Endocrinology and Metabolism

Review Articles

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
The Emerging Importance of Mitochondria in White Adipocytes: Neither Last nor Least: Juan Cai, Fenfen Wang, Mengle Shao; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(5):493-503. Published online October 10, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1813

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: The growing recognition of mitochondria’s crucial role in the regulation of white adipose tissue remodeling and energy balance underscores its significance. The marked metabolic diversity of mitochondria provides the molecular and cellular foundation for enabling adipose tissue plasticity in response to various metabolic cues. Effective control of mitochondrial function at the cellular level, not only in thermogenic brown and beige adipocytes but also in energy-storing white adipocytes, exerts a profound influence on adipose homeostasis. Furthermore, mitochondria play a pivotal role in intercellular communication within adipose tissue via production of metabolites with signaling properties. A more comprehensive understanding of mitochondrial regulation within white adipocytes will empower the development of targeted and efficacious strategies to enhance adipose function, leading to advancements in overall metabolic health.

Calcium & bone metabolism
New Insights into Calorie Restriction Induced Bone Loss: Linyi Liu, Clifford J. Rosen; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(2):203-213. Published online April 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1673

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Caloric restriction (CR) is now a popular lifestyle choice due to its ability in experimental animals to improve lifespan, reduce body weight, and lessen oxidative stress. However, more and more emerging evidence suggests this treatment requires careful consideration because of its detrimental effects on the skeletal system. Experimental and clinical studies show that CR can suppress bone growth and raise the risk of fracture, but the specific mechanisms are poorly understood. Reduced mechanical loading has long been thought to be the primary cause of weight loss-induced bone loss from calorie restriction. Despite fat loss in peripheral depots with calorie restriction, bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) increases, and this may play a significant role in this pathological process. Here, we update recent advances in our understanding of the effects of CR on the skeleton, the possible pathogenic role of BMAT in CR-induced bone loss, and some strategies to mitigate any potential side effects on the skeletal system.

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Obesity, diabetes and risk of bone fragility: How BMAT behavior is affected by metabolic disturbances and its influence on bone health
Gregório Corrêa Guimarães, João Bosco Costa Coelho, João Gabriel Oliveira Silva, Ana Carolina Chalfun de Sant’Ana, Cássia Alves Carrilho de Sá, Júlia Marques Moreno, Lívia Marçal Reis, Camila Souza de Oliveira Guimarães
Osteoporosis International.2024; 35(4): 575. CrossRef
Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue Is Not Required for Reconstitution of the Immune System Following Irradiation in Male Mice
Jessica A. Keune, Carmen P. Wong, Adam J. Branscum, Scott A. Menn, Urszula T. Iwaniec, Russell T. Turner
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(4): 1980. CrossRef
Dietary restriction plus exercise change gene expression of Cxcl12 abundant reticular cells in female mice
Aoi Ikedo, Yuuki Imai
Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Once-weekly semaglutide versus placebo in adults with increased fracture risk: a randomised, double-blinded, two-centre, phase 2 trial
Morten S. Hansen, Eva M. Wölfel, Shakespeare Jeromdesella, Jens-Jakob K. Møller, Charlotte Ejersted, Niklas R. Jørgensen, Richard Eastell, Stinus G. Hansen, Morten Frost
eClinicalMedicine.2024; 72: 102624. CrossRef

Miscellaneous
Brown Adipose Tissue: Activation and Metabolism in Humans: Imane Hachemi, Mueez U-Din; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(2):214-222. Published online March 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1659

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Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic organ contributing to non-shivering thermogenesis. BAT becomes active under cold stress via sympathetic nervous system activation. However, recent evidence has suggested that BAT may also be active at thermoneutrality and in a postprandial state. BAT has superior energy dissipation capacity compared to white adipose tissue (WAT) and muscles. Thus, it has been proposed that the recruitment and activation of additional BAT may increase the overall energy-expending capacity in humans, potentially improving current whole-body weight management strategies. Nutrition plays a central role in obesity and weight management. Thus, this review discusses human studies describing BAT hyper-metabolism after dietary interventions. Nutritional agents that can potentially recruit brown adipocytes via the process of BAT-WAT transdifferentiation are also discussed.

