1. Conn JW. Presidential address. I. Painting background. II. Primary aldosteronism, a new clinical syndrome. J Lab Clin Med 1955;45:3-17.
[PUBMED]
2. Melby JC, Spark RF, Dale SL, Egdahl RH, Kahn PC. Diagnosis and localization of aldosterone-producing adenomas by adrenal-vein cateterization. N Engl J Med 1967;277:1050-6.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
3. Funder JW, Carey RM, Mantero F, Murad MH, Reincke M, Shibata H, et al. The management of primary aldosteronism: case detection, diagnosis, and treatment. An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016;101:1889-916.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
4. Funder JW, Carey RM, Fardella C, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Mantero F, Stowasser M, et al. Case detection, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with primary aldosteronism: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:3266-81.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
5. Young WF. Primary aldosteronism: renaissance of a syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007;66:607-18.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
6. Young WF, Stanson AW. What are the keys to successful adrenal venous sampling (AVS) in patients with primary aldosteronism? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009;70:14-7.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
7. Ota H, Seiji K, Kawabata M, Satani N, Omata K, Ono Y, et al. Dynamic multidetector CT and non-contrast-enhanced MR for right adrenal vein imaging: comparison with catheter venography in adrenal venous sampling. Eur Radiol 2016;26:622-30.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
8. Laurent I, Astere M, Zheng F, Chen X, Yang J, Cheng Q, et al. Adrenal venous sampling with or without adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019;104:1060-8.
[CROSSREF]
9. Rossi GP, Auchus RJ, Brown M, Lenders JW, Naruse M, Plouin PF, et al. An expert consensus statement on use of adrenal vein sampling for the subtyping of primary aldosteronism. Hypertension 2014;63:151-60.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
10. Chang CC, Lee BC, Chang YC, Wu VC, Huang KH, Liu KL, et al. Comparison of C-arm computed tomography and on-site quick cortisol assay for adrenal venous sampling: a retrospective study of 178 patients. Eur Radiol 2017;27:5006-14.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
11. Park CH, Hong N, Han K, Kang SW, Lee CR, Park S, et al. C-Arm computed tomography-assisted adrenal venous sampling improved right adrenal vein cannulation and sampling quality in primary aldosteronism. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2018;33:236-44.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
12. Stowasser M. Improving the success and reliability of adrenal venous sampling: focus on intraprocedural cortisol measurement. Clin Chem 2012;58:1275-7.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
13. Yoneda T, Karashima S, Kometani M, Usukura M, Demura M, Sanada J, et al. Impact of new quick gold nanoparticle-based cortisol assay during adrenal vein sampling for primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016;101:2554-61.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
14. Seccia TM, Miotto D, Battistel M, Motta R, Barisa M, Maniero C, et al. A stress reaction affects assessment of selectivity of adrenal venous sampling and of lateralization of aldosterone excess in primary aldosteronism. Eur J Endocrinol 2012;166:869-75.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
15. Rossi GP, Barisa M, Allolio B, Auchus RJ, Amar L, Cohen D, et al. The Adrenal Vein Sampling International Study (AVIS) for identifying the major subtypes of primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:1606-14.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
16. Rossi GP, Pitter G, Bernante P, Motta R, Feltrin G, Miotto D. Adrenal vein sampling for primary aldosteronism: the assessment of selectivity and lateralization of aldosterone excess baseline and after adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation. J Hypertens 2008;26:989-97.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
17. Takeda Y, Umakoshi H, Takeda Y, Yoneda T, Kurihara I, Katabami T, et al. Impact of adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation during adrenal venous sampling on outcomes of primary aldosteronism. J Hypertens 2019;37:1077-82.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
18. Deinum J, Groenewoud H, van der Wilt GJ, Lenzini L, Rossi GP. Adrenal venous sampling: cosyntropin stimulation or not? Eur J Endocrinol 2019;181:D15-26.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
19. Satoh F, Abe T, Tanemoto M, Nakamura M, Abe M, Uruno A, et al. Localization of aldosterone-producing adrenocortical adenomas: significance of adrenal venous sampling. Hypertens Res 2007;30:1083-95.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
20. Monticone S, Satoh F, Giacchetti G, Viola A, Morimoto R, Kudo M, et al. Effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation during adrenal vein sampling in primary aldosteronism. Hypertension 2012;59:840-6.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
21. Kobayashi H, Nakamura Y, Abe M, Kurihara I, Itoh H, Ichijo T, et al. Effect of cosyntropin during adrenal venous sampling on subtype of primary aldosteronism: analysis of surgical outcome. Eur J Endocrinol 2020;182:265-73.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
22. Rossitto G, Maiolino G, Lenzini L, Bisogni V, Seccia TM, Cesari M, et al. Subtyping of primary aldosteronism with adrenal vein sampling: hormone- and side-specific effects of cosyntropin and metoclopramide. Surgery 2018;163:789-95.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
23. Rossitto G, Amar L, Azizi M, Riester A, Reincke M, Degenhart C, et al. Subtyping of primary aldosteronism in the AVIS-2 Study: assessment of selectivity and lateralization. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020;105:dgz017.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
