Endocrinology and Metabolism

Review Article

Diabetes
Best Achievements in Clinical Medicine in Diabetes and Dyslipidemia in 2020: Eun-Jung Rhee, Mee-Kyung Kim, Won-Young Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(1):41-50. Published online February 24, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.106

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Over the last two decades, our understanding of diabetes and treatment strategies have evolved tremendously, from scientific, mechanistic, and human perspectives. The categories of anti-diabetic medications expanded from a few to numerous, enabling clinicians to personalize diabetes care and treatment. Thanks to rapid growth in the field of science and medical engineering, newer treatment options are coming to the market with various advantages and disadvantages to be aware of. Therefore, clinicians should rapidly adopt new trends based on guidelines and data from many clinical trials in the field of diabetes. In the treatment of dyslipidemia, trends and guidelines are changing every year, and novel therapies are being developed. In this review, we would like to summarize the major achievements in clinical medicine in 2020 in the field of diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Efficacy and safety of enavogliflozin versus dapagliflozin added to metformin plus gemigliptin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes: A double-blind, randomized, comparator-active study: ENHANCE-D study
Kyung-Soo Kim, Kyung Ah Han, Tae Nyun Kim, Cheol-Young Park, Jung Hwan Park, Sang Yong Kim, Yong Hyun Kim, Kee Ho Song, Eun Seok Kang, Chul Sik Kim, Gwanpyo Koh, Jun Goo Kang, Mi Kyung Kim, Ji Min Han, Nan Hee Kim, Ji Oh Mok, Jae Hyuk Lee, Soo Lim, Sang S
Diabetes & Metabolism.2023; 49(4): 101440. CrossRef
Effects of exercise initiation and smoking cessation after new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus on risk of mortality and cardiovascular outcomes
Mee Kyoung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Bongsung Kim, Jinyoung Kim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Combined Effects of Obesity and Dyslipidaemia on the Prevalence of Diabetes Amongst Adults Aged ≥45 Years: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Study
Simin Zhang, Donghan Sun, Xiaoyi Qian, Li Li, Wenwen Wu
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(13): 8036. CrossRef
Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level, Statin Use and Myocardial Infarction Risk in Young Adults
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Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis.2022; 11(3): 288. CrossRef

Case Reports

A Case of von Hippel-Lindau Disease Presenting with Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor.: Jung Hun Ohn, Junghee Kim, Hyun Jung Lee, Won Woo Seo, Yul Hwang-Bo, Eun Shil Hong, Jin Joo Park, Seong Yeon Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2011;26(1):89-91. Published online March 1, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2011.26.1.89

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Abstract PDF

Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is an autosomal dominant disorder that results from a germline mutation of the VHL gene. The affected individuals might develop several benign or malignant tumors such as central nervous system or retinal haemangioblastomas, endolymphatic sac tumors, renal cell carcinomas, pheochromocytomas or pancreatic cysts and neuroendocrine tumors. We report here on a case of a 21 year old female with von Hippel-Lindau disease and she presented with only pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor and no evidence of haemangioblastomas or other visceral complications. Further, direct sequencing of the VHL gene reveals a novel germline frameshift mutation of codon 198 from the deletion of nucleotide 592 (cytosine), leading to truncation of the VHL protein.

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Germline mutation of Glu70Lys is highly frequent in Korean patients with von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease
Sena Hwang, Cheol Ryong Ku, Ji In Lee, Kyu Yeon Hur, Myung-Shik Lee, Chul-Ho Lee, Kyo Yeon Koo, Jin-Sung Lee, Yumie Rhee
Journal of Human Genetics.2014; 59(9): 488. CrossRef

A Case of Complete Agenesis of the Dorsal Pancreas in a Patient with Newly Diagnosed Diabetes Mellitus.: Dong Pil Kim, Kang Seo Park, Dong Sun Kim, Bong Suk Ko, Ji Hae Lee, Jae Hyuk Lee, Jong Ho Shin, Byung Jun Kim, Hyun Jin Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2010;25(1):78-83. Published online March 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2010.25.1.78

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Abstract PDF: Agenesis of the dorsal pancreas is a rare congenital anomaly caused by underdevelopment or agenesis of the dorsal pancreatic bud that forms the upper head, neck, body and tail of the pancreas. We report a case of agenesis of the dorsal pancreas, which was found under examination of diabetes mellitus (DM). A 16-year-old girl was transferred to our hospital because of a positive urine glucose reading during a school-conducted examination. Abdominal computed tomography and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography revealed the deficit of the pancreatic body and tail. Diabetes-associated autoimmune antibodies were negative in a blood test. Decreased beta-cell function was demonstrated by oral glucose tolerance and glucagon stimulation tests. Although the notion that agenesis of the dorsal pancreas leads to decreased endocrine or exocrine function is controversial, the results of this study suggest that we should consider these causes of diabetes mellitus. When treating a young patient with diabetes mellitus, we should consider causes of diabetes mellitus such as congenital anomaly or maturity onset diabetes, in addition to type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Cystic Insulinoma of the Pancreas.: Sun Wook Cho, Eun Jung Lee, Soo Heon Kwak, Young Min Cho, Chan Soo Shin, Kyong Soo Park, Seong Yeon Kim, Bo Youn Cho, Hong Kyu Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(6):552-555. Published online December 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.6.552

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Abstract PDF: Cystic islet cell neoplasms are among the rarest entities in the differential diagnosis of cystic tumor of the pancreas, and this malady raises difficult clinical problems. The diagnosis of insulinoma could be difficult if the functional activity is incomplete, which possibly leads to blunted symptoms of hypoglycemia and failure in the laboratory to provide evidence of hyperinsulinemia. Furthermore, if the imaging shows a smaller tumor than usual or an unusual morphology like cyctic tumor, then physicians can become somewhat confused. We report here on a clinical case of cystic insulinoma with the typical neuroglycopenic symptoms and laboratory-confirmed hyperinsulinemia. At resection, a 2-cm cavitary mass without central necrosis was excised and this was confirmed histologically as a purely cystic insulioma. This is the first report of a functional cystic insulinoma of the pancreas in Korea. We suggest that the differential diagnosis of endocrine tumor must be considered for any pancreatic cyst, and especially when it is discovered in a patient who is clinically suggestive of having the associated syndrome.

Original Article

Standardization of Isolation Procedure and Analysis of Variables on Successful Isolation of Islet from the Human Pancreas.: Song Cheol Kim, Duck Jong Han, Ik Hee Kim, Yoo Me We, Yang Hee Kim, Jin Hee Kim, Ji He Back, Dong Gyun Lim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(1):22-31. Published online February 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.1.22

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Identifying the donor and isolation-related factors during the islet isolation would be greatly helpful to improve the result of human islet isolation for successful clinical islet transplantation. METHODS: Sixty-nine pancreata from cadaveric donors were isolated with standard protocol and analyzed to identify the donor factors and isolation variables for successful isolation. Islet isolations recovered > or = 100,000 Islet Equivalent (IEQ, n=53) were compared to islet mass less than 100,000 IEQ (n=16). RESULTS: The mean islet recovery was 216.0 x 10(3) +/- 173.7 x 10(3) (IEQ) before purification and 130.6 x 10(3) +/- 140.2 x 10(3) (IEQ) after purification. Mean purity was 54 +/- 31%. Mean age of donor was 31.2 +/- 13.2 year and mean cold ischemic time was 6.9 +/- 6.2 hour. Quality of isolated islets was acceptable in terms of bacterial culture, viability and secretory function in vitro and in vivo. In univariate analysis on successful isolation, status of pancreas was the only significant factor and sex, duration of collagenase expansion and digestion time were marginal factors. Stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis showed donor sex, status of pancreas and digestion time were significant factors for the successful islet isolation. CONCLUSION: This study confirms some donor factors and variables in isolation process can influence the ability to obtain the successful isolation of human islet. Enough experiences and pertinent review of donor and isolation factors can make islet isolation successful, supporting the clinical islet transplantation without spending of cost.

Case Report

A Case of Diabetes Mellitus Caused by Calcitonin and Somatostatin Secreting Pancreatic Islet Tumor.: Jae Hoon Chung, Kwang Won Kim, Byoung Joon Kim, Sung Hoon Kim, Kyung Ah Kim, Myung Sik Lee, Moon Gyu Lee, Yong Ki Min, Jong Ryol Ham, Dong Joon Kim, Hoe Jung Lee, Young Ryoon Oh; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1999;14(2):425-431. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: A case of 39-year-old diabetic patient with a calcitonin and somatostatin secreting pancreatic islet tumor is presented. He had suffered from chronic diarrhea and dyspepsia for 10 years and was diagnosed with diabetes 2 years ago. Abdominal CT revealed a huge abdominal mass which was considered as a neuroendocrine tumor after US-guided needle biopsy. A distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy were performed. Histologically, tumor cells, amanged in solid sheets, showed small nuclei without significant atypia and granular eosinophilic cytoplasm. Tumor cells showed strong immunoreacitivity for calcitonin and somatostatin. The serum clacitonin was markedly elevated (268.7 pmol/L, normal range; 0.9-7.6 pmol/L). After resection of the tumor, diarrhea and dyspepsia diappeared, and oral glucose tolerance test showed normal glucose tolerance with normalization of calcitonin.

Original Article

Endocrine Tumors of the Pancreas Secreting Multiple Hormones.: Young Cheol Kim, Oh Joong Kwon, Sun Hoe Kim, Yeo Kyu Yoon, Seung Keun Oh; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1999;14(2):379-391. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Endocrine pancreas tumor is a rare disease which incidence is less than 2% of all pancreatic tumors. But it comprises various types of tumor and usually secretes several hormones from one type of tumor although the patient with this tumor complains of sole symptom associated with only one hormone. The mechanism and clinical significance of multiple hormone secretion in the endocrine pancreas tumom are not yet clearly defined. METHODS: We analyzed retrospectively the clinicopathologic features of 20 cases which were operated at Seoul National University Hospital during the period between February 1989 and May 1998. RESULTS: The most common tumor was insulinoma (13 cases) and the second most common tumor was nonfunctioning tumor (6 cases). There was one case of somatostatinoma. Most of the patients with insulinoma complained of neuroglycopenic symptoms. There were 9 cases (45.0%) in which the tumors secreted more than two kinds of hormones, 7 cases in insulinoma, 2 cases in nonfunctioning tumors. Whether the tumor secreted multiple hormones was detected by the method of immunohistochemical staining. Though the tumors secreted more than two kinds of hormones, the patients with the tumors complained of symptoms which were associated with the cell type most strongly stained by immunohistochemical method. Whether or not the tumors secreted multiple hormones was not associated with the pathologic features such as tumor size, histologic patterns of the tumor, status of tumor cell differentiation and malignancy. CONCLUSION: From this results, we suggest that endocrine tumors of the pancreas secreted multiple hormones not by the mechanism of dedifferentiation from already differentiated endocrine cells but by the mechanism of neogenesis of multipotent islet stem cells. Since the relationship between the function of multiple hormone secretion in the endocrine pancreas tumors and islet stem cell would be significant, further study should be needed to find out the function of stem cells and application of stem cells to clinical use.

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