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Spermidine activates adipose tissue thermogenesis through autophagy and fibroblast growth factor 21
Yinhua Ni, Liujie Zheng, Liqian Zhang, Jiamin Li, Yuxiang Pan, Haimei Du, Zhaorong Wang, Zhengwei Fu
The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry.2024; 125: 109569. CrossRef
A natural sustained-intestinal release formulation of red chili pepper extracted capsaicinoids (Capsifen®) safely modulates energy balance and endurance performance: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
N. Roopashree, Das S. Syam, I. M. Krishnakumar, K. N. Mala, Bradley S. Fleenor, Jestin Thomas
Frontiers in Nutrition.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
MRI Methods to Visualize and Quantify Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease
Katerina Nikiforaki, Kostas Marias
Biomedicines.2023; 11(12): 3179. CrossRef

Brief Report

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Sestrin2 Regulates Beneficial β3-Adrenergic Receptor-Mediated Effects Observed in Inguinal White Adipose Tissue and Soleus Muscle: Min Jeong Park, Joo Won Kim, Eun Roh, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Hwan-Jin Hwang, Hye Jin Yoo; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(3):552-557. Published online June 29, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1421

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Sestrin2, a well-known adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulator, plays a protective role against metabolic stress. The β3-adrenergic receptor (β3AR) induces fat browning and inhibits muscle atrophy in an AMPK-dependent manner. However, no prior research has examined the relationship of sestrin2 with β3AR in body composition changes. In this study, CL 316,243 (CL), a β3AR agonist, was administered to wild-type and sestrin2-knockout (KO) mice for 2 weeks, and fat and muscle tissues were harvested. CL induced AMPK phosphorylation, expression of brown-fat markers, and mitochondrial biogenesis, which resulted in the reduction of lipid droplet size in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT). These effects were not observed in sestrin2-KO mice. In CL-treated soleus muscle, sestrin2-KO was related to decreased myogenic gene expression and increased levels of muscle atrophy-related molecules. Our results suggest that sestrin2 is associated with beneficial β3AR-mediated changes in body composition, especially in iWAT and in the soleus.

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Sestrin2 levels in patients with anxiety and depression myocardial infarction was up-regulated and suppressed inflammation and ferroptosis by LKB1-mediated AMPK activation
Yufeng Qian, Lian Chen, Beibei Gao, Xianhua Ye
Clinical and Experimental Hypertension.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Sestrin2 in diabetes and diabetic complications
Xiaodan Zhang, Zirui Luo, Jiahong Li, Yaxuan Lin, Yu Li, Wangen Li
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Articles

Endocrine Research
Danshen Extracts Prevents Obesity and Activates Mitochondrial Function in Brown Adipose Tissue: Yoon Hee Cho, Cheol Ryong Ku, Young-Suk Choi, Hyeon Jeong Lee, Eun Jig Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(1):185-195. Published online February 24, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.835

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Background
Danshen has been widely used in oriental medicine to improve body function. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of water-soluble Danshen extract (DE) on weight loss and on activation proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) in obese mice.
Methods
BAT was isolated from 7-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats, and expression of proteins related to mitochondrial biogenesis was confirmed in both brown preadipocytes and mature brown adipocytes treated with DE. For the in vivo study, low-density lipoprotein receptor knock out mice were divided into three groups and treated for 17 weeks with: standard diet; high fat diet (HFD); HFD+DE. Body weight was measured every week, and oral glucose tolerance test was performed after DE treatment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. To observe the changes in markers related to thermogenesis and adipogenesis in the BAT, white adipose tissue (WAT) and liver of experimental animals, tissues were removed and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen.
Results
DE increased the expression of uncoupling protein 1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha in brown preadipocytes, and also promoted the brown adipocyte differentiation and mitochondrial function in the mature brown adipocytes. Reactive oxygen species production in brown preadipocytes was increased depending on the concentration of DE. DE activates thermogenesis in BAT and normalizes increased body weight and adipogenesis in the liver due to HFD. Browning of WAT was increased in WAT of DE treatment group.
Conclusion
DE protects against obesity and activates mitochondrial function in BAT.

