Endocrinology and Metabolism

Review Articles

Adrenal gland
A Contemporary Approach to the Diagnosis and Management of Adrenal Insufficiency: Suranut Charoensri, Richard J. Auchus; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(1):73-82. Published online January 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1894

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Adrenal insufficiency (AI) can be classified into three distinct categories based on its underlying causes: primary adrenal disorders, secondary deficiencies in adrenocorticotropin, or hypothalamic suppression from external factors, most commonly glucocorticoid medications used for anti-inflammatory therapy. The hallmark clinical features of AI include fatigue, appetite loss, unintentional weight loss, low blood pressure, and hyponatremia. Individuals with primary AI additionally manifest skin hyperpigmentation, hyperkalemia, and salt craving. The diagnosis of AI is frequently delayed due to the non-specific symptoms and signs early in the disease course, which poses a significant challenge to its early detection prior to an adrenal crisis. Despite the widespread availability of lifesaving glucocorticoid medications for decades, notable challenges persist, particularly in the domains of timely diagnosis while simultaneously avoiding misdiagnosis, patient education for averting adrenal crises, and the determination of optimal replacement therapies. This article reviews recent advancements in the contemporary diagnostic strategy and approaches to optimal treatment for AI.

Citations

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Determining the comparative pharmacodynamic equivalence of a non-invasive diagnostic test for patients with adrenal insufficiency using a randomised 2-way crossover trial: the STARLIT-3 study protocol
Kathryn Date, Kathleen Baster, Sharon Caunt, Judith Cohen, Miguel Debono, Jane Fearnside, Trevor N Johnson, Peter Laud, Richard J Ross, Rosie Taylor, Charlotte Jane Elder
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Post-ACTH peak cortisol response is associated with genotype in children with nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Allie N. Dayno, Marissa J. Kilberg, Erin Gonter, Robert Gallop, Jacob Squicciarini, Carolina Montano, Maria G. Vogiatzi
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Metabolic Effects of Modified‐Release Hydrocortisone Versus Short Acting Conventional Oral Glucocorticoids in Adrenal Insufficiency: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Mohammad Ehab Abdelsattar, Mai Abdallah, Ola Khaled, Heba Aboeldahab, Nour Mohyeldin Ahmed, Yusuf Abdeen, Nada Altayeb, Yousef Mousa, Ahmed Gaballa Ali, Mohammed Tarek Hasan
Clinical Endocrinology.2026; 105(3): 285. CrossRef
Adrenal insufficiency diagnosis: new approaches to indeterminate baseline cortisol
Maria Ortega, Natalia Fretes Oviedo, Ricardo Correa
Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity.2026; 33(5): 200. CrossRef
The Effect of Whitening Creams Usage on the Adrenal Gland 
Fadheelah Salman Azeez, Noor Faisal Noaman, Ahmed Neema AL-Mussawy
F1000Research.2026; 14: 1434. CrossRef
Hyponatremia as the Initial Presentation of Rathke’s Cleft Cyst-Related Hypopituitarism
Naung Latt Htun, Aye Nyein Thinzar, Hsan Theingi Win, Dilip Joseph Thottacherry
Cureus.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
An Unrecognized Cause of Chronic Diarrhea: Opioid-Induced Adrenal Insufficiency – A Case Report
David Kweku Aseda Donkor, Rejoice Abiodun, Parth Adrejiya, Winston Ugbajah, Cyril Anara
Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy.2026; : 1. CrossRef
Hemodynamic management, including for left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, in an infant with ACTH-independent Cushing syndrome undergoing adrenal tumor removal: a case report
Mariko Saito, Maiko Hosokawa, Kenichi Masui
JA Clinical Reports.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Primary adrenal lymphoma presenting as primary adrenal insufficiency
Khaled Ahmed, Efstratios Stratos, Louis Saada, Joel Cunningham, Khin S Myint
BMJ Case Reports.2026; 19(9): e269999. CrossRef
Adrenal insufficiency in severely wounded men with combat gunshot injury
N.Yu. Seliukova, K.V. Misiura, E.M. Khoroshun, V.V. Makarov, V.V. Nehoduiko, O.I. Zalyubovska, E. Szucsik
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine).2025; 20(8): 573. CrossRef
A deep learning algorithm for automated adrenal gland segmentation on non-contrast CT images
Fanxing Meng, Tuo Zhang, Yukun Pan, Xiaojing Kan, Yuwei Xia, Mengyuan Xu, Jin Cai, Fangbin Liu, Yinghui Ge
BMC Medical Imaging.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Metabolic and endocrine dysfunctions in traumatic brain injury: Implications for cognitive recovery and therapeutic strategies
Jigar Manilal Haria, Naveen Kumar Singh, Jayballabh Kumar, Sanjeev Kumar Jain, DattaSai Pamidimarri
Behavioural Brain Research.2025; 493: 115697. CrossRef
Recurrent Hyponatremia Mimicking Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion: A Case of Partial Empty Sella Syndrome With Isolated Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Deficiency
Revathi Rajendran, Amirthalingeswaran Govindan
Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Management of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency and Overt Hypothyroidism in an HIV‐Positive Patient in a Resource‐Limited Setting: A Case Report
Majani Edward, Witness John, Dominick M. Raphael
Clinical Case Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A practical approach to diagnosis and treatment in children with primary adrenal insufficiency
Donatella Capalbo, Sara Illiano, Sara Vasaturo, Paola Lorello, Francesca Romana Rotondo, Raffaella Di Mase, Carla Bizzarri, Mariacarolina Salerno
European Journal of Endocrinology.2025; 193(5): R45. CrossRef
The Effect of Whitening Creams Usage on the Adrenal Gland 
Fadheelah Salman Azeez, Noor Faisal Noaman, Ahmed Neema AL-Mussawy
F1000Research.2025; 14: 1434. CrossRef
Unintentional discontinuation of topical corticosteroids after emergency hospitalization can exacerbate adrenal insufficiency
Hiroya Kitsunai, Yumika Watanabe, Eisuke Nishikawa, Fumika Maruyama, Hiroshi Nomoto
Endocrine Journal.2025; 72(12): 1377. CrossRef
Diagnostic pharmacology: Drugs that uncover diseases
K. Saranraj, Gollapudi Poojitha Siri Chandana
National Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics.2025; 3(3): 197. CrossRef
Post-Traumatic Hypopituitarism
Nissa Blocher
Current Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Reports.2024; 12(4): 405. CrossRef
Severe Fatigue in Uncontrolled Asthma: Contributing Factors and Impact of Rehabilitation
Karin B. Fieten, Lianne ten Have, Linde N. Nijhof, Lucia Rijssenbeek-Nouwens, Anneke ten Brinke
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice.2024; 12(12): 3292. CrossRef
Adrenal Insufficiency in Patients with Beta Thalassemia: A Meta-Analysis
Christos Savvidis, Dimitra Ragia, Sophia Delicou, Aikaterini Xydaki, Manfredi Rizzo, Ioannis Ilias
Medicina.2024; 60(10): 1571. CrossRef
長期間の呼吸管理および遷延する低血圧から診断に至ったACTH単独欠損症の1例(A case of isolated ACTH deficiency diagnosed after long–term respiratory management and persistent hypotension)
古谷慎太郎, 神山治郎, 多喜亘, 山本大輔, 五木田昌士, 田口茂正, 清田和也
Nihon Kyukyu Igakukai Zasshi: Journal of Japanese Association for Acute Medicine.2024; 35(12): 965. CrossRef

Adrenal Gland
Recent Updates on the Management of Adrenal Incidentalomas: Seung Shin Park, Jung Hee Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(4):373-380. Published online August 16, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1779

