Warning: fopen(/home/virtual/enm-kes/journal/upload/ip_log/ip_log_2025-04.txt): failed to open stream: Permission denied in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 100 Warning: fwrite() expects parameter 1 to be resource, boolean given in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 101
1Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
2Department of Medical Statistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
4Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
Copyright © 2017 Korean Endocrine Society
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference.
aModel 1: adjusted for age and BMI; bModel 2: adjusted for age, BMI, current smoking, heavy alcohol drinking, regular exercise, calorie intake, education, and income; cModel 3: adjusted as model 2 and metabolic syndrome, age of menarche, parity, and stress perception.
Characteristic | No change (n=2,881) | Weight loss (n=489) | Weight gain (n=1,251) |
---|---|---|---|
Age, yr | 36.3±0.2 | 33.3±0.5a | 34.7±0.3a,b |
Weight, kg | 55.4±0.2 | 56.3±0.5 | 61.1±0.3a,b |
Height, cm | 159.5±0.1 | 160.0±0.3 | 159.9±0.2 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 21.8±0.1 | 22.0±0.2 | 23.9±0.1a,b |
Waist circumference, cm | 73.1±0.2 | 73.3±0.5 | 78.0±0.3a,b |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 108.6±0.3 | 108.2±0.6 | 109.5±0.5 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 71.7±0.2 | 71.2±0.5 | 72.8±0.3a,b |
Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 90.5±0.3 | 93.1±1.7 | 91.7±0.6 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 178.5±0.7 | 177.9±1.8 | 182.0±1.3a,b |
Triglyceride, mg/dL | 78.5 (76.6–80.4) | 74.8 (70.4–79.6) | 90.8 (87.2–94.4)a,b |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 57.7±0.3 | 58.3±0.7 | 55.8±0.4a,b |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 102.8±0.6 | 101.9±1.6 | 105.1±1.1 |
Current smoking, % | 5.0 (0.5) | 9.8 (1.9)a | 6.8 (0.9)a |
Heavy alcohol drinking, % | 2.1 (0.3) | 3.5 (1.2) | 5.3 (1.0)a |
Regular exercise, % | 15.5 (0.9) | 20.6 (2.2)a | 17.5 (1.4)b |
Energy intake/day, kcal | 1,796.9±16.8 | 1,726.7±41.4 | 1,707.9±24.6a |
Carbohydrate, % | 65.1±0.3 | 63.4±0.6a | 63.7±0.4a |
Fat, % | 20.1±0.2 | 21.4±0.5a | 21.2±0.3a |
Protein, % | 14.8±0.1 | 15.2±0.3 | 15.1±0.2 |
Education, college or higher, % | 44.1 (1.3) | 35.5 (2.5)a | 43.4 (1.9)b |
Income, lowest quartile, % | 8.2 (0.7) | 11.4 (1.8) | 8.2 (1.1) |
Presence of spouse, % | 82.4 (1.2) | 72.3 (3.3)a | 82.3 (1.8)b |
Age of menarche, yr | 13.9±0.0 | 13.7±0.1a | 13.7±0.1a |
Parity, % | 67.7 (1.3) | 56.9 (3.0)a | 63.8 (1.8)b |
Menstrual irregularity, % | 13.1 (0.8) | 18.8 (2.2)a | 17.9 (1.3)a |
More than once/3 months, % | 11.0 (0.7) | 16.3 (2.0) | 14.9 (1.2) |
Less than once/3 months, % | 2.1 (0.3) | 2.5 (0.9) | 3.0 (0.6) |
Characteristic | No (n=3,976) | Yes (n=645) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, yr | 35.6±0.2 | 35.1±0.5 | 0.345 |
Weight, kg | 56.9±0.2 | 58.1±0.5 | 0.013 |
Height, cm | 159.7±0.1 | 159.3±0.3 | 0.151 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.3±0.1 | 22.9±0.2 | 0.001 |
Waist circumference, cm | 74.2±0.2 | 75.9±0.5 | <0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 108.7±0.3 | 109.3±0.6 | 0.337 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 72.0±0.2 | 71.9±0.5 | 0.826 |
Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 91.0±0.3 | 91.7±1.0 | 0.526 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 178.8±0.7 | 182.7±1.7 | 0.031 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL | 80.4 (78.8–82.1) | 86.2 (81.7–91.0) | 0.018 |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 57.4±0.2 | 56.6±0.6 | 0.204 |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 102.8±0.6 | 106.2±1.4 | 0.025 |