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Pharmacological Benefits and Underlying Mechanisms of Salvia miltiorrhiza against Molecular Pathology of Various Liver Diseases: A Review
Cho Hyun Hwang, Eungyeong Jang, Jang-Hoon Lee
The American Journal of Chinese Medicine.2023; 51(07): 1675. CrossRef

Endocrine Research
Serotonin Regulates De Novo Lipogenesis in Adipose Tissues through Serotonin Receptor 2A: Ko Eun Shong, Chang-Myung Oh, Jun Namkung, Sangkyu Park, Hail Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(2):470-479. Published online June 24, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.2.470; Correction in: Endocrinol Metab 2020;35(3):672

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Background
Obesity is defined as excessive fat mass and is a major cause of many chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Increasing energy expenditure and regulating adipose tissue metabolism are important targets for the treatment of obesity. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptophan [5-HT]) is a monoamine metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan. Here, we demonstrated that 5-HT in mature adipocytes regulated energy expenditure and lipid metabolism.
Methods
Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) is the rate-limiting enzyme during 5-HT synthesis in non-neural peripheral tissues. We generated adipose tissue-specific Tph1 knockout (Tph1 FKO) mice and adipose tissue-specific serotonin receptor 2A KO (Htr2a FKO) mice and analyzed their phenotypes during high-fat diet (HFD) induced obesity.
Results
Tph1 FKO mice fed HFD exhibited reduced lipid accumulation, increased thermogenesis, and resistance to obesity. In addition, Htr2a FKO mice fed HFD showed reduced lipid accumulation in white adipose tissue and resistance to obesity.
Conclusion
These data suggest that the inhibition of serotonin signaling might be an effective strategy in obesity.

