Endocrinology and Metabolism

Brief Report

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and COVID-19-Related Deaths among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies: Dimitrios Patoulias, Michael Doumas; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(4):904-908. Published online July 27, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1048

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub Crossref - TDM

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic remains an unbeaten enemy. Unfortunately, no targeted treatment option is available. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have increased odds for severe or fatal disease, as demonstrated in recent observational studies. There is an ongoing discussion regarding the impact of different antidiabetic drug classes on outcomes of interest among affected subjects. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have been placed at the epicenter, since the DPP-4 enzyme seems to be implicated in the disease pathogenesis. Herein we present an updated meta-analysis of observational studies addressing the risk of COVID-19 death among patients with T2DM on prior DPP-4 inhibitor treatment. We pooled data from 10 observational studies, showing that DPP-4 inhibitors produce a non-significant decrease in the risk for COVID-19-related death. However, when administered in the inpatient setting, DPP-4 inhibitors decrease the risk for COVID-19-related death by 50%. Ongoing randomized controlled trials will shed further light.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Noninsulin‐based antihyperglycemic medications in patients with diabetes and COVID ‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Mahmoud Nassar, Hazem Abosheaishaa, Awadhesh Kumar Singh, Anoop Misra, Zachary Bloomgarden
Journal of Diabetes.2023; 15(2): 86. CrossRef
COVID-19 and metabolic syndrome
Harsha Dissanayake
Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2023; : 101753. CrossRef
Current management of diabetes patients with COVID-19
Arup Kumar Misra, Gaurav Rangari, Madhavrao C, Sushil Sharma
Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism.2023; : 1. CrossRef
Current management of diabetes patients with COVID-19
Arup Kumar Misra, Gaurav Rangari, Madhavrao C, Sushil Sharma
Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism.2023; : 1. CrossRef
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists, and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors and COVID- 19 Outcomes
Andreana Foresta, Luisa Ojeda-Fernandez, Giulia Macaluso, Maria Carla Roncaglioni, Mauro Tettamanti, Ida Fortino, Olivia Leoni, Stefano Genovese, Marta Baviera
Clinical Therapeutics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-IV) inhibitor was associated with mortality reduction in COVID-19 — A systematic review and meta-analysis
Ahmad Fariz Malvi Zamzam Zein, Wilson Matthew Raffaello
Primary Care Diabetes.2022; 16(1): 162. CrossRef
Preadmission use of antidiabetic medications and mortality among patients with COVID-19 having type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis
Nam Nhat Nguyen, Dung Si Ho, Hung Song Nguyen, Dang Khanh Ngan Ho, Hung-Yuan Li, Chia-Yuan Lin, Hsiao-Yean Chiu, Yang-Ching Chen
Metabolism.2022; 131: 155196. CrossRef
The Association Between Antidiabetic Agents and Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients With Diabetes: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis
Yidan Chen, Xingfei Lv, Sang Lin, Mohammad Arshad, Mengjun Dai
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and COVID-19: A Narrative Review
Cristina Rey-Reñones, Sara Martinez-Torres, Francisco M. Martín-Luján, Carles Pericas, Ana Redondo, Carles Vilaplana-Carnerero, Angela Dominguez, María Grau
Biomedicines.2022; 10(9): 2089. CrossRef
Role of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP4) on COVID-19 Physiopathology
Alba Sebastián-Martín, Belén G. Sánchez, José M. Mora-Rodríguez, Alicia Bort, Inés Díaz-Laviada
Biomedicines.2022; 10(8): 2026. CrossRef
Non-Insulin Novel Antidiabetic Drugs Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19
Teodor Salmen, Valeria-Anca Pietroșel, Bianca-Margareta Mihai, Ioana Cristina Bica, Claudiu Teodorescu, Horia Păunescu, Oana Andreia Coman, Doina-Andrada Mihai, Anca Pantea Stoian
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Antidiabetic treatment and COVID-19 Outcomes: A population-based cohort study in primary health care in Catalonia during the first wave of the pandemic
Dan Ouchi, Carles Vilaplana-Carnerero, Vanessa de Dios, Maria Giner-Soriano, Rosa Morros
Primary Care Diabetes.2022; 16(6): 753. CrossRef
Immunotropic effects of hypoglycemic agents on coronavirus infection: a view from the perspective of pharmacogenetics
Konstantin G. Gurevich, Yulia A. Sorokina, Alexander L. Urakov, Snezhana D. Sinyushkina, Maria I. Pryazhnikova, Alyona V. Gorinova, Lyubov V. Lovtsova, Olga V. Zanozina
Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy.2022; 20(3): 269. CrossRef
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors in COVID-19: Beyond glycemic control
Niya Narayanan, Dukhabandhu Naik, Jayaprakash Sahoo, Sadishkumar Kamalanathan
World Journal of Virology.2022; 11(6): 399. CrossRef
Improvement of glycemic control and reduction of major cardiovascular events in 18 cardiovascular outcome trials: an updated meta-regression
Maria Ida Maiorino, Miriam Longo, Lorenzo Scappaticcio, Giuseppe Bellastella, Paolo Chiodini, Katherine Esposito, Dario Giugliano
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Articles

