015) [62] | Patients undergoing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, or adjustable gastric banding | 44 Obese | 47.1 (obese) | 29 Women (65.9 %) | BMI >40 or >35 with relevant co-morbidities | About 22.7% of morbidly obese patients were shown to have limited in gustatory and olfactory function; six months after surgery, olfactory and gustatory function was not different when compared to healthy controls. | Yes | ||
23 Lean (control) | 39.5 (lean) | 15 Women (65.2 %) | |||||||
| |||||||||
Andriessen et al. (2018) [64] | Intervention (low calorie diet) | 123 Overweight and obese | 18–65 | 75 Women (60.9%) | 27–45 (range) | Decreased preference for high-carbohydrate, high-fat, and low-energy products after the intervention | - | - | |
| |||||||||
Van Vuuren et al. (2017) [67] | Patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) | 106 Obese | 42 (mean) | 81% Women | Mean BMI before surgery 44 | Decreased enjoyment for sweet and fatty foods and decreased desire for fatty and sweet after bariatric surgery (after 4/6 weeks and after 6/8 months); Increase of intensity of sweet and fatty after the LSG (after 4/6 weeks and after 6/8 months). | - | - |
BMI, body mass index; PROP, 6-n-propylthiouracil.