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Volume 36(2); April 2021
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In Memoriam
Miscellaneous
In Memoriam: Remembering Professor Hun-Ki Min (1928–2021)
Young Min Cho
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):207-208.   Published online April 20, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.204
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  • 158 Download
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Review Articles
Obesity and Metabolism
Food Preferences and Obesity
Sara Spinelli, Erminio Monteleone
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):209-219.   Published online April 19, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.105
  • 7,824 View
  • 305 Download
  • 27 Web of Science
  • 26 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Obesity is a multifactorial disease with several potential causes that remain incompletely understood. Recent changes in the environment, which has become increasingly obesogenic, have been found to interact with individual factors. Evidence of the role of taste responsiveness and food preference in obesity has been reported, pointing to a lower taste sensitivity and a higher preference and intake of fat and, to a lesser extent, sweet foods in obese people. Studies in the last decades have also suggested that individual differences in the neurophysiology of food reward may lead to overeating, contributing to obesity. However, further studies are needed to confirm these findings. In fact, only a limited number of studies has been conducted on large samples, and several studies were conducted only on women. Larger balanced studies in terms of sex/gender and age are required in order to control the confounding effect of these variables. As many factors are intertwined in obesity, a multidisciplinary approach is needed. This will allow a better understanding of taste alteration and food behaviours in obese people in order to design more effective strategies to promote healthier eating and to prevent obesity and the related chronic disease risks.

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  • The Role of the Olfactory System in Obesity and Metabolism in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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    Metabolites.2023; 14(1): 16.     CrossRef
  • Taste of Fat and Obesity: Different Hypotheses and Our Point of View
    Laurent Brondel, Didier Quilliot, Thomas Mouillot, Naim Akhtar Khan, Philip Bastable, Vincent Boggio, Corinne Leloup, Luc Pénicaud
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  • Sex as an independent variable in the measurement of satiation: a retrospective cohort study
    Maria D. Hurtado, Lizeth Cifuentes, Alejandro Campos, Alan De La Rosa, Ekta Kapoor, Stephanie S. Faubion, Donald D. Hensrud, Michael Camilleri, Andres Acosta
    International Journal of Obesity.2022; 46(12): 2156.     CrossRef
  • Associations between Overweight and Obesity and Common Mental Disorders and Eating Behaviors of Adult Women
    Ana Clara Justino Valencio, Andressa Bueno Antunes, Lilian Fonseca, Julia Araujo, Maria Clara Goyer Silva, Marcia Costa, Juliana Gomes e Silva Czermainski, Carolina Böettge Rosa, Chaline Caren Coghetto, Randhall Bruce Carteri
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  • Appetitive Motivation and Associated Neurobiology Change Differentially across the Life Course of Mouse Offspring Exposed to Peri- and Postnatal High Fat Feeding
    Laura Contu, Christopher J. Heath, Cheryl A. Hawkes
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    Beverly J Tepper
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    Elena Makarova, Antonina Kazantseva, Anastasia Dubinina, Tatiana Jakovleva, Natalia Balybina, Konstantin Baranov, Nadezhda Bazhan
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Obesity and Metabolism
Digital Therapeutics for Obesity and Eating-Related Problems
Meelim Kim, Hyung Jin Choi
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):220-228.   Published online March 24, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.107
  • 11,067 View
  • 442 Download
  • 17 Web of Science
  • 18 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
In recent years, digital technologies have rapidly advanced and are being applied to remedy medical problems. These technologies allow us to monitor and manage our physical and mental health in our daily lives. Since lifestyle modification is the cornerstone of the management of obesity and eating behavior problems, digital therapeutics (DTx) represent a powerful and easily accessible treatment modality. This review discusses the critical issues to consider for enhancing the efficacy of DTx in future development initiatives. To competently adapt and expand public access to DTx, it is important for various stakeholders, including health professionals, patients, and guardians, to collaborate with other industry partners and policy-makers in the ecosystem.

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Close layer
Obesity and Metabolism
Dopaminergic Control of the Feeding Circuit
Ja-Hyun Baik
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):229-239.   Published online April 6, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.979
  • 10,636 View
  • 515 Download
  • 21 Web of Science
  • 20 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
There is increasing evidence demonstrating that reward-related motivational food intake is closely connected with the brain’s homeostatic system of energy balance and that this interaction might be important in the integrative control of feeding behavior. Dopamine regulates motivational behavior, including feeding behaviors, and the dopamine reward system is recognized as the most prominent system that controls appetite and motivational and emotional drives for food. It appears that the dopamine system exerts a critical role in the control of feeding behavior not only by the reward-related circuit, but also by contributing to the homeostatic circuit of food intake, suggesting that dopamine plays an integrative role across the converging circuitry of control of food intake by linking energy state-associated signals to reward-related behaviors. This review will cover and discuss up-to-date findings on the dopaminergic control of food intake by both the reward-related circuit and the homeostatic hypothalamic system.

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Close layer
Diabetes
Continuous Glucose Monitoring in the Hospital
M. Citlalli Perez-Guzman, Trisha Shang, Jennifer Y. Zhang, Donna Jornsay, David C. Klonoff
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):240-255.   Published online March 31, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.201
  • 20,479 View
  • 740 Download
  • 31 Web of Science
  • 30 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) have suddenly become part of routine care in many hospitals. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has necessitated the use of new technologies and new processes to care for hospitalized patients, including diabetes patients. The use of CGMs to automatically and remotely supplement or replace assisted monitoring of blood glucose by bedside nurses can decrease: the amount of necessary nursing exposure to COVID-19 patients with diabetes; the amount of time required for obtaining blood glucose measurements, and the amount of personal protective equipment necessary for interacting with patients during the blood glucose testing. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is now exercising enforcement discretion and not objecting to certain factory-calibrated CGMs being used in a hospital setting, both to facilitate patient care and to obtain performance data that can be used for future regulatory submissions. CGMs can be used in the hospital to decrease the frequency of fingerstick point of care capillary blood glucose testing, decrease hyperglycemic episodes, and decrease hypoglycemic episodes. Most of the research on CGMs in the hospital has focused on their accuracy and only recently outcomes data has been reported. A hospital CGM program requires cooperation of physicians, bedside nