Fig. 1Comparison of the (A) mean values of coronary artery calcium score (CACS) and (B) the proportion of subjects with CACS >0 among the groups divided by body mass index (BMI). ANOVA, analysis of variance.
Fig. 2Comparison of the (A) mean values of coronary artery calcium score (CACS) and (B) the proportion of subjects with CACS >0 among the groups divided by body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Group I: BMI <23 kg/m2 and WC <90 cm in men, <85 cm in women; Group II: BMI <23 kg/m2 and WC ≥90 cm in men, ≥85 cm in women; Group III: BMI 23 to 25 kg/m2 and WC <90 cm in men, <85 cm in women; Group IV: BMI 23 to 25 kg/m2 and WC ≥90 cm in men, ≥85 cm in women; Group V: BMI >25 kg/m2 and WC <90 cm in men, <85 cm in women; Group VI: BMI >25 kg/m2 and WC ≥90 cm in men, ≥85 cm in women. ANOVA, analysis of variance. a,b,cGroups with different letters denote significant differences between the groups in the post hoc analysis.
Table 1General Characteristics of the Participants (n=33,432)
Characteristic |
Value |
Age, yr |
41.5±7.6 |
Male sex |
26,836 (80.3) |
Height, cm |
170.2±7.6 |
Body weight, kg |
70.8±11.9 |
Waist circumference, cm |
85.1±8.6 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
24.3±3.1 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
113.5±12.9 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
73.6±10.1 |
Fasting blood sugar, mg/dL |
98.8±16.8 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL |
202.5±35.7 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL |
136.8±91.7 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
53.8±13.6 |
LDL-C, mg/dL |
129.1±32.5 |
HbA1c, % |
5.72±0.5 |
Fasting insulin, IU/L |
6.3±6.8 |
HOMA-IR |
1.57±1.5 |
hs-CRP, mg/dL |
0.12±0.4 |
Smoker |
9,196 (27.5) |
Mean CACS |
11.2±72.0 |
Proportion of participants with CACS >0 |
4,991 (14.9) |
Proportion of participants with diabetes |
2,012 (6.0) |
Proportion of participants with hypertension |
3,381 (10.1) |
Table 2Comparison of the Metabolic Variables according to Body Mass Index (n=33,432)
Variable |
<23 kg/m2 (n=11,291) |
23–25 kg/m2 (n=8,928) |
>25 kg/m2 (n=13,213) |
P valuea
|
Age, yr |
41.0±7.7 |
42.1±7.8 |
41.5±7.4 |
<0.01 |
Male sex |
7,210 (63.9) |
7,709 (86.3) |
11,917 (90.2) |
<0.01 |
Height, cm |
168.3±8.2 |
170.8±7.2 |
171.4±7.1 |
<0.01 |
Body weight, kg |
59.9±7.7 |
70.0±6.1 |
80.5±9.4 |
<0.01 |
WC, cm |
76.8±5.5 |
84.6±3.9 |
92.6±6.2 |
<0.01 |
BMI, kg/m2
|
21.1±1.5 |
24.0±0.6 |
27.3±2.2 |
<0.01 |
SBP, mm Hg |
108.1±12.5 |
113.5±11.8 |
118.1±12.2 |
<0.01 |
DBP, mm Hg |
69.9±9.6 |
73.6±9.5 |
76.7±9.9 |
<0.01 |
FBS, mg/dL |
95.3±14.6 |
98.9±16.5 |
101.8±18.2 |
<0.01 |
TC, mg/dL |
194.6±33.6 |
203.5±34.8 |
208.4±36.7 |
<0.01 |
TG, mg/dL |
101.6±60.8 |
136.0±87.3 |
167.3±104.8 |
<0.01 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
60.3±14.4 |
53.2±12.4 |
48.8±11.1 |
<0.01 |
LDL-C, mg/dL |
120.0±30.8 |
130.9±31.3 |
135.6±32.8 |
<0.01 |
HbA1c, % |
5.63±0.5 |
5.70±0.5 |
5.80±0.6 |
<0.01 |
Fasting insulin, IU/L |
4.4±2.6 |
5.8±10.7 |
8.3±4.9 |
<0.01 |
HOMA-IR |
1.04±0.7 |
1.42±2.0 |
2.12±1.5 |
<0.01 |
hs-CRP, mg/dL |
0.09±0.4 |
0.11±0.4 |
0.15±0.4 |
<0.01 |
Smoker |
2,317 (20.5) |
2,519 (28.2) |
4,360 (33.0) |
<0.01 |
Mean CACS |
6.7±49.5 |
11.7±75.3 |
14.8±84.7 |
<0.01 |
Proportion of participants with CACS >0 |
1,117 (9.9) |
1,397 (15.6) |
13,213 (18.7) |
<0.01 |
Proportion of participants with diabetes |
355 (3.1) |
509 (5.7) |
1,148 (8.7) |
<0.01 |
Proportion of participants with hypertension |
570 (5.0) |
808 (9.1) |
2,003 (15.2) |
<0.01 |
Table 3Logistic Regression Analysis with the Presence of Coronary Artery Calcification as the Dependent Variable according to the Groups Divided by Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference
Group |
OR (95% CI)a
|
BMI group, kg/m2
|
|
<23 |
1.000 |
23–25 |
1.102 (0.999–1.215) |
>25 |
1.281 (1.165–1.409) |
BMI-WC group |
|
Group Ib
|
1.000 |
Group IIc
|
1.035 (0.495–2.163) |
Group IIId
|
1.088 (0.984–1.204) |
Group IVe
|
1.235 (1.008–1.513) |
Group Vf
|
1.219 (1.084–1.371) |
Group VIg
|
1.320 (1.191–1.463) |