Clinical Study
Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Population-Based Study in Korea: Ji Hong You, Sang Ah Lee, Sung-Youn Chun, Sun Ok Song, Byung-Wan Lee, Dae Jung Kim, Edward J. Boyko; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(4):901-908. Published online December 10, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.787

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub Crossref - TDM

Background
The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) positive patients with type 2 diabetes compared to those without diabetes in Korea.
Methods
We extracted claims data for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 from the National Health Insurance Service database in Korea from January 20, 2020 to March 31, 2020. We followed up this cohort until death from COVID-19 or discharge from hospital.
Results
A total of 5,473 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were analyzed, including 495 with type 2 diabetes and 4,978 without diabetes. Patients with type 2 diabetes were more likely to be treated in the intensive care unit (ICU) (P<0.0001). The incidence of inhospital mortality was higher in patients with type 2 diabetes (P<0.0001). After adjustment for age, sex, insurance status, and comorbidities, odds of ICU admission (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02 to 2.49; P=0.0416) and in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.13 to 3.21; P=0.0161) among patients with COVID-19 infection were significantly higher in those with type 2 diabetes. However, there was no significant difference between patients with and without type 2 diabetes in ventilator, oxygen therapy, antibiotics, antiviral drugs, antipyretics, and the incidence of pneumonia after adjustment.
Conclusion
COVID-19 positive patients with type 2 diabetes had poorer clinical outcomes with higher risk of ICU admission and in-hospital mortality than those without diabetes. Therefore, medical providers need to consider this more serious clinical course when planning and delivering care to type 2 diabetes patients with COVID-19 infection.

Citations

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Two years of SARS-CoV-2 infection (2019–2021): structural biology, vaccination, and current global situation
Waqar Ahmad, Khadija Shabbiri
The Egyptian Journal of Internal Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Baseline haemoglobin A1c and the risk of COVID‐19 hospitalization among patients with diabetes in the INSIGHT Clinical Research Network
Jea Young Min, Nicholas Williams, Will Simmons, Samprit Banerjee, Fei Wang, Yongkang Zhang, April B. Reese, Alvin I. Mushlin, James H. Flory
Diabetic Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The Role of Diabetes and Hyperglycemia on COVID-19 Infection Course—A Narrative Review
Evangelia Tzeravini, Eleftherios Stratigakos, Chris Siafarikas, Anastasios Tentolouris, Nikolaos Tentolouris
Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Impact of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on the Incidence and Outcomes of COVID-19 Needing Hospital Admission According to Sex: Retrospective Cohort Study Using Hospital Discharge Data in Spain, Year 2020
Jose M. de Miguel-Yanes, Rodrigo Jimenez-Garcia, Javier de Miguel-Diez, Valentin Hernández-Barrera, David Carabantes-Alarcon, Jose J. Zamorano-Leon, Ricardo Omaña-Palanco, Ana Lopez-de-Andres
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(9): 2654. CrossRef
The burden and risks of emerging complications of diabetes mellitus
Dunya Tomic, Jonathan E. Shaw, Dianna J. Magliano
Nature Reviews Endocrinology.2022; 18(9): 525. CrossRef
A Comprehensive Analysis of Chinese, Japanese, Korean, US-PIMA Indian, and Trinidadian Screening Scores for Diabetes Risk Assessment and Prediction
Norma Latif Fitriyani, Muhammad Syafrudin, Siti Maghfirotul Ulyah, Ganjar Alfian, Syifa Latif Qolbiyani, Muhammad Anshari
Mathematics.2022; 10(21): 4027. CrossRef
New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus Presenting As Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Patients With COVID-19: A Case Series
Aysha Sarwani, Mahmood Al Saeed, Husain Taha, Rawdha M Al Fardan
Cureus.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
The management of type 2 diabetes before, during and after Covid-19 infection: what is the evidence?
Leszek Czupryniak, Dror Dicker, Roger Lehmann, Martin Prázný, Guntram Schernthaner
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
High Fibrosis-4 Index Is Related with Worse Clinical Outcome in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Diabetes Mellitus: A Multicenter Observational Study: Sung-Woo Kim, Jae-Han Jeon, Jun Sung Moon, Mi Kyung Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(4):800-809. Published online August 20, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1040

