1. Newell-Price J, Bertagna X, Grossman AB, Nieman LK. Cushing's syndrome. Lancet 2006;367:1605-1617.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
2. Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, Newell-Price J, Savage MO, Stewart PM, Montori VM. The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:1526-1540.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC] [PDF]
3. Reimondo G, Paccotti P, Minetto M, Termine A, Stura G, Bergui M, Angeli A, Terzolo M. The corticotrophin-releasing hormone test is the most reliable noninvasive method to differentiate pituitary from ectopic ACTH secretion in Cushing's syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003;58:718-724.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
4. Nieman LK, Chrousos GP, Oldfield EH, Avgerinos PC, Cutler GB Jr, Loriaux DL. The ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test and the dexamethasone suppression test in the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1986;105:862-867.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
5. Nieman LK, Oldfield EH, Wesley R, Chrousos GP, Loriaux DL, Cutler GB Jr. A simplified morning ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test for the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;77:1308-1312.
[PUBMED]
6. Tsagarakis S, Tsigos C, Vasiliou V, Tsiotra P, Kaskarelis J, Sotiropoulou C, Raptis SA, Thalassinos N. The desmopressin and combined CRH-desmopressin tests in the differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome: constraints imposed by the expression of V2 vasopressin receptors in tumors with ectopic ACTH secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:1646-1653.
[PUBMED]
7. Orth DN, DeBold CR, DeCherney GS, Jackson RV, Alexander AN, Rivier J, Rivier C, Spiess J, Vale W. Pituitary microadenomas causing Cushing's disease respond to corticotropin-releasing factor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982;55:1017-1019.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
8. Newell-Price J, Morris DG, Drake WM, Korbonits M, Monson JP, Besser GM, Grossman AB. Optimal response criteria for the human CRH test in the differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:1640-1645.
[PUBMED]
9. Pecori Giraldi F, Invitti C, Cavagnini F. Study Group of the Italian Society of Endocrinology on the Pathophysiology of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The corticotropin-releasing hormone test in the diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome: a reappraisal. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2001;54:601-607.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
10. Deipolyi AR, Hirsch JA, Oklu R. Bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling with desmopressin. J Neurointerv Surg 2013;5:487-488.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
11. Scott LV, Medbak S, Dinan TG. ACTH and cortisol release following intravenous desmopressin: a dose-response study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1999;51:653-658.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
12. Dichek HL, Nieman LK, Oldfield EH, Pass HI, Malley JD, Cutler GB Jr. A comparison of the standard high dose dexamethasone suppression test and the overnight 8-mg dexamethasone suppression test for the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:418-422.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
13. Aytug S, Laws ER Jr, Vance ML. Assessment of the utility of the high-dose dexamethasone suppression test in confirming the diagnosis of Cushing disease. Endocr Pract 2012;18:152-157.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
14. Aron DC, Raff H, Findling JW. Effectiveness versus efficacy: the limited value in clinical practice of high dose dexamethasone suppression testing in the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:1780-1785.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
15. Findling JW, Raff H. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2001;30:729-747.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
16. Biller BM, Grossman AB, Stewart PM, Melmed S, Bertagna X, Bertherat J, Buchfelder M, Colao A, Hermus AR, Hofland LJ, Klibanski A, Lacroix A, Lindsay JR, Newell-Price J, Nieman LK, Petersenn S, Sonino N, Stalla GK, Swearingen B, Vance ML, Wass JA, Boscaro M. Treatment of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing's syndrome: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:2454-2462.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC] [PDF]
17. Starke RM, Reames DL, Chen CJ, Laws ER, Jane JA Jr. Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for cushing disease: techniques, outcomes, and predictors of remission. Neurosurgery 2013;72:240-247.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
18. Hammer GD, Tyrrell JB, Lamborn KR, Applebury CB, Hannegan ET, Bell S, Rahl R, Lu A, Wilson CB. Transsphenoidal microsurgery for Cushing's disease: initial out come and long-term results. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:6348-6357.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