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Adrenal incidentalomas represent an increasingly common clinical conundrum with significant implications for patients. The revised 2023 European Society of Endocrinology (ESE) guideline incorporates cutting-edge evidence for managing adrenal incidentalomas. This paper provides a concise review of the updated contents of the revised guideline. In the 2023 guideline, in patients without signs and symptoms of overt Cushing’s syndrome, a post-dexamethasone cortisol level above 50 nmol/L (>1.8 μg/dL) should be considered as mild autonomous cortisol secretion. Regarding the criteria of benign adrenal adenomas, a homogeneous adrenal mass with ≤10 Hounsfield units on non-contrast computed tomography requires no further follow-up, irrespective of its size. The updated guideline also discusses steroid metabolomics using tandem mass spectrometry to discriminate malignancy. It underscores the importance of high-volume surgeons performing adrenalectomy and emphasizes the pivotal role of a multidisciplinary team approach in deciding the treatment plan for indeterminate adrenal masses. The guideline advocates for more proactive surgical treatment for indeterminate adrenal masses in young patients (<40 years) and pregnant women. This review of the 2023 ESE guideline underscores the ongoing evolution of the adrenal incidentaloma management landscape, emphasizing the need for further research and adaptation of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Citations

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The Relationship Between Bone Health Status of Post-Menopausal Women with Non-Functional Adrenal Tumours/Mild Autonomous Cortisol Secretion and Their Baseline Morning Adrenocorticotropic Level
Alexandra-Ioana Trandafir, Oana-Claudia Sima, Nina Ionovici, Dana Manda, Mihai Costachescu, Mara Carsote
Diagnostics.2026; 16(2): 180. CrossRef
Assessing the informatics utility of artificial intelligence chatbots for patient and clinician support: the case of adrenal incidentaloma
Nergis Basmaci, Seren Aksun, Bulent Okan Yildiz
Endocrine.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
SAGE-DM—Senescence-Associated Gluco-Endocrinopathy Diabetes Mellitus: comprehensive review
Michał Szklarz, Katarzyna Wołos-Kłosowicz, Julia Modzelewska, Jan Górny, Robert Modzelewski, Wojciech Matuszewski
European Journal of Medical Research.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Predictive Model for Mild Autonomous Cortisol Secretion in Patients Evaluated in Artificial Intelligence–Driven Adrenal Incidentaloma Clinic
Mehmet Kostek, Chandler McLeod, Julia Kasmirski, Haleigh Negrete, Srini Tridandapani, Micah Cochran, John D Osborne, Andrea Gillis, Herbert Chen, Brenessa Lindeman
Journal of the American College of Surgeons.2026; 242(5): 1290. CrossRef
Plasma proteomic profiling identifies apolipoprotein A4 as a downregulated biomarker of adrenocortical carcinoma: a multi-platform discovery and validation study
Seung Shin Park, Hoseok Seo, Sun Joon Moon, Han Na Jang, Seung Hun Lee, Su-jin Kim, Kyu Eun Lee, Dohyun Han, Jung Hee Kim
European Journal of Endocrinology.2026; 194(5): 641. CrossRef
AI-enabled precision evaluation of adrenal masses: radiomics, deep learning, and explainable imaging biomarkers
Chaohui Liang, Hao Zhu
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Glucocorticoid replacement duration after unilateral adrenalectomy for mild autonomous cortisol secretion and adrenal Cushing syndrome: a multicenter cohort study
You-Bin Lee, Seung Shin Park, Min Jeong Park, Jeongmin Lee, A Ram Hong, Eu Jeong Ku, Seong Hee Ahn, Kyong Yeun Jung, Ju Hee Lee, Hyo-Jeong Kim, Jung Hee Kim, Seung Hun Lee
European Journal of Endocrinology.2026; 195(3): 498. CrossRef
A deep learning algorithm for automated adrenal gland segmentation on non-contrast CT images
Fanxing Meng, Tuo Zhang, Yukun Pan, Xiaojing Kan, Yuwei Xia, Mengyuan Xu, Jin Cai, Fangbin Liu, Yinghui Ge
BMC Medical Imaging.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A Secret Revealed: The Coexistence of a Pheochromocytoma and Independent Adrenocorticotropic Hormone-Secreting Cushing Syndrome Within the Same Adrenal Gland
Sana Rafi, Meryam Alahyane, Ghizlane Elmghari, Nawal El Ansari, Fatim Zahra Hazmiri, Oumayma Ait Ouhssain, Hanane Rais
Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Landmark Series: Evaluation and Management of Adrenal Incidentalomas
Lily Owei, Heather Wachtel
Annals of Surgical Oncology.2025; 32(7): 4712. CrossRef
Management of adrenal incidentalomas: who, why and how?
Marta Araujo-Castro, María Bernarda Iriarte-Durán, Paola Parra-Ramírez, Sara Donato
Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity.2025; 32(5): 210. CrossRef
Changing paradigms in evaluating adrenal incidentalomas: Bayesian evaluation of [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography use, honed on adrenocortical carcinoma
Ioannis Ilias, Georgios Meristoudis
World Journal of Clinical Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Imaging in endocrinology
Ines Harper, Ashley S Shaw, HK Cheow
Medicine.2025; 53(9): 559. CrossRef
Efficiency of Microwave Ablation for Cortisol-Producing Adrenal Adenomas: Case Series and a Literature Review
Alicija Krasavceva, Juozas Jarašūnas, Donatas Jocius, Romena Laukienė, Žydrūnė Visockienė, Virgilijus Beiša
Acta medica Lituanica.2025; 32(2): 5. CrossRef
Machine learning-based classification of adrenal tumors using clinical, hormonal, and body composition data
Seung Shin Park, Jongsung Noh, Jinhee Kim, Taesung Kim, Hae Jin Seo, Chang Ho Ahn, Jaegul Choo, Man Ho Choi, Jung Hee Kim
European Journal of Endocrinology.2025; 193(2): 204. CrossRef
Clinical and genetic features of older patients with pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: A multicenter retrospective study
Xiaowen Xu, Yingjie Shen, Jingjing Jiang, Yingxian Pang, Kai Cheng, Zhi Li, Yizhou Wang, Junjie Chen, Anze Yu, Jing Wang, Minghao Li, Jing Zhang, Longfei Liu
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation.2025; 49(1): 81. CrossRef
Dexamethasone Suppression Testing in Patients with Adrenal Incidentalomas with/Without Mild Autonomous Cortisol Secretion: Spectrum of Cortisol Cutoffs and Additional Assays (An Updated Analysis)
Alexandra-Ioana Trandafir, Mara Carsote
Biomedicines.2025; 13(9): 2169. CrossRef
Update of the guidelines on the management of adrenal incidentaloma from the adrenal group of the Spanish society of endocrinology and nutrition (SEEN)
Marta Araujo-Castro, María Calatayud Gutiérrez, Paola Parra Ramírez, Edelmiro Menéndez Torre, Paz de Miguel, Miguel Paja, Miguel Ángel Mangas, Cristina Lamas Oliveira, Felicia Alexandra Hanzu
Endocrine.2025; 90(2): 453. CrossRef
Morpho-Functional and Biochemical Characterization of Adrenal Masses in a Heterogeneous Cancer Population
Rosaria Meucci, Antonio Stigliano, Giuseppe Campagna, Francesco Garaci, Tommaso Pintus, Guido Roberto, Alberto Signore
Cancers.2025; 17(17): 2897. CrossRef
Mineral Metabolism Assays, Central DXA, and Fracture Risk Probabilities in Menopausal Patients with Non-Functional Adrenal Tumors with/Without Mild Autonomous Cortisol Secretion: Does the Presence of Unilateral Versus Bilateral Tumors Matter?
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The diagnostic value of native and early post-contrast CT attenuation in differentiating benign from potentially malignant adrenal lesions
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International Urology and Nephrology.2025; 58(5): 1727. CrossRef
Feocromocitoma: clasificación molecular en grupos con diferente fenotipo bioquímico noradrenérgico y riesgo de metástasis [Pheochromocytoma: molecular classification into groups with different noradrenergic biochemical phenotypes and risk of metastasis]
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Adrenal Incidentalomas: Diagnostic, Etiological and Therapeutic Aspects
Malak Riznat, Jade Issouani, Mohamed Malad, Hajar Srifi, Ahmed Anas Guerboub
Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases.2025; 15(08): 133. CrossRef
Personalized Management of Malignant and Non-Malignant Ectopic Mediastinal Thyroid: A Proposed 10-Item Algorithm Approach
Mara Carsote, Mihai-Lucian Ciobica, Oana-Claudia Sima, Adrian Ciuche, Ovidiu Popa-Velea, Mihaela Stanciu, Florina Ligia Popa, Claudiu Nistor
Cancers.2024; 16(10): 1868. CrossRef
Temporal trends in clinical features of patients with primary aldosteronism over 20 years
Seung Shin Park, Chang Ho Ahn, Sang Wan Kim, Jung-Min Koh, Seung Hun Lee, Jung Hee Kim
Hypertension Research.2024; 47(8): 2019. CrossRef
Steroid Profiling in the Differential Diagnosis of Cushing's Syndrome and Diagnosis of MACS
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Adrenal incidentalomas
Ivana Ságová
Vnitřní lékařství.2024; 70(5): E9. CrossRef
Ectopic Mediastinal Thyroid: A Crossroad Between a Multi-Layered Endocrine Perspective and a Contemporary Approach in Thoracic Surgery
Claudiu Nistor, Mihai-Lucian Ciobica, Oana-Claudia Sima, Anca-Pati Cucu, Florina Vasilescu, Lucian-George Eftimie, Dana Terzea, Mihai Costachescu, Adrian Ciuche, Mara Carsote
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Mature Adrenal Ganglioneuroma With Lipomatous Content: A Radiological and Histopathological Diagnostic Challenge
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Comparative Analysis of Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Radioimmunoassay in Determining Plasma Aldosterone Concentration and Plasma Renin Activity for Primary Aldosteronism Screening
So Yoon Kwon, Kyeong-Jin Kim, Soo-Youn Lee, Jae Hyeon Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(6): 965. CrossRef

Original Article

Adrenal Gland
Adrenal Morphology as an Indicator of Long-Term Disease Control in Adults with Classic 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: Taek Min Kim, Jung Hee Kim, Han Na Jang, Man Ho Choi, Jeong Yeon Cho, Sang Youn Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(1):124-137. Published online February 8, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1278

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Background
Monitoring adults with classical 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) is challenging due to variation in clinical and laboratory settings. Moreover, guidelines for adrenal imaging in 21OHD are not yet available. We evaluated the relationship between adrenal morphology and disease control status in classical 21OHD.
Methods
This retrospective, cross-sectional study included 90 adult 21OHD patients and 270 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. We assessed adrenal volume, width, and tumor presence using abdominal computed tomography and evaluated correlations of adrenal volume and width with hormonal status. We investigated the diagnostic performance of adrenal volume and width for identifying well-controlled status in 21OHD patients (17α-hydroxyprogesterone [17-OHP] <10 ng/mL).
Results
The adrenal morphology of 21OHD patients showed hypertrophy (45.6%), normal size (42.2%), and hypotrophy (12.2%). Adrenal tumors were detected in 12 patients (13.3%). The adrenal volume and width of 21OHD patients were significantly larger than those of controls (18.2±12.2 mL vs. 7.1±2.0 mL, 4.7±1.9 mm vs. 3.3±0.5 mm, P<0.001 for both). The 17-OHP and androstenedione levels were highest in patients with adrenal hypertrophy, followed by those with normal adrenal glands and adrenal hypotrophy (P<0.05 for both). Adrenal volume and width correlated positively with adrenocorticotropic hormone, 17-OHP, 11β-hydroxytestosterone, progesterone sulfate, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in both sexes (r=0.33–0.95, P<0.05 for all). For identifying well-controlled patients, the optimal cut-off values of adrenal volume and width were 10.7 mL and 4 mm, respectively (area under the curve, 0.82–0.88; P<0.001 for both).
Conclusion
Adrenal volume and width may be reliable quantitative parameters for monitoring patients with classical 21OHD.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Automated deep learning for detection and measurement of adrenal masses in contrast-enhanced abdominal CT
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Endocrinology and Metabolism.2025; 40(6): 991. CrossRef
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Clinical Endocrinology.2024; 101(4): 318. CrossRef
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Multiplexed Serum Steroid Profiling Reveals Metabolic Signatures of Subtypes in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
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Journal of the Endocrine Society.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Anna Nordenström, Svetlana Lajic, Henrik Falhammar
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2022; 37(4): 587. CrossRef
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Fully automatic volume measurement of the adrenal gland on CT using deep learning to classify adrenal hyperplasia
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Review Article

Adrenal gland
Embryonic Development and Adult Regeneration of the Adrenal Gland: Ji-Hoon Kim, Man Ho Choi; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(4):765-773. Published online December 23, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.403

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The adrenal gland plays a pivotal role in an organism’s health span by controlling the endocrine system. Decades of research on the adrenal gland have provided multiscale insights into the development and maintenance of this essential organ. A particularly interesting finding is that founder stem/progenitor cells participate in adrenocortical development and enable the adult adrenal cortex to regenerate itself in response to hormonal stress and injury. Since major advances have been made in understanding the dynamics of the developmental process and the remarkable regenerative capacity of the adrenal gland, understanding the mechanisms underlying adrenal development, maintenance, and regeneration will be of interest to basic and clinical researchers. Here, we introduce the developmental processes of the adrenal gland and discuss current knowledge regarding stem/progenitor cells that regulate adrenal cortex remodeling and regeneration. This review will provide insights into the fascinating ongoing research on the development and regeneration of the adrenal cortex.

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Pubertal Exposure to Lambda-Cyhalothrin Disrupts Adrenal Steroidogenesis via Downregulation of AGTR1A/CYP11B2 and Apoptosis Induction
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Case Report

A Case Report of Bilateral Adrenocortical Carcinoma Complicated by Adrenal Insufficiency.: Min Joo Kim, Jung Hee Kim, Tae Young Kim, Sang Wan Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2011;26(3):243-247. Published online September 1, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2011.26.3.243

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Abstract PDF

Adrenocortical carcinoma is often functional and presents with signs and symptoms of adrenal steroid hormone excess. Adrenal insufficiency secondary to bilateral adrenocortical carcinoma is a particularly rare complication. We recently encountered a case of bilateral adrenocortical carcinoma complicated by adrenal insufficiency. A 52-year-old male was transferred to this hospital complaining of general weakness and weight loss. A bilateral adrenal mass was detected on abdomen CT. Plasma cortisol and aldosterone failed to rise during the rapid ACTH stimulation test. The CT-guided adrenal biopsy revealed findings consistent with adrenocortical carcinoma. Left hemiparesis was developed and brain metastasis was detected via brain MRI. Despite the application of gamma knife surgery and chemotherapy, the disease progressed and the patient died.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Bilateral Adrenocortical Carcinoma Presenting as Acute Adrenal Insufficiency
Anshita Aggarwal, Aprajita Verma, Aparajita Roy, Bindu Kulshreshtha
European Endocrinology.2020; 16(2): 172. CrossRef
A Case of Bilateral ACTH-independent Adrenal Adenomas with Cushing's Syndrome Treated by Ipsilateral Total and Contralateral Partial Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy
Seung Ah Park, Dong min Jung, Soon young Kim, Nan Young Choi, Tae-jun Kim, Yong kyun Kim, Seong kyun Na, Chul Sik Kim, Seong Jin Lee, Sung-Hee Ihm, Jun Goo Kang
The Korean Journal of Obesity.2013; 22(4): 254. CrossRef

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