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub Crossref - TDM

Background
Based on recent evidence on the importance of the presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mortality, we analyzed whether these factors could additively predict such mortality.
Methods
This multicenter observational study included 1,019 adult inpatients admitted to university hospitals in Daegu. The demographic and laboratory findings, mortality, prevalence of severe disease, and duration of quarantine were compared between patients with and without DM and/or a high FIB-4 index. The mortality risk and corresponding hazard ratio (HR) were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard models.
Results
The patients with DM (n=217) exhibited significantly higher FIB-4 index and mortality compared to those without DM. Although DM (HR, 2.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.63 to 4.33) and a high FIB-4 index (HR, 4.20; 95% CI, 2.21 to 7.99) were separately identified as risk factors for COVID-19 mortality, the patients with both DM and high FIB-4 index had a significantly higher mortality (HR, 9.54; 95% CI, 4.11 to 22.15). Higher FIB-4 indices were associated with higher mortality regardless of DM. A high FIB-4 index with DM was more significantly associated with a severe clinical course with mortality (odds ratio, 11.24; 95% CI, 5.90 to 21.41) than a low FIB-4 index without DM, followed by a high FIB-4 index alone and DM alone. The duration of quarantine and hospital stay also tended to be longer in those with both DM and high FIB-4 index.
Conclusion
Both DM and high FIB-4 index are independent and additive risk factors for COVID-19 mortality.

Citations

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COVID-19 and hepatic injury: Diversity and risk assessment
Fares E M Ali, Mostafa K Abd El-Aziz, Mahmoud M Ali, Osama M Ghogar, Adel G Bakr
World Journal of Gastroenterology.2023; 29(3): 425. CrossRef
Prevalence and Prognostic Significance of Liver Fibrosis in Patients With Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Tiangui Li, Peng Wang, Xiao Gong, Weelic Chong, Yang Hai, Chao You, Juan Kang, Fang Fang, Yu Zhang
Frontiers in Neurology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Thyroid
Thyroid Hormone Profile and Its Prognostic Impact on the Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Korean Patients: Jiyeon Ahn, Min Kyung Lee, Jae Hyuk Lee, Seo Young Sohn; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(4):769-777. Published online August 27, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1109

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub Crossref - TDM

Background
Data on the association between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and thyroid have been reported, including overt thyrotoxicosis and suppression of thyroid function. We aimed to evaluate the thyroid hormone profile and its association with the prognosis of COVID-19 in Korean patients.
Methods
The clinical data of 119 patients with COVID-19, admitted in the Myongji Hospital, Goyang, South Korea, were retrospectively evaluated. The thyroid hormone profiles were analyzed and compared based on disease severity (non-severe disease vs. severe to critical disease). Clinical outcomes were analyzed according to the tertiles of thyroid hormones.
Results
Of the 119 patients, 76 (63.9%) were euthyroid, and none presented with overt thyroid dysfunction. Non-thyroidal illness syndrome was the most common manifestation (18.5%), followed by subclinical thyrotoxicosis (14.3%) among patients with thyroid dysfunction. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels were significantly lower in patients with severe to critical disease than in those with non-severe disease (P<0.05). Patients in the lowest T3 tertile (<0.77 ng/mL) had higher rates of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit admission, and death than those in the middle and highest (>1.00 ng/mL) T3 tertiles (P<0.05). COVID-19 patients in the lowest T3 tertile were independently associated with mortality (hazard ratio, 5.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.09 to 25.32; P=0.038) compared with those in the highest T3 tertile.
Conclusion
Thyroid dysfunction is common in COVID-19 patients. Changes in serum TSH and T3 levels may be important markers of disease severity in COVID-19. Decreased T3 levels may have a prognostic significance in COVID-19 related outcome.