19. Atkinson AB, Kennedy A, Wiggam MI, McCance DR, Sheridan B. Long-term remission rates after pituitary surgery for Cushing's disease: the need for long-term surveillance. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005;63:549-559.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
20. De Tommasi C, Vance ML, Okonkwo DO, Diallo A, Laws ER Jr. Surgical management of adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting macroadenomas: outcome and challenges in patients with Cushing's disease or Nelson's syndrome. J Neurosurg 2005;103:825-830.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
21. Feelders RA, Hofland LJ. Medical treatment of Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:425-438.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
22. Castinetti F, Guignat L, Giraud P, Muller M, Kamenicky P, Drui D, Caron P, Luca F, Donadille B, Vantyghem MC, Bihan H, Delemer B, Raverot G, Motte E, Philippon M, Morange I, Conte-Devolx B, Quinquis L, Martinie M, Vezzosi D, Le Bras M, Baudry C, Christin-Maitre S, Goichot B, Chanson P, Young J, Chabre O, Tabarin A, Bertherat J, Brue T. Ketoconazole in Cushing's disease: is it worth a try? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99:1623-1630.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
23. Colao A, Petersenn S, Newell-Price J, Findling JW, Gu F, Maldonado M, Schoenherr U, Mills D, Salgado LR, Biller BM. Pasireotide B2305 Study Group. A 12-month phase 3 study of pasireotide in Cushing's disease. N Engl J Med 2012;366:914-924.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
24. Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM. Williams textbook of endocrinology. 12th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2011. p. 492-494.
25. Ross EJ, Linch DC. Cushing's syndrome: killing disease: discriminatory value of signs and symptoms aiding early diagnosis. Lancet 1982;2:646-649.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
26. Newell-Price J, Trainer P, Perry L, Wass J, Grossman A, Besser M. A single sleeping midnight cortisol has 100% sensitivity for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1995;43:545-550.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
27. Newell-Price J. Diagnosis/differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: a review of best practice. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;23(Suppl 1):S5-S14.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
28. Nieman LK, Cutler GB Jr. The sensitivity of the urine free cortisol measurement as a screening test for Cushing's syndrome (abstract 822) In: Program of the 72nd Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society; 1990 Jun 20-23; Atlanta, GA. Atlanta: Endocrine Society; 1990;pp 111.
29. Bope ET, Kellerman RD, Conn HF. Conn's current therapy 2014. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2014. p. 687-774.
30. Elamin MB, Murad MH, Mullan R, Erickson D, Harris K, Nadeem S, Ennis R, Erwin PJ, Montori VM. Accuracy of diagnostic tests for Cushing's syndrome: a systematic review and metaanalyses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:1553-1562.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
31. Newell-Price J, Trainer P, Besser M, Grossman A. The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome and pseudo-Cushing's states. Endocr Rev 1998;19:647-672.
[PUBMED]
32. Arnaldi G, Angeli A, Atkinson AB, Bertagna X, Cavagnini F, Chrousos GP, Fava GA, Findling JW, Gaillard RC, Grossman AB, Kola B, Lacroix A, Mancini T, Mantero F, Newell-Price J, Nieman LK, Sonino N, Vance ML, Giustina A, Boscaro M. Diagnosis and complications of Cushing's syndrome: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:5593-5602.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
33. Malerbi DA, Mendonca BB, Liberman B, Toledo SP, Corradini MC, Cunha-Neto MB, Fragoso MC, Wajchenberg BL. The desmopressin stimulation test in the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1993;38:463-472.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
34. Moro M, Putignano P, Losa M, Invitti C, Maraschini C, Cavagnini F. The desmopressin test in the differential diagnosis between Cushing's disease and pseudo-Cushing states. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:3569-3574.
[PUBMED]
35. Wind JJ, Lonser RR, Nieman LK, DeVroom HL, Chang R, Oldfield EH. The lateralization accuracy of inferior petrosal sinus sampling in 501 patients with Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:2285-2293.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC] [PDF]
36. Lim JS, Lee SK, Kim SH, Lee EJ, Kim SH. Intraoperative multiple-staged resection and tumor tissue identification using frozen sections provide the best result for the accurate localization and complete resection of tumors in Cushing's disease. Endocrine 2011;40:452-461.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
37. Ilias I, Torpy DJ, Pacak K, Mullen N, Wesley RA, Nieman LK. Cushing's syndrome due to ectopic corticotropin secretion: twenty years' experience at the National Institutes of Health. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:4955-4962.
