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Painful Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is a subtype of HT characterized by thyroid pain with overt elevation in inflammatory markers and thyroid autoantibodies. The differential diagnosis of painful HT with subacute granulomatous thyroiditis is often difficult because initial clinical findings are very similar. Findings that favor the diagnosis of painful HT include preceding history of chronic goiter or autoimmune thyroid diseases, a high titer of thyroid autoantibodies, and repeated painful attacks even with chronic glucocorticoid therapy. Surgery is often needed to relieve the thyroid pain.