Diabetes mellitus, % | 2.4 (0.3) | 4.2 (1.0) | 0.033 |
Hypertension, % | 6.7 (0.5) | 8.6 (1.1) | 0.084 |
Metabolic syndrome, % | 9.9 (0.6) | 14.0 (1.6) | 0.007 |
Current smoking, % | 5.7 (0.5) | 7.7 (1.3) | 0.105 |
Heavy alcohol drinking, % | 3.1 (0.4) | 3.3 (1.0) | 0.866 |
Regular exercise, % | 16.6 (0.7) | 16.3 (1.7) | 0.876 |
Energy intake/day, kcal | 1,765.6±14.0 | 1,759.1±38.4 | 0.875 |
Carbohydrate, % | 64.6±0.2 | 64.4±0.5 | 0.772 |
Fat, % | 20.5±0.2 | 20.8±0.4 | 0.590 |
Protein, % | 14.9±0.1 | 14.8±0.2 | 0.652 |
Education, college or higher, % | 45.0 (1.1) | 31.9 (2.3) | <0.001 |
Income, lowest quartile, % | 8.5 (0.7) | 9.2 (1.5) | 0.643 |
Presence of spouse, % | 82.2 (1.2) | 75.9 (2.6) | 0.005 |
Age of menarche, yr | 13.8±0.0 | 14.0±0.1 | 0.025 |
Parity, % | 66.7 (1.1) | 58.5 (2.4) | 0.001 |
Weight changes in previous 1 year, % | 0.001 | ||
No change | 63.1 (1.0) | 53.7 (2.4) | |
Weight loss | 10.3 (0.6) | 13.6 (1.7) | |
Weight gain | 26.6 (0.9) | 32.7 (2.3) | |
Self-perceived weight status, % | 0.019 | ||
Lean | 12.1 (0.6) | 11.4 (1.4) | |
Normal | 43.0 (1.0) | 36.8 (2.4) | |
Obese | 44.8 (1.0) | 51.8 (2.3) | |
Subjective health status, % | <0.001 | ||
Good | 36.3 (1.0) | 29.2 (2.1) | |
Intermediate | 50.9 (1.1) | 50.3 (2.3) | |
Bad | 12.8 (0.6) | 20.6 (1.8) | |
Stress perception, % | 31.7 (0.9) | 38.9 (2.3) | 0.002 |
Depressive symptom, % | 12.9 (0.6) | 18.5 (1.7) | 0.001 |
Suicidal ideation, % | 14.4 (0.7) | 20.6 (1.9) | 0.034 |
Variable | Total (n=4,621) | Obesity (BMI 25 kg/m2) | Abdominal obesity (WC 80 cm) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n=3,706) | Yes (n=901) | No (n=3,497) | Yes (n=1,099) | ||
Model 1a | |||||
No change | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Weight loss | 1.48 (1.07–2.04) | 1.31 (0.91–1.88) | 2.39 (1.20–4.78) | 1.13 (0.83–1.54) | 1.82 (1.20–2.74) |
Weight gain | 1.30 (1.03–1.64) | 1.04 (0.77–1.41) | 2.35 (1.49–3.70) | 1.27 (0.87–1.85) | 2.36 (1.26–4.42) |
P value | 0.012 | 0.343 | 0.001 | 0.399 | 0.003 |
Model 2b | |||||
No change | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Weight loss | 1.65 (1.17–2.33) | 1.43 (0.96–2.11) | 2.77 (1.34–5.72) | 1.16 (0.84–1.61) | 2.07 (1.35–3.18) |
Weight gain | 1.38 (1.09–1.75) | 1.11 (0.81–1.53) | 2.47 (1.54–3.96) | 1.36 (0.91–2.04) | 2.90 (1.51–5.56) |
P value | 0.002 | 0.192 | <0.001 | 0.268 | <0.001 |
Model 3c | |||||
No change | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Weight loss | 1.74 (1.22–2.48) | 1.44 (0.97–2.15) | 3.33 (1.60–6.94) | 1.06 (0.70–1.59) | 3.07 (1.81–5.21) |
Weight gain | 1.45 (1.13–1.86) | 1.16 (0.82–1.62) | 2.62 (1.62–4.24) | 1.65 (1.04–2.62) | 4.43 (1.97–9.98) |
P value | 0.001 | 0.166 | <0.001 | 0.101 | <0.001 |
Values are expressed as mean±SE, geometric mean (95% confidence interval), or % (SE). HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol. a
Values are expressed as mean±SE, geometric mean (95% confidence interval), or % (SE). HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol.
BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference. aModel 1: adjusted for age and BMI; bModel 2: adjusted for age, BMI, current smoking, heavy alcohol drinking, regular exercise, calorie intake, education, and income; cModel 3: adjusted as model 2 and metabolic syndrome, age of menarche, parity, and stress perception.