Table 1Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Participants according to Tertiles of Serum GGT Levels
Variable |
Men |
Women |
Tertile 1 (n=100) |
Tertile 2 (n=93) |
Tertile 3 (n=96) |
P for trend |
Tertile 1 (n=57) |
Tertile 2 (n=58) |
Tertile 3 (n=58) |
P for trend |
Age, yr |
57.2±8.3 |
55.5±9.0 |
54.7±7.9 |
0.037 |
51.1±10.1 |
55.7±9.4 |
58.0±8.8 |
<0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2
|
24.4±2.3 |
25.4±2.7 |
25.6±2.9 |
0.002 |
21.9±2.7 |
22.4±3.0 |
23.6±3.7 |
0.005 |
Waist, cm |
87.9±7.1 |
89.6±11.1 |
91.1±6.9 |
0.017 |
77.4±8.4 |
79.8±8.9 |
82.8±10.4 |
0.004 |
Alcohol, g/day |
15.4±21.6 |
22.2±27.9 |
38.5±53.5 |
<0.001 |
0.2±0.8 |
1.6±5.6 |
2.0±8.7 |
0.122 |
Smoking |
23 (23.0) |
45 (48.4) |
51 (53.1) |
<0.001 |
2 (3.5) |
3 (5.2) |
5 (8.6) |
0.241 |
Regular exercise |
47 (47.0) |
28 (30.1) |
35 (36.5) |
0.124 |
19 (33.3) |
23 (39.7) |
13 (22.4) |
0.207 |
Hypertension |
40 (40.0) |
43 (46.2) |
53 (55.2) |
0.033 |
11 (19.3) |
18 (31.0) |
23 (39.7) |
0.018 |
Diabetes mellitus |
22 (22.0) |
17 (18.3) |
22 (22.9) |
0.883 |
4 (7.0) |
5 (8.6) |
6 (10.3) |
0.527 |
Hypercholesterolemia |
41 (41.0) |
43 (46.2) |
64 (66.7) |
<0.001 |
22 (38.6) |
19 (32.8) |
34 (58.6) |
0.030 |
SBP, mm Hg |
127±14 |
126±13 |
128±14 |
0.557 |
115±15 |
118±15 |
124±15 |
0.003 |
DBP, mm Hg |
77±10 |
77±9 |
80±10 |
0.056 |
71±9 |
73±10 |
73±8 |
0.166 |
FPG, mg/dL |
103±22 |
106±27 |
107±20 |
0.296 |
95±27 |
94±13 |
99±22 |
0.404 |
HbA1c, % |
5.9±0.8 |
5.8±0.7 |
5.9±0.5 |
0.987 |
5.5±0.4 |
5.7±0.6 |
5.8±0.8 |
0.009 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL |
119±56 |
142±58 |
180±95 |
<0.001 |
95±49 |
104±49 |
146±78 |
<0.001 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
47±9 |
46±11 |
49±12 |
0.282 |
57±12 |
56±13 |
55±14 |
0.410 |
LDL-C, mg/dL |
119±35 |
114±28 |
122±37 |
0.628 |
115±25 |
124±23 |
128±35 |
0.017 |
TC, mg/dL |
179±33 |
179±30 |
193±37 |
0.004 |
186±32 |
191±29 |
203±39 |
0.007 |
AST, mg/dL |
22.8±19.0 |
22.1±6.4 |
25.6±11.9 |
0.147 |
19.4±6.2 |
21.2±4.8 |
26.5±9.5 |
<0.001 |
ALT, mg/dL |
22.2±15.6 |
26.8±13.7 |
33.5±20.2 |
<0.001 |
15.7±5.6 |
18.6±6.5 |
27.8±14.6 |
<0.001 |
Creatinine, mg/dL |
1.0±0.1 |
1.0±0.2 |
1.0±0.2 |
0.672 |
0.8±0.1 |
0.8±0.1 |
0.8±0.2 |
0.053 |
Table 2Comparison of BMD among Tertiles of Serum GGT Levels
Variable |
Men |
Women |
Tertile 1 (n=100) |
Tertile 2 (n=93) |
Tertile 3 (n=96) |
P for trend |
Tertile 1 (n=57) |
Tertile 2 (n=58) |
Tertile 3 (n=58) |
P for trend |
LS BMD, g/cm2
|
1.066±0.013 |
1.063±0.013 |
1.022±0.012 |
0.018 |
0.986±0.017 |
0.970±0.017 |
0.915±0.017 |
0.004 |
LS BMD (T-score) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Model 1a
|
0.4±0.1 |
0.3±0.1 |
0.0±0.1 |
0.011 |
–0.2±0.1 |
–0.3±0.1 |
–0.8±0.1 |
0.004 |
Model 2b
|
0.4±0.1 |
0.3±0.1 |
0.0±0.1 |
0.006 |
–0.2±0.1 |
–0.3±0.1 |
–0.8±0.1 |
0.006 |
Model 3c
|
0.3±0.1 |
0.4±0.1 |
0.0±0.1 |
0.047 |
–0.3±0.1 |
–0.3±0.1 |
–0.7±0.1 |
0.022 |
Model 4d
|
0.3±0.1 |
0.4±0.1 |
0.0±0.1 |
0.050 |
–0.3±0.1 |
–0.3±0.1 |
–0.7±0.1 |
0.025 |
FN BMD, g/cm2
|
0.814±0.011 |
0.816±0.011 |
0.811±0.011 |
0.826 |
0.748±0.013 |
0.718±0.013 |
0.692±0.013 |
0.003 |
FN BMD (T-score) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Model 1a
|
–0.3±0.1 |
–0.2±0.1 |
–0.3±0.1 |
0.793 |
–0.5±0.1 |
–0.8±0.1 |
–1.0±0.1 |
0.003 |
Model 2b
|
–0.2±0.1 |
–0.3±0.1 |
–0.3±0.1 |
0.117 |
–0.6±0.1 |
–0.7±0.1 |
–1.0±0.1 |
0.009 |
Model 3c
|
–0.2±0.1 |
–0.2±0.1 |
–0.4±0.1 |
0.163 |
–0.6±0.1 |
–0.8±0.1 |
–1.0±0.1 |
0.020 |
Model 4d
|
–0.2±0.1 |
–0.2±0.1 |
–0.4±0.1 |
0.188 |
–0.6±0.1 |
–0.8±0.1 |
–1.0±0.1 |
0.021 |
TH BMD, g/cm2
|
0.963±0.012 |
0.970±0.013 |
0.952±0.012 |
0.542 |
0.858±0.016 |
0.816±0.015 |
0.796±0.015 |
0.005 |
TH BMD (T-score) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Model 1a
|
0.2±0.1 |
0.2±0.1 |
0.1±0.1 |
0.468 |
0.1±0.1 |
–0.3±0.1 |
–0.5±0.1 |
0.006 |
Model 2b
|
0.3±0.1 |
0.2±0.1 |
0.0±0.1 |
0.042 |
0.0±0.1 |
–0.3±0.1 |
–0.5±0.1 |
0.007 |
Model 3c
|
0.3±0.1 |
0.2±0.1 |
0.0±0.1 |
0.038 |
0.0±0.1 |
–0.3±0.1 |
–0.4±0.1 |
0.023 |
Model 4d
|
0.3±0.1 |
0.2±0.1 |
0.0±0.1 |
0.056 |
0.0±0.1 |
–0.3±0.1 |
–0.4±0.1 |
0.026 |
Table 3Multiple Linear Regression Analyses between Serum GGT Levels and BMD
|
Ln GGT |
Men |
Women |
β |
P value |
β |
P value |
LS BMD |
|
|
|
|
Model 1a
|
–0.163 |
0.006 |
–0.306 |
<0.001 |
Model 2b
|
–0.184 |
0.002 |
–0.316 |
<0.001 |
Model 3c
|
–0.146 |
0.016 |
–0.314 |
<0.001 |
Model 4d
|
–0.147 |
0.017 |
–0.311 |
<0.001 |
FN BMD |
|
|
|
|
Model 1a
|
–0.034 |
0.569 |
–0.271 |
<0.001 |
Model 2b
|
–0.119 |
0.037 |
–0.269 |
<0.001 |
Model 3c
|
–0.113 |
0.052 |
–0.276 |
<0.001 |
Model 4d
|
–0.111 |
0.061 |
–0.278 |
<0.001 |
TH BMD |
|
|
|
|
Model 1a
|
–0.065 |
0.268 |
–0.287 |
<0.001 |
Model 2b
|
–0.148 |
0.009 |
–0.306 |
<0.001 |
Model 3c
|
–0.152 |
0.008 |
–0.307 |
<0.001 |
Model 4d
|
–0.149 |
0.011 |
–0.307 |
<0.001 |
Table 4Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis for Low Bone Mass
Variable |
OR (95% CI) |
P value |
Age |
1.053 (1.027–1.079) |
<0.001 |
Women |
2.210 (1.326–3.683) |
0.002 |
Body mass index |
0.850 (0.788–0.918) |
<0.001 |
Amount of alcohol consumed |
0.992 (0.982–1.001) |
0.086 |
Smoking |
1.386 (0.804–2.391) |
0.241 |
Regular exercise |
0.745 (0.481–1.152) |
0.185 |
Serum GGT level |
|
|
Tertile 1 |
Reference |
|
Tertile 2 |
0.981 (0.584–1.651) |
0.944 |
Tertile 3 |
2.271 (1.340–3.850) |
0.002 |