Citations

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Thyroxine changes in COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Ziqi Li, Pengwei Hou, Shuwen Mu, Renzhi Wang, Hui Miao, Ming Feng, He Wang, Wentai Zhang, Yihao Chen, Tianshun Feng, Shousen Wang, Yi Fang
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Thyroid Function Abnormalities and Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 Infection: A Cross-Sectional Study
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The Spectrum of Thyroid Function Tests and Autoantibodies During Hospitalization and After Six Months of Discharge in COVID-19 Patients: Does COVID-19 Trigger Autoimmunity?
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The Association Between COVID-19 and Thyroxine Levels: A Meta-Analysis
Yiru Chen, Xiuneng Li, Yu Dai, Jingjing Zhang
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The New Entity of Subacute Thyroiditis amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: From Infection to Vaccine
Mihaela Popescu, Adina Ghemigian, Corina Maria Vasile, Andrei Costache, Mara Carsote, Alice Elena Ghenea
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Potential of Endogenous Oxytocin in Endocrine Treatment and Prevention of COVID-19
Stephani C. Wang, Fengmin Zhang, Hui Zhu, Haipeng Yang, Yang Liu, Ping Wang, Vladimir Parpura, Yu-Feng Wang
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The Association Between FT3 With the Outcome and Inflammation/Coagulopathy/Fibrinolysis of COVID-19
Jiayi Deng, Siye Zhang, Fei Peng, Quan Zhang, Yi Li, Yanjun Zhong
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Primary hypothyroidism with an episode of ventricular tachycardia in a patient with COVID-19
Pin-Hsu Liao, Yu-Cheng Cheng, Po-Yu Liu, I-Te Lee
Medicine.2022; 101(25): e29243. CrossRef
Low triiodothyronine syndrome is associated with stroke‐associated pneumonia
Huijun Chen, Minjie Xu, Yezhi Huang, Jincai He, Wenwei Ren
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E. Pappa, P. Gourna, G. Galatas, M. Manti, A. Romiou, L. Panagiotou, R. Chatzikyriakou, N. Trakas, G. Feretzakis, C. Christopoulos
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Thyrotropin Levels in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: Assessment during Hospitalization and in the Medium Term after Discharge
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COVID-19 and thyroid function: What do we know so far?
Camila Lüdke Rossetti, Juliana Cazarin, Fabio Hecht, Fabyan Esberard de Lima Beltrão, Andrea Cláudia Freitas Ferreira, Rodrigo Soares Fortunato, Helton Estrela Ramos, Denise Pires de Carvalho
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Special Article

Miscellaneous
COVID-19 Vaccination for Endocrine Patients: A Position Statement from the Korean Endocrine Society: Cheol Ryong Ku, Kyong Yeun Jung, Chang Ho Ahn, Jun Sung Moon, Ju Hee Lee, Eun Heui Kim, Hyemi Kwon, Hee Kyung Kim, Sunghwan Suh, Sangmo Hong, Jeonghoon Ha, Eun Roh, Jin Hwa Kim, Mi-kyung Kim, the Committee of Clinical Practice Guideline of the Korean Endocrine Society; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(4):757-765. Published online August 17, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.404

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub Crossref - TDM

Since the first outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), ongoing efforts have been made to discover an efficacious vaccine against COVID-19 to combat the pandemic. In most countries, both mRNA and DNA vaccines have been administered, and their side effects have also been reported. The clinical course of COVID-19 and the effects of vaccination against COVID-19 are both influenced by patients’ health status and involve a systemic physiological response. In view of the systemic function of endocrine hormones, endocrine disorders themselves and the therapeutics used to treat them can influence the outcomes of vaccination for COVID-19. However, there are very limited data to support the development of clinical guidelines for patients with specific medical backgrounds based on large clinical trials. In the current severe circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic, position statements made by clinical specialists are essential to provide appropriate recommendations based on both medical evidence and clinical experiences. As endocrinologists, we would like to present the medical background of COVID-19 vaccination, as well as precautions to prevent the side effects of COVID-19 vaccination in patients with specific endocrine disorders, including adrenal insufficiency, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, autoimmune thyroid disease, hypogonadism, and pituitary disorders.

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Hyeyeon Moon, Sunghwan Suh, Mi Kyoung Park
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Javaria Aslam, Faisal Shahzad Khan, Muhammad Talha Haris, Hewad Hewadmal, Maryam Khalid, Mohammad Y. Alshahrani, Qurrat-ul-ain Aslam, Irrum Aneela, Urooj Zafar
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Tina Kienitz, Gesine Meyer
Der Internist.2022; 63(1): 12. CrossRef
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Rimesh Pal, Ameya Joshi, Sanjay K. Bhadada, Mainak Banerjee, Suresh Vaikkakara, Satinath Mukhopadhyay
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Safety of Inactivated and mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination Among Patients Treated for Hypothyroidism: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Xi Xiong, Carlos King Ho Wong, Ivan Chi Ho Au, Francisco Tsz Tsun Lai, Xue Li, Eric Yuk Fai Wan, Celine Sze Ling Chui, Esther Wai Yin Chan, Franco Wing Tak Cheng, Kristy Tsz Kwan Lau, Chi Ho Lee, Yu Cho Woo, David Tak Wai Lui, Ian Chi Kei Wong
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Nikolina Markovic, Anila Faizan, Chirag Boradia, Sridhar Nambi
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No need of glucocorticoid dose adjustment in patients with adrenal insufficiency before COVID-19 vaccine
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Original Articles

Clinical Study
Fasting Plasma Glucose Level Independently Predicts the Mortality of Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection: A Multicenter, Retrospective Cohort Study: Min Cheol Chang, Jong-Moon Hwang, Jae-Han Jeon, Sang Gyu Kwak, Donghwi Park, Jun Sung Moon; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(3):595-601. Published online August 26, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.719

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub Crossref - TDM

Background
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic, which prompts a consensus for the necessity to seek risk factors for this critical disease. Risk factors affecting mortality of the disease remain elusive. Diabetes and hyperglycemia are known to negatively affect a host’s antiviral immunity. We evaluated the relationship between a history of diabetes, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels and mortality among severely ill patients with COVID-19.
Methods
This was a retrospective cohort study that assessed 106 adult inpatients (aged ≥18 years) from two tertiary hospitals in Daegu, South Korea. The participants were transferred to tertiary hospitals because their medical condition required immediate intensive care. The demographic and laboratory data were compared between COVID-19 patients who survived and those who did not.
Results
Compared with the survivor group, age, and the proportions of diabetes, chronic lung disease and FPG were significantly higher in the deceased group. In the Cox proportional hazards regression model for survival analysis, FPG level and age were identified as significant predictors of mortality (P<0.05). The threshold values for predicting high mortality were age >68 years and FPG of 168 mg/dL, respectively. Among those without diabetes, high FPG remained a significant predictor of mortality (P<0.04).
Conclusion
High FPG levels significantly predicted mortality in COVID-19, regardless of a known history of diabetes. These results suggest intensive monitoring should be provided to COVID-19 patients who have a high FPG level.

Citations

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Jiyeon Ahn, Min Kyung Lee, Jae Hyuk Lee, Seo Young Sohn
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(4): 769. CrossRef
Diabetes, hypertension, body mass index, smoking and COVID-19-related mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
Yahya Mahamat-Saleh, Thibault Fiolet, Mathieu Edouard Rebeaud, Matthieu Mulot, Anthony Guihur, Douae El Fatouhi, Nasser Laouali, Nathan Peiffer-Smadja, Dagfinn Aune, Gianluca Severi
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Thyroid
Insights from a Prospective Follow-up of Thyroid Function and Autoimmunity among COVID-19 Survivors: David Tak Wai Lui, Chi Ho Lee, Wing Sun Chow, Alan Chun Hong Lee, Anthony Raymond Tam, Carol Ho Yi Fong, Chun Yiu Law, Eunice Ka Hong Leung, Kelvin Kai Wang To, Kathryn Choon Beng Tan, Yu Cho Woo, Ching Wan Lam, Ivan Fan Ngai Hung, Karen Siu Ling Lam; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(3):582-589. Published online June 8, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.983

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub Crossref - TDM

Background
The occurrence of Graves’ disease and Hashimoto thyroiditis after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) raised concerns that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may trigger thyroid autoimmunity. We aimed to address the current uncertainties regarding incident thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity among COVID-19 survivors.
Methods
We included consecutive adult COVID-19 patients without known thyroid disorders, who were admitted to Queen Mary Hospital from July 21 to September 21, 2020 and had serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine (fT3), and anti-thyroid antibodies measured both on admission and at 3 months.
Results
In total, 122 patients were included. Among 20 patients with abnormal thyroid function tests (TFTs) on admission (mostly low fT3), 15 recovered. Among 102 patients with initial normal TFTs, two had new-onset abnormalities that could represent different phases of thyroiditis. Among 104 patients whose anti-thyroid antibody titers were reassessed, we observed increases in anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO) (P<0.001) and anti-thyroglobulin (P<0.001), but not anti-thyroid stimulating hormone receptor titers (P=0.486). Of 82 patients with negative anti-TPO findings at baseline, 16 had a significant interval increase in anti-TPO titer by >12 U, and four became anti-TPO-positive. Worse baseline clinical severity (P=0.018), elevated C-reactive protein during hospitalization (P=0.033), and higher baseline anti-TPO titer (P=0.005) were associated with a significant increase in anti-TPO titer.
Conclusion
Most patients with thyroid dysfunction on admission recovered during convalescence. Abnormal TFTs suggestive of thyroiditis occurred during convalescence, but infrequently. Importantly, our novel observation of an increase in anti-thyroid antibody titers post-COVID-19 warrants further follow-up for incident thyroid dysfunction among COVID-19 survivors.