24. Rossi GP, Sacchetto A, Chiesura-Corona M, De Toni R, Gallina M, Feltrin GP, et al. Identification of the etiology of primary aldosteronism with adrenal vein sampling in patients with equivocal computed tomography and magnetic resonance findings: results in 104 consecutive cases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:1083-90.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
25. Ceral J, Solar M, Krajina A, Ballon M, Suba P, Cap J. Adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism: a low dilution of adrenal venous blood is crucial for a correct interpretation of the results. Eur J Endocrinol 2010;162:101-7.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
26. Akehi Y, Yanase T, Motonaga R, Umakoshi H, Tsuiki M, Takeda Y, et al. High prevalence of diabetes in patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) associated with subclinical hypercortisolism and prediabetes more prevalent in bilateral than unilateral PA: a large, multicenter cohort study in Japan. Diabetes Care 2019;42:938-45.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
27. Gerards J, Heinrich DA, Adolf C, Meisinger C, Rathmann W, Sturm L, et al. Impaired glucose metabolism in primary aldosteronism is associated with cortisol cosecretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019;104:3192-202.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
28. Lenders JWM, Eisenhofer G, Reincke M. Subtyping of patients with primary aldosteronism: an update. Horm Metab Res 2017;49:922-8.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
29. Goupil R, Wolley M, Ahmed AH, Gordon RD, Stowasser M. Does concomitant autonomous adrenal cortisol overproduction have the potential to confound the interpretation of adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015;83:456-61.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
30. O’Toole SM, Sze WC, Chung TT, Akker SA, Druce MR, Waterhouse M, et al. Low-grade cortisol cosecretion has limited impact on ACTH-stimulated AVS parameters in primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020;105:dgaa519.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
31. Williams TA, Lenders JWM, Mulatero P, Burrello J, Rottenkolber M, Adolf C, et al. Outcomes after adrenalectomy for unilateral primary aldosteronism: an international consensus on outcome measures and analysis of remission rates in an international cohort. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017;5:689-99.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
32. Takeda M, Yamamoto K, Akasaka H, Rakugi H, Naruse M, Takeda Y, et al. Clinical characteristics and postoperative outcomes of primary aldosteronism in the elderly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018;103:3620-9.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
33. Nishikawa T, Omura M, Satoh F, Shibata H, Takahashi K, Tamura N, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of primary aldosteronism: the Japan Endocrine Society 2009. Endocr J 2011;58:711-21.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
34. Umakoshi H, Naruse M, Wada N, Ichijo T, Kamemura K, Matsuda Y, et al. Adrenal venous sampling in patients with positive screening but negative confirmatory testing for primary aldosteronism. Hypertension 2016;67:1014-9.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
35. Kline GA, Chin A, So B, Harvey A, Pasieka JL. Defining contralateral adrenal suppression in primary aldosteronism: implications for diagnosis and outcome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015;83:20-7.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
36. Wolley MJ, Gordon RD, Ahmed AH, Stowasser M. Does contralateral suppression at adrenal venous sampling predict outcome following unilateral adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism? A retrospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015;100:1477-84.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
37. Umakoshi H, Tanase-Nakao K, Wada N, Ichijo T, Sone M, Inagaki N, et al. Importance of contralateral aldosterone suppression during adrenal vein sampling in the subtype evaluation of primary aldosteronism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015;83:462-7.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
38. Lee J, Kang B, Ha J, Kim MH, Choi B, Hong TH, et al. Clinical outcomes of primary aldosteronism based on lateralization index and contralateral suppression index after adrenal venous sampling in real-world practice: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Endocr Disord 2020;20:114.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
39. Lee SE, Kim JH, Lee YB, Seok H, Shin IS, Eun YH, et al. Bilateral adrenocortical masses producing aldosterone and cortisol independently. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2015;30:607-13.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
40. Pasternak JD, Epelboym I, Seiser N, Wingo M, Herman M, Cowan V, et al. Diagnostic utility of data from adrenal venous sampling for primary aldosteronism despite failed cannulation of the right adrenal vein. Surgery 2016;159:267-73.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
41. Wang TS, Kline G, Yen TW, Yin Z, Liu Y, Rilling W, et al. A multi-institutional comparison of adrenal venous sampling in patients with primary aldosteronism: caution advised if successful bilateral adrenal vein sampling is not achieved. World J Surg 2018;42:466-72.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
42. Strajina V, Al-Hilli Z, Andrews JC, Bancos I, Thompson GB, Farley DR, et al. Primary aldosteronism: making sense of partial data sets from failed adrenal venous sampling-suppression of adrenal aldosterone production can be used in clinical decision making. Surgery 2018;163:801-6.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