[CROSSREF]
38. Lee HB, Kim ST, Kim HJ, Kim KH, Jeon P, Byun HS, Choi JW. Usefulness of the dynamic gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging with simultaneous acquisition of coronal and sagittal planes for detection of pituitary microadenomas. Eur Radiol 2012;22:514-518.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
39. Portocarrero-Ortiz L, Bonifacio-Delgadillo D, Sotomayor-Gonzalez A, Garcia-Marquez A, Lopez-Serna R. A modified protocol using half-dose gadolinium in dynamic 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging for detection of ACTH-secreting pituitary tumors. Pituitary 2010;13:230-235.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
40. Batista D, Courkoutsakis NA, Oldfield EH, Griffin KJ, Keil M, Patronas NJ, Stratakis CA. Detection of adrenocorticotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas by magnetic resonance imaging in children and adolescents with cushing disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:5134-5140.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
41. Patronas N, Bulakbasi N, Stratakis CA, Lafferty A, Oldfield EH, Doppman J, Nieman LK. Spoiled gradient recalled acquisition in the steady state technique is superior to conventional postcontrast spin echo technique for magnetic resonance imaging detection of adrenocorticotropin-secreting pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1565-1569.
[CROSSREF]
42. Doppman JL, Oldfield E, Krudy AG, Chrousos GP, Schulte HM, Schaaf M, Loriaux DL. Petrosal sinus sampling for Cushing syndrome: anatomical and technical considerations. Work in progress. Radiology 1984;150:99-103.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
43. Oldfield EH, Chrousos GP, Schulte HM, Schaaf M, McKeever PE, Krudy AG, Cutler GB Jr, Loriaux DL, Doppman JL. Preoperative lateralization of ACTH-secreting pituitary microadenomas by bilateral and simultaneous inferior petrosal venous sinus sampling. N Engl J Med 1985;312:100-103.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
44. Deipolyi AR, Hirsch JA, Oklu R. Bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling. J Neurointerv Surg 2012;4:215-218.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
45. Oldfield EH, Doppman JL, Nieman LK, Chrousos GP, Miller DL, Katz DA, Cutler GB Jr, Loriaux DL. Petrosal sinus sampling with and without corticotropin-releasing hormone for the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. N Engl J Med 1991;325:897-905.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
46. Findling JW, Kehoe ME, Raff H. Identification of patients with Cushing's disease with negative pituitary adrenocorticotropin gradients during inferior petrosal sinus sampling: prolactin as an index of pituitary venous effluent. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:6005-6009.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
47. Sharma ST, Raff H, Nieman LK. Prolactin as a marker of successful catheterization during IPSS in patients with ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:3687-3694.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC] [PDF]
48. Batista DL, Zhang X, Gejman R, Ansell PJ, Zhou Y, Johnson SA, Swearingen B, Hedley-Whyte ET, Stratakis CA, Klibanski A. The effects of SOM230 on cell proliferation and adrenocorticotropin secretion in human corticotroph pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:4482-4488.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
49. Pivonello R, Ferone D, de Herder WW, Kros JM, De Caro ML, Arvigo M, Annunziato L, Lombardi G, Colao A, Hofland LJ, Lamberts SW. Dopamine receptor expression and function in corticotroph pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:2452-2462.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
50. Pivonello R, De Martino MC, Cappabianca P, De Leo M, Faggiano A, Lombardi G, Hofland LJ, Lamberts SW, Colao A. The medical treatment of Cushing's disease: effectiveness of chronic treatment with the dopamine agonist cabergoline in patients unsuccessfully treated by surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:223-230.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
51. Dillard TH, Gultekin SH, Delashaw JB Jr, Yedinak CG, Neuwelt EA, Fleseriu M. Temozolomide for corticotroph pituitary adenomas refractory to standard therapy. Pituitary 2011;14:80-91.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
52. Baudry C, Coste J, Bou Khalil R, Silvera S, Guignat L, Guibourdenche J, Abbas H, Legmann P, Bertagna X, Bertherat J. Efficiency and tolerance of mitotane in Cushing's disease in 76 patients from a single center. Eur J Endocrinol 2012;167:473-481.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
53. Fleseriu M. Medical management of persistent and recurrent cushing disease. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2012;23:653-668.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
54. Preda VA, Sen J, Karavitaki N, Grossman AB. Etomidate in the management of hypercortisolaemia in Cushing's syndrome: a review. Eur J Endocrinol 2012;167:137-143.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
55. Bertagna X, Pivonello R, Fleseriu M, Zhang Y, Robinson P, Taylor A, Watson CE, Maldonado M, Hamrahian AH, Boscaro M, Biller BM. LCI699, a potent 11beta-hydroxylase inhibitor, normalizes urinary cortisol in patients with Cushing's disease: results from a multicenter, proof-of-concept study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99:1375-1383.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
56. Castinetti F, Brue T, Conte-Devolx B. The use of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone in Cushing's syndrome. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2012;19:295-299.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
57. Feelders RA, de Bruin C, Pereira AM, Romijn JA, Netea-Maier RT, Hermus AR, Zelissen PM, van Heerebeek R, de Jong FH, van der Lely AJ, de Herder WW, Hofland LJ, Lamberts SW. Pasireotide alone or with cabergoline and ketoconazole in Cushing's disease. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1846-1848.