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Gut microbiota dysbiosis and decreased levels of acetic and propionic acid participate in glucocorticoid-induced glycolipid metabolism disorder
Qin Zhang, Gaopeng Guan, Jie Liu, Wenmu Hu, Ping Jin, Yung-Fu Chang
mBio.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The Chain-Mediating Effect of Obesity, Depressive Symptoms on the Association between Dietary Quality and Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Shuai Zhang, Limei E, Zhonghai Lu, Yingying Yu, Xuebin Yang, Yao Chen, Xiubo Jiang
Nutrients.2023; 15(3): 629. CrossRef
Metabolic and Molecular Response to High-Fat Diet Differs between Rats with Constitutionally High and Low Serotonin Tone
Petra Baković, Maja Kesić, Darko Kolarić, Jasminka Štefulj, Lipa Čičin-Šain
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(3): 2169. CrossRef
Linking serotonin homeostasis to gut function: Nutrition, gut microbiota and beyond
Lili Jiang, Dandan Han, Youling Hao, Zhuan Song, Zhiyuan Sun, Zhaolai Dai
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition.2023; : 1. CrossRef
Serotonin transporter-deficient mice display enhanced adipose tissue inflammation after chronic high-fat diet feeding
Johannes Hoch, Niklas Burkhard, Shanshan Zhang, Marina Rieder, Timoteo Marchini, Vincent Geest, Krystin Krauel, Timm Zahn, Nicolas Schommer, Muataz Ali Hamad, Carolina Bauer, Nadine Gauchel, Daniela Stallmann, Claus Normann, Dennis Wolf, Rüdiger Eberhard
Frontiers in Immunology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
The role of serotonin in prenatal ontogenesis
Inna I. Evsyukova
Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases.2023; 72(4): 81. CrossRef
Genome-wide survey and functional analysis reveal TCF21 promotes chicken preadipocyte differentiation by directly upregulating HTR2A
Xinyang Zhang, Bohan Cheng, Yanyan Ma, Yumeng Liu, Ning Wang, Hui Zhang, Yumao Li, Yuxiang Wang, Peng Luan, Zhiping Cao, Hui Li
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.2022; 587: 131. CrossRef
Maternal Metabolic State and Fetal Sex and Genotype Modulate Methylation of the Serotonin Receptor Type 2A Gene (HTR2A) in the Human Placenta
Marina Horvatiček, Maja Perić, Ivona Bečeheli, Marija Klasić, Maja Žutić, Maja Kesić, Gernot Desoye, Sandra Nakić Radoš, Marina Ivanišević, Dubravka Hranilovic, Jasminka Štefulj
Biomedicines.2022; 10(2): 467. CrossRef
Synthesis and biological evaluation of tyrosine derivatives as peripheral 5HT2A receptor antagonists for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Minhee Kim, Wonil Choi, Jihyeon Yoon, Byung-kwan Jeong, Suvarna H. Pagire, Haushabhau S. Pagire, Jungsun Park, Jung Eun Nam, Chang Joo Oh, Jae-Han Jeon, Seong Soon Kim, Byung Hoi Lee, Jin Sook Song, Myung Ae Bae, In-Kyu Lee, Hail Kim, Jin Hee Ahn
European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.2022; 239: 114517. CrossRef
Serotonin in the regulation of systemic energy metabolism
Joon Ho Moon, Chang‐Myung Oh, Hail Kim
Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2022; 13(10): 1639. CrossRef
Traumatic brain injury alters the gut-derived serotonergic system and associated peripheral organs
Natosha M. Mercado, Guanglin Zhang, Zhe Ying, Fernando Gómez-Pinilla
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease.2022; 1868(11): 166491. CrossRef
Modulation of adipose tissue metabolism by microbial-derived metabolites
Wenyun Liu, Ge Yang, Pinyi Liu, Xin Jiang, Ying Xin
Frontiers in Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Risperidone Exacerbates Glucose Intolerance, Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, and Renal Impairment in Obese Mice
Hsiao-Pei Tsai, Po-Hsun Hou, Frank-Chiahung Mao, Chia-Chia Chang, Wei-Cheng Yang, Ching-Feng Wu, Huei-Jyuan Liao, Tzu-Chun Lin, Lan-Szu Chou, Li-Wei Hsiao, Geng-Ruei Chang
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(1): 409. CrossRef
Pancreatic Sirtuin 3 Deficiency Promotes Hepatic Steatosis by Enhancing 5-Hydroxytryptamine Synthesis in Mice With Diet-Induced Obesity
Xing Ming, Arthur C.K. Chung, Dandan Mao, Huanyi Cao, Baoqi Fan, Willy K.K. Wong, Chin Chung Ho, Heung Man Lee, Kristina Schoonjans, Johan Auwerx, Guy A. Rutter, Juliana C.N. Chan, Xiao Yu Tian, Alice P.S. Kong
Diabetes.2021; 70(1): 119. CrossRef
Peripheral Selective Oxadiazolylphenyl Alanine Derivatives as Tryptophan Hydroxylase 1 Inhibitors for Obesity and Fatty Liver Disease
Eun Jung Bae, Won Gun Choi, Haushabhau S. Pagire, Suvarna H. Pagire, Saravanan Parameswaran, Jun-Ho Choi, Jihyeon Yoon, Won-il Choi, Ji Hun Lee, Jin Sook Song, Myung Ae Bae, Mijin Kim, Jae-Han Jeon, In-Kyu Lee, Hail Kim, Jin Hee Ahn
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.2021; 64(2): 1037. CrossRef
A Systems Biology Approach to Investigating the Interaction between Serotonin Synthesis by Tryptophan Hydroxylase and the Metabolic Homeostasis
Suhyeon Park, Yumin Kim, Jibeom Lee, Jeong Yun Lee, Hail Kim, Sunjae Lee, Chang-Myung Oh
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(5): 2452. CrossRef
Metabolic Disturbances in Rat Sublines with Constitutionally Altered Serotonin Homeostasis
Maja Kesić, Petra Baković, Ranko Stojković, Jasminka Štefulj, Lipa Čičin-Šain
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(10): 5400. CrossRef
The Mechanism of Secretion and Metabolism of Gut-Derived 5-Hydroxytryptamine
Ning Liu, Shiqiang Sun, Pengjie Wang, Yanan Sun, Qingjuan Hu, Xiaoyu Wang
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(15): 7931. CrossRef
Inhibiting serotonin signaling through HTR2B in visceral adipose tissue improves obesity-related insulin resistance
Won Gun Choi, Wonsuk Choi, Tae Jung Oh, Hye-Na Cha, Inseon Hwang, Yun Kyung Lee, Seung Yeon Lee, Hyemi Shin, Ajin Lim, Dongryeol Ryu, Jae Myoung Suh, So-Young Park, Sung Hee Choi, Hail Kim
Journal of Clinical Investigation.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Serotonergic Regulation of Hepatic Energy Metabolism
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Clinical Study
The Role of Circulating Slit2, the One of the Newly Batokines, in Human Diabetes Mellitus: Yea Eun Kang, Sorim Choung, Ju Hee Lee, Hyun Jin Kim, Bon Jeong Ku; Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(3):383-388. Published online September 18, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.3.383