43. Fujii Y, Umakoshi H, Wada N, Ichijo T, Kamemura K, Matsuda Y, et al. Subtype prediction of primary aldosteronism by combining aldosterone concentrations in the left adrenal vein and inferior vena cava: a multicenter collaborative study on adrenal venous sampling. J Hum Hypertens 2017;32:12-9.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
44. Umakoshi H, Ogasawara T, Takeda Y, Kurihara I, Itoh H, Katabami T, et al. Accuracy of adrenal computed tomography in predicting the unilateral subtype in young patients with hypokalaemia and elevation of aldosterone in primary aldosteronism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2018;88:645-51.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
45. Riester A, Fischer E, Degenhart C, Reiser MF, Bidlingmaier M, Beuschlein F, et al. Age below 40 or a recently proposed clinical prediction score cannot bypass adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99:E1035-9.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
46. Umakoshi H, Tsuiki M, Takeda Y, Kurihara I, Itoh H, Katabami T, et al. Significance of computed tomography and serum potassium in predicting subtype diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018;103:900-8.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
47. Ohno Y, Sone M, Inagaki N, Yamasaki T, Ogawa O, Takeda Y, et al. Obesity as a key factor underlying idiopathic hyperaldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018;103:4456-64.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
48. Akasaka H, Yamamoto K, Rakugi H, Nagasawa M, Nakamaru R, Ichijo T, et al. Sex difference in the association between subtype distribution and age at diagnosis in patients with primary aldosteronism. Hypertension 2019;74:368-74.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
49. Kobayashi H, Abe M, Soma M, Takeda Y, Kurihara I, Itoh H, et al. Development and validation of subtype prediction scores for the workup of primary aldosteronism. J Hypertens 2018;36:2269-76.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
50. Xiao L, Jiang Y, Zhang C, Jiang L, Zhou W, Su T, et al. A novel clinical nomogram to predict bilateral hyperaldosteronism in Chinese patients with primary aldosteronism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019;90:781-8.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
51. Nomura K, Kusakabe K, Maki M, Ito Y, Aiba M, Demura H. Iodomethylnorcholesterol uptake in an aldosteronoma shown by dexamethasone-suppression scintigraphy: relationship to adenoma size and functional activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;71:825-30.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
52. Yen RF, Wu VC, Liu KL, Cheng MF, Wu YW, Chueh SC, et al. 131I-6beta-iodomethyl-19-norcholesterol SPECT/CT for primary aldosteronism patients with inconclusive adrenal venous sampling and CT results. J Nucl Med 2009;50:1631-7.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
53. Burton TJ, Mackenzie IS, Balan K, Koo B, Bird N, Soloviev DV, et al. Evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of (11)C-metomidate positron emission tomography (PET)-CT for lateralizing aldosterone secretion by Conn’s adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:100-9.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
54. Soinio M, Luukkonen AK, Seppanen M, Kemppainen J, Seppanen J, Pienimaki JP, et al. Functional imaging with 11C-metomidate PET for subtype diagnosis in primary aldosteronism. Eur J Endocrinol 2020;183:539-50.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
55. Ding J, Zhang Y, Wen J, Zhang H, Wang H, Luo Y, et al. Imaging CXCR4 expression in patients with suspected primary hyperaldosteronism. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020;47:2656-65.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
56. Abe T, Naruse M, Young WF Jr, Kobashi N, Doi Y, Izawa A, et al. A novel CYP11B2-specific imaging agent for detection of unilateral subtypes of primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016;101:1008-15.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
57. Sander K, Gendron T, Cybulska KA, Sirindil F, Zhou J, Kalber TL, et al. Development of [18F]AldoView as the first highly selective aldosterone synthase PET tracer for imaging of primary hyperaldosteronism. J Med Chem 2021;64:9321-29.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
58. Eisenhofer G, Duran C, Cannistraci CV, Peitzsch M, Williams TA, Riester A, et al. Use of steroid profiling combined with machine learning for identification and subtype classification in primary aldosteronism. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e2016209.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
59. Satoh F, Morimoto R, Ono Y, Iwakura Y, Omata K, Kudo M, et al. Measurement of peripheral plasma 18-oxocortisol can discriminate unilateral adenoma from bilateral diseases in patients with primary aldosteronism. Hypertension 2015;65:1096-102.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
60. Tezuka Y, Yamazaki Y, Kitada M, Morimoto R, Kudo M, Seiji K, et al. 18-Oxocortisol synthesis in aldosterone-producing adrenocortical adenoma and significance of KCNJ5 mutation status. Hypertension 2019;73:1283-90.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
61. Nakano Y, Yoshimoto T, Watanabe R, Murakami M, Fukuda T, Saito K, et al. miRNA299 involvement in CYP11B2 expression in aldosterone-producing adenoma. Eur J Endocrinol 2019;181:69-78.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
62. Tombol Z, Turai PI, Decmann A, Igaz P. MicroRNAs and adrenocortical tumors: where do we stand on primary aldosteronism? Horm Metab Res 2020;52:394-403.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
63. Ohno Y, Naruse M, Beuschlein F, Schreiner F, Parasiliti-Caprino M, Deinum J, et al. Adrenal venous sampling-guided adrenalectomy rates in primary aldosteronism: results of an international cohort (AVSTAT). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021;106:e1400-7.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]