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The Spectrum of Thyroid Function Tests and Autoantibodies During Hospitalization and After Six Months of Discharge in COVID-19 Patients: Does COVID-19 Trigger Autoimmunity?
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A prospective follow-up of thyroid volume and thyroiditis features on ultrasonography among survivors of predominantly mild to moderate COVID-19
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The Independent Association of TSH and Free Triiodothyronine Levels With Lymphocyte Counts Among COVID-19 Patients
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Review Articles

Calcium & Bone Metabolism
Interplay of Vitamin D and CYP3A4 Polymorphisms in Endocrine Disorders and Cancer: Siva Swapna Kasarla, Vannuruswamy Garikapati, Yashwant Kumar, Sujatha Dodoala; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(3):392-407. Published online June 3, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1349

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub Crossref - TDM: Vitamin D has received considerable optimistic attention as a potentially important factor in many pathological states over the past few decades. However, the proportion of the active form of vitamin D metabolites responsible for biological activity is highly questionable in disease states due to flexible alterations in the enzymes responsible for their metabolism. For instance, CYP3A4 plays a crucial role in the biotransformation of vitamin D and other drug substances. Food-drug and/or drug-drug interactions, the disease state, genetic polymorphism, age, sex, diet, and environmental factors all influence CYP3A4 activity. Genetic polymorphisms in CYP450-encoding genes have received considerable attention in the past few decades due to their extensive impact on the pharmacokinetic and dynamic properties of drugs and endogenous substances. In this review, we focused on CYP3A4 polymorphisms and their interplay with vitamin D metabolism and summarized the role of vitamin D in calcium homeostasis, bone diseases, diabetes, cancer, other diseases, and drug substances. We also reviewed clinical observations pertaining to CYP3A4 polymorphisms among the aforementioned disease conditions. In addition, we highlighted the future perspectives of studying the pharmacogenetics of CYP3A4, which may have potential clinical significance for developing novel diagnostic genetic markers that will ascertain disease risk and progression.

Best Achievements in Clinical Thyroidology in 2020: Eun Kyung Lee, Young Joo Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(1):30-35. Published online February 24, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.103

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub Crossref - TDM

This review highlights the most interesting research in thyroidology conducted in 2020. The publications of interest discussed below dealt with the following topics: thyroid dysfunction, risk of thyroid cancer, molecular diagnostics and new therapeutics for thyroid cancer, and thyroid disease in the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic era.

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Use of long non-coding RNAs for the molecular diagnosis of papillary thyroid cancer
Daham Kim, Juyeon Yu, Jiwon Kim, Yoon-a Hwang, Jin Kyong Kim, Cheol Ryong Ku, Jung Hyun Yoon, Jin Young Kwak, Kee-Hyun Nam, Eun Jig Lee
Frontiers in Oncology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration with or without Negative Pressure for Different Types of Thyroid Nodules
Qi Zhou, Wenjun Wu, Fang Wang, Xiaohua Gong, Xiaojun Chen
International Journal of General Medicine.2021; Volume 14: 5475. CrossRef

Continuous Glucose Monitoring in the Hospital: M. Citlalli Perez-Guzman, Trisha Shang, Jennifer Y. Zhang, Donna Jornsay, David C. Klonoff; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):240-255. Published online March 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.201

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub Crossref - TDM

Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) have suddenly become part of routine care in many hospitals. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has necessitated the use of new technologies and new processes to care for hospitalized patients, including diabetes patients. The use of CGMs to automatically and remotely supplement or replace assisted monitoring of blood glucose by bedside nurses can decrease: the amount of necessary nursing exposure to COVID-19 patients with diabetes; the amount of time required for obtaining blood glucose measurements, and the amount of personal protective equipment necessary for interacting with patients during the blood glucose testing. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is now exercising enforcement discretion and not objecting to certain factory-calibrated CGMs being used in a hospital setting, both to facilitate patient care and to obtain performance data that can be used for future regulatory submissions. CGMs can be used in the hospital to decrease the frequency of fingerstick point of care capillary blood glucose testing, decrease hyperglycemic episodes, and decrease hypoglycemic episodes. Most of the research on CGMs in the hospital has focused on their accuracy and only recently outcomes data has been reported. A hospital CGM program requires cooperation of physicians, bedside nurses, diabetes educators, and hospital administrators to appropriately select and manage patients. Processes for collecting, reviewing, storing, and responding to CGM data must be established for such a program to be successful. CGM technology is advancing and we expect that CGMs will be increasingly used in the hospital for patients with diabetes.