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Background

Slit2 is a new secreted protein from adipose tissue that improves glucose hemostasis in mice; however, there is no study about the serum levels and precise role of Slit2 in human. The aim of this study is to explore the serum level of Slit2 in human, and to identify the role of Slit2 in diabetes mellitus (DM).

Methods

The participants of this study consist of 38 subjects with newly diagnosed DM, and 75 healthy subjects as a control group. Serum Slit2 levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Relationship between circulating Slit2 and diabetic related factors was investigated in diabetic group compared with non-diabetic group. Additionally, the correlations between the serum level of Slit2 and diverse metabolic parameters were analyzed.

Results

Circulating Slit2 level was more decreased in diabetic group than in control group, but there was no significant difference statistically. Interestingly, serum levels of Slit2 were significantly negatively correlated to the serum concentrations of fasting glucose (coefficient r=–0.246, P=0.008), the serum concentrations of postprandial glucose (coefficient r=–0.233, P=0.017), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c; coefficient r=–0.357, P<0.001).

Conclusion

From our study, the first report of circulating Slit2 levels in human, circulating Slit2 level significantly negatively correlated with serum glucose and HbA1c. Our results suggest that the circulating Slit2 may play a role in maintainence of glucose homeostasis in human, even though exact contribution and mechanism are not yet known.