[CROSSREF]
58. Vilar L, Naves LA, Azevedo MF, Arruda MJ, Arahata CM, Moura ESL, Agra R, Pontes L, Montenegro L, Albuquerque JL, Canadas V. Effectiveness of cabergoline in monotherapy and combined with ketoconazole in the management of Cushing's disease. Pituitary 2010;13:123-129.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
59. Kamenicky P, Droumaguet C, Salenave S, Blanchard A, Jublanc C, Gautier JF, Brailly-Tabard S, Leboulleux S, Schlumberger M, Baudin E, Chanson P, Young J. Mitotane, metyrapone, and ketoconazole combination therapy as an alternative to rescue adrenalectomy for severe ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:2796-2804.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
60. Estrada J, Boronat M, Mielgo M, Magallon R, Millan I, Diez S, Lucas T, Barcelo B. The long-term outcome of pituitary irradiation after unsuccessful transsphenoidal surgery in Cushing's disease. N Engl J Med 1997;336:172-177.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
61. Castinetti F, Nagai M, Dufour H, Kuhn JM, Morange I, Jaquet P, Conte-Devolx B, Regis J, Brue T. Gamma knife radiosurgery is a successful adjunctive treatment in Cushing's disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2007;156:91-98.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
62. Etxabe J, Vazquez JA. Morbidity and mortality in Cushing's disease: an epidemiological approach. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1994;40:479-484.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
63. Dekkers OM, Biermasz NR, Pereira AM, Roelfsema F, van Aken MO, Voormolen JH, Romijn JA. Mortality in patients treated for Cushing's disease is increased, compared with patients treated for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:976-981.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
64. Bertagna X, Guignat L, Groussin L, Bertherat J. Cushing's disease. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;23:607-623.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
65. Feelders RA, Pulgar SJ, Kempel A, Pereira AM. The burden of Cushing's disease: clinical and health-related quality of life aspects. Eur J Endocrinol 2012;167:311-326.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
66. Faggiano A, Pivonello R, Filippella M, Di Somma C, Orio F Jr, Lombard G, Colao A. Spine abnormalities and damage in patients cured from Cushing's disease. Pituitary 2001;4:153-161.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
67. Biering H, Knappe G, Gerl H, Lochs H. Prevalence of diabetes in acromegaly and Cushing syndrome. Acta Med Austriaca 2000;27:27-31.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
68. Taskinen MR, Nikkila EA, Pelkonen R, Sane T. Plasma lipoproteins, lipolytic enzymes, and very low density lipoprotein triglyceride turnover in Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983;57:619-626.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
69. Melanson KJ, McInnis KJ, Rippe JM, Blackburn G, Wilson PF. Obesity and cardiovascular disease risk: research update. Cardiol Rev 2001;9:202-207.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
70. Colao A, Pivonello R, Spiezia S, Faggiano A, Ferone D, Filippella M, Marzullo P, Cerbone G, Siciliani M, Lombardi G. Persistence of increased cardiovascular risk in patients with Cushing's disease after five years of successful cure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:2664-2672.
[PUBMED]