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The Need for Data Standards and Implementation Policies to Integrate CGM Data into the Electronic Health Record
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Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia: Initial Experience at a Tertiary Care Center
Adrian G. Dumitrascu, Michelle F. Perry, Rebecca J. Boone, Maria P. Guzman, Razvan M. Chirila, Allyson W. McNally, Dorin T. Colibaseanu, Shon E. Meek, Colleen T. Ball, Launia J. White, Ana-Maria Chindris
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More Green, Less Red: How Color Standardization May Facilitate Effective Use of CGM Data
Richard M. Bergenstal, Gregg D. Simonson, Lutz Heinemann
Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology.2022; 16(1): 3. CrossRef
Continuous glucose monitoring in the hospital: an update in the era of COVID-19
Chikara Gothong, Lakshmi G. Singh, Medha Satyarengga, Elias K. Spanakis
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Breakthrough technology for in-hospital glucose monitoring
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The Role of the Diabetes Care and Education Specialist in the Hospital Setting

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Real-Time Monitoring of Blood Parameters in the Intensive Care Unit: State-of-the-Art and Perspectives
Rebecca Bockholt, Shaleen Paschke, Lars Heubner, Bergoi Ibarlucea, Alexander Laupp, Željko Janićijević, Stephanie Klinghammer, Sascha Balakin, Manfred F. Maitz, Carsten Werner, Gianaurelio Cuniberti, Larysa Baraban, Peter Markus Spieth
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Novel Glycemic Index Based on Continuous Glucose Monitoring to Predict Poor Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients: A Pilot Study
Eun Yeong Ha, Seung Min Chung, Il Rae Park, Yin Young Lee, Eun Young Choi, Jun Sung Moon
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Stress-Induced Hyperglycemia: Consequences and Management
Deepanjali Vedantam, Devyani S Poman, Lakshya Motwani, Nailah Asif, Apurva Patel, Krishna Kishore Anne
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Hospital Diabetes Meeting 2022
Jingtong Huang, Andrea M. Yeung, Kevin T. Nguyen, Nicole Y. Xu, Jean-Charles Preiser, Robert J. Rushakoff, Jane Jeffrie Seley, Guillermo E. Umpierrez, Amisha Wallia, Andjela T. Drincic, Roma Gianchandani, M. Cecilia Lansang, Umesh Masharani, Nestoras Math
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Staff knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding glycaemic management in adult intensive care units: A national survey
Miao Huang, Ruiqi Yang, Chuanlai Zhang, Xiuni Gan
Nursing in Critical Care.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of Patient-Driven Lifestyle Modification Using Intermittently Scanned Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Results From the Randomized Open-label PDF Study
Hun Jee Choe, Eun-Jung Rhee, Jong Chul Won, Kyong Soo Park, Won-Young Lee, Young Min Cho
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The Devil Is in the Details: Use, Limitations, and Implementation of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in the Inpatient Setting
Rebecca Rick Longo, Renu Joshi
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Encountering COVID-19 as Endocrinologists: Eun-Jung Rhee, Jung Hee Kim, Sun Joon Moon, Won-Young Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(2):197-205. Published online June 23, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.2.197

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub Crossref - TDM

The world is entering an era of disaster and chaos due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Since its first emergence in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, COVID-19 has swept through Asia and propagated throughout the world to Europe and North America. As of April 13, 1,773,084 people were infected and 111,652 people had died from COVID-19 globally, and new record levels of infection are being reported every day. Based on the data that have been amassed so far, the primary risk factors for a severe disease course or even mortality from COVID-19 are underlying diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. As the global prevalence of diabetes continues to increase, patients with endocrine diseases such as diabetes mellitus and those who are on long-term corticosteroid therapy due to adrenal insufficiency or hypopituitarism are at risk for a poor prognosis of COVID-19. As endocrinologists, we would like to briefly review the current knowledge about the relationship between COVID-19 and endocrine diseases and to discuss what we can do for the safety and health of our patients with endocrine diseases in this globally threatening situation.

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Assessment of Neuroendocrine Changes and Hypothalamo-Pituitary Autoimmunity in Patients with COVID-19
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COVID-19 and diabetes: Association intensify risk factors for morbidity and mortality
Prateek Sharma, Tapan Behl, Neelam Sharma, Sukhbir Singh, Ajmer Singh Grewal, Ali Albarrati, Mohammed Albratty, Abdulkarim M. Meraya, Simona Bungau
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2022; 151: 113089. CrossRef
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Annals of African Medicine.2022; 21(2): 132. CrossRef
Thyroid and COVID-19: a review on pathophysiological, clinical and organizational aspects
G. Lisco, A. De Tullio, E. Jirillo, V. A. Giagulli, G. De Pergola, E. Guastamacchia, V. Triggiani
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Effects of a DPP-4 Inhibitor and RAS Blockade on Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Diabetes and COVID-19
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Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2021; 45(2): 251. CrossRef
COVID-19 Vaccination for Endocrine Patients: A Position Statement from the Korean Endocrine Society
Cheol Ryong Ku, Kyong Yeun Jung, Chang Ho Ahn, Jun Sung Moon, Ju Hee Lee, Eun Heui Kim, Hyemi Kwon, Hee Kyung Kim, Sunghwan Suh, Sangmo Hong, Jeonghoon Ha, Eun Roh, Jin Hwa Kim, Mi-kyung Kim
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Soo Lim, Hyunjung Lim, Jean‐Pierre Després
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Brief Reports

Overweight and Obesity are Risk Factors for Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Propensity Score-Matched Case-Control Study: Wonjun Ji, Rugyeom Lee, Kyungmin Huh, Minsun Kang, In Cheol Hwang, Munkhzul Radnaabaatar, Dae Ho Lee, Jaehun Jung; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(1):196-200. Published online February 24, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.856

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub Crossref - TDM

Although obesity is a risk factor for infection, whether it has the same effect on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) need confirming. We conducted a retrospective propensity score matched case-control study to examine the association between obesity and COVID-19. This study included data from the Nationwide COVID-19 Registry and the Biennial Health Checkup database, until May 30, 2020. We identified 2,231 patients with confirmed COVID-19 and 10-fold-matched negative test controls. Overweight (body mass index [BMI] 23 to 24.9 kg/m²; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1.03 to 1.30) and class 1 obesity (BMI 25 to 29.9 kg/m²; aOR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.42) had significantly increased COVID-19 risk, while classes 2 and 3 obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m²) showed similar but non-significant trend. Females and those <50 years had more robust association pattern. Overweight and obesity are possible risk factors of COVID-19.

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Journal of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery.2021; 10(1): 1. CrossRef

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Year-Long Trend in Glycated Hemoglobin Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Jonghwa Jin, Seong Wook Lee, Won-Ki Lee, Jae-Han Jeon, Jung-Guk Kim, In-Kyu Lee, Yeon-Kyung Choi, Keun-Gyu Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(5):1142-1146. Published online October 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1154

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub Crossref - TDM

It has been suggested that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a negative impact on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, no study has examined yearly trends in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels after the start of the COVID-19 outbreak. Here, we performed a retrospective analysis of HbA1c concentrations during the early period of the COVID-19 outbreak (COVID-19 cohort) and then compared the yearly trend in the mean HbA1c level, along with fluctuations in HbA1c levels, with those during previous years (non-COVID-19 cohorts). We observed that the mean HbA1c level in patients with T2DM increased during the first 6 months of the COVID-19 outbreak. After 6 months, HbA1c levels in the COVID-19 cohort returned to levels seen in the non-COVID-19 cohorts. The data suggest that vulnerable patients with T2DM should be monitored closely during the early period of a pandemic to ensure they receive appropriate care.

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The indirect impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and without COVID-19 infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Zhuoran Hu, Hin Moi Youn, Jianchao Quan, Lily Luk Siu Lee, Ivy Lynn Mak, Esther Yee Tak Yu, David Vai-Kiong Chao, Welchie Wai Kit Ko, Ian Chi Kei Wong, Gary Kui Kai Lau, Chak Sing Lau, Cindy Lo Kuen Lam, Eric Yuk Fai Wan
Primary Care Diabetes.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Article

Mortality and Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Patients with Long-Term Glucocorticoid Therapy: A Korean Nationwide Cohort Study: Eu Jeong Ku, Kee-Ho Song, Kyoung Min Kim, Gi Hyeon Seo, Soon Jib Yoo; Received October 12, 2022 Accepted January 31, 2023 Published online March 21, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1607 [Epub ahead of print]

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub Crossref - TDM: Background
The severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among patients with long-term glucocorticoid treatment (LTGT) has not been established. We aimed to evaluate the association between LTGT and COVID-19 prognosis.
Methods
A Korean nationwide cohort database of COVID-19 patients between January 2019 and September 2021 was used. LTGT was defined as exposure to at least 150 mg of prednisolone (≥5 mg/day and ≥30 days) or equivalent glucocorticoids 180 days before COVID-19 infection. The outcome measurements were mortality, hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, length of stay, and mechanical ventilation.
Results
Among confirmed patients with COVID-19, the LTGT group (n=12,794) was older and had a higher proportion of comorbidities than the control (n=359,013). The LTGT group showed higher in-hospital, 30-day, and 90-day mortality rates than the control (14.0% vs. 2.3%, 5.9% vs. 1.1%, and 9.9% vs. 1.8%, respectively; all P<0.001). Except for the hospitalization rate, the length of stay, ICU admission, and mechanical ventilation proportions were significantly higher in the LTGT group than in the control (all P<0.001). Overall mortality was higher in the LTGT group than in the control group, and the significance remained in the fully adjusted model (odds ratio [OR], 5.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.31 to 6.23) (adjusted OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.67 to 2.00). The LTGT group showed a higher mortality rate than the control within the same comorbidity score category.
Conclusion
Long-term exposure to glucocorticoids increased the mortality and severity of COVID-19. Prevention and early proactive measures are inevitable in the high-risk LTGT group with many comorbidities.

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