Citations

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Brown adipose tissue-derived metabolites and their role in regulating metabolism
Khanyisani Ziqubu, Phiwayinkosi V. Dludla, Sihle E. Mabhida, Babalwa U. Jack, Susanne Keipert, Martin Jastroch, Sithandiwe E. Mazibuko-Mbeje
Metabolism.2024; 150: 155709. CrossRef
An update on the secretory functions of brown, white, and beige adipose tissue: Towards therapeutic applications
Zeinab Ghesmati, Mohsen Rashid, Shabnam Fayezi, Frank Gieseler, Effat Alizadeh, Masoud Darabi
Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders.2024; 25(2): 279. CrossRef
The integrated bioinformatic analysis identifies immune microenvironment-related potential biomarkers for patients with gestational diabetes mellitus
Jie-ling Chen, Hui-fang Dai, Xin-chen Kan, Jie Wu, Hong-Wu Chen
Frontiers in Immunology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Adipokines from white adipose tissue in regulation of whole body energy homeostasis
Bijayashree Sahu, Naresh C. Bal
Biochimie.2023; 204: 92. CrossRef
The Role of Slit-2 in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Its Effect on Pregnancy Outcome
Yan Wang, Shihua Zhao, Wei Peng, Ying Chen, Jingwei Chi, Kui Che, Yangang Wang
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The Heartwarming Effect of Brown Adipose Tissue
Kelsey M. Pinckard, Kristin I. Stanford
Molecular Pharmacology.2022; 102(1): 39. CrossRef
New players of the adipose secretome: Therapeutic opportunities and challenges
Laetitia Coassolo, Niels Banhos Dannieskiold-Samsøe, Meng Zhao, Hobson Allen, Katrin J. Svensson
Current Opinion in Pharmacology.2022; 67: 102302. CrossRef
Serum CD14 concentration is associated with obesity and insulin resistance in non-diabetic individuals
Yea Eun Kang, Kyong Hye Joung, Ji Min Kim, Ju Hee Lee, Hyun Jin Kim, Bon Jeong Ku
Journal of International Medical Research.2022; 50(10): 030006052211300. CrossRef
Brown/Beige adipose tissues and the emerging role of their secretory factors in improving metabolic health: The batokines
Bilal Ahmad, Muhammad Sufyan Vohra, Mansab Ali Saleemi, Christopher J. Serpell, Isabel Lim Fong, Eng Hwa Wong
Biochimie.2021; 184: 26. CrossRef
Thermogenic Fat: Development, Physiological Function, and Therapeutic Potential
Bruna B. Brandão, Ankita Poojari, Atefeh Rabiee
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(11): 5906. CrossRef
Brown Adipose Crosstalk in Tissue Plasticity and Human Metabolism
Camilla Scheele, Christian Wolfrum
Endocrine Reviews.2020; 41(1): 53. CrossRef
Development of a Cell-Based Assay for the Detection of Neutralizing Antibodies to PF-06730512 Using Homogenous Time-Resolved Fluorescence
Michael Luong, Ying Wang, Stephen P. Berasi, Janet E. Buhlmann, Hongying Yang, Boris Gorovits
The AAPS Journal.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Brown and beige fat: From molecules to physiology and pathophysiology
Stefania Carobbio, Anne-Claire Guénantin, Isabella Samuelson, Myriam Bahri, Antonio Vidal-Puig
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids.2019; 1864(1): 37. CrossRef
Serum R-Spondin 1 Is a New Surrogate Marker for Obesity and Insulin Resistance
Yea Eun Kang, Ji Min Kim, Hyon-Seung Yi, Kyong Hye Joung, Ju Hee Lee, Hyun Jin Kim, Bon Jeong Ku
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2019; 43(3): 368. CrossRef
Deletion of Robo4 prevents high‐fat diet‐induced adipose artery and systemic metabolic dysfunction
Tam T. T. Phuong, Ashley E. Walker, Grant D. Henson, Daniel R. Machin, Dean Y. Li, Anthony J. Donato, Lisa A. Lesniewski
Microcirculation.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Adipose Tissue-Derived Signatures for Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Adipokines, Batokines and MicroRNAs
Min-Woo Lee, Mihye Lee, Kyoung-Jin Oh
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2019; 8(6): 854. CrossRef
The role of brown and beige adipose tissue in glycaemic control
Katarina Klepac, Anastasia Georgiadi, Matthias Tschöp, Stephan Herzig
Molecular Aspects of Medicine.2019; 68: 90. CrossRef

Intermuscular Adipose Tissue Content and Intramyocellular Lipid Fatty Acid Saturation Are Associated with Glucose Homeostasis in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Jung Eun Kim, Keagan Dunville, Junjie Li, Ji Xin Cheng, Travis B. Conley, Cortni S. Couture, Wayne W. Campbell; Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(2):257-264. Published online May 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.2.257

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Background

Insulin resistance is associated with the higher content of intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) and the saturation of intramyocellular lipid (IMCL), but a paucity of data exist in humans. This study examined associations among IMAT content, IMCL saturation, and fasting glucose concentration in middle-aged and older adults with overweight or obesity.

Methods

Seventy-five subjects (26 males, 49 females) were recruited and thigh muscle and IMAT were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging. Vastus lateralis tissue was acquired from a subset of nine subjects and IMCL content and saturation were assessed using nonlinear dual complex microscopy.

Results

The characteristics of the 75 subjects were as follows: age 59±11 years, body mass index 30±5 kg/m², fasting glucose concentration 5.2±0.5 mmol/L, fasting insulin concentration 12.2±7.3 µU/mL, fasting homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) 2.9±2.0 (mean±SD). IMAT to muscle tissue (MT) volume ratio was positively associated with the saturated fatty acid to unsaturated fatty acid ratio in IMCL. IMAT:MT was positively associated with fasting glucose concentration and HOMA-IR. IMCL saturation was positively associated with fasting glucose concentration while muscle cell area, IMCL area, and % IMCL in muscle cell were not associated with fasting glucose concentration.

Conclusion

These results indicate that higher intermuscular fat content and IMCL saturation may impact fasting glucose concentration in middle-aged and older adults with overweight or obesity. The centralization of adipose tissue in the appendicular region of the body may promote insulin resistance.

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Pierre Bourdier, Anthony Birat, Emmanuelle Rochette, Éric Doré, Daniel Courteix, Frédéric Dutheil, Bruno Pereira, Sébastien Ratel, Etienne Merlin, Pascale Duché
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Alan Chait, Laura J. den Hartigh
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Amy M Goss, Barbara Gower, Taraneh Soleymani, Mariah Stewart, May Pendergrass, Mark Lockhart, Olivia Krantz, Shima Dowla, Nikki Bush, Valene Garr Barry, Kevin R. Fontaine
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Isolation of Density Enrichment Fraction of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells from Stromal Vascular Fraction by Gradient Centrifugation Method.: Min Kyung Kim, Yong Soon Park, Hee Soon Park, Jung Mook Choi, Won Jun Kim, Se Eun Park, Eun Jung Rhee, Cheol Young Park, Won Young Lee, Ki Won Oh, Sung Woo Park, Sun Woo Kim, Kwang Sik Suh, Jeong Taek Woo; Endocrinol Metab. 2010;25(2):103-109. Published online June 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2010.25.2.103

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BACKGROUND
Adipose tissues include multipotent cells, the same as bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. The stromal vascular fractions (SVFs) from adipose tissues represent a heterogeneous cell population. The purpose of this study was to isolate and purify adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) in SVFs by the density gradient method. METHODS: SVFs were extracted from the subcutaneous, epididymal, mesenteric and retroperitoneal adipose tissue of 8 weeks old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 15) and these were separated into 4 layers according to a Nycodenz gradient (Fx-1: < 11%, Fx-2: 11-13%, Fx-3: 13-19% and Fx-4: 19-30%). The post-confluent SVFs were cultured in adipogenic medium for 2 days, in insulin medium for 2 days and in 10% fetal bovine serum medium for 5 days. To observe lipid droplets in SVFs, we performed Oil Red O staining. RESLTS: The SVFs' cellular fractions (Fx-1, Fx-2, Fx-3 and Fx-4) were isolated by density gradient centrifugation from the adipose tissues of rats. The SVFs extracted to fraction 3 (Fx-3) had the most abundant cells compared to that of the other fractions. However fraction 1 (Fx-1) or 2 (Fx-2) had a superior ability to make lipid droplets. The adipogenic differentiation of Fx-1 or 2 was higher than that of the unfractionated cells. The SVFs extracted from retroperitoneal adipose tissue had the highest efficiency for adipogenic differentiation, whereas the SVFs from mesenteric adipose tissue did not differentiate. CONCLUSION: This density gradient fractionated method leads to efficient isolation and purification of cells with the characteristics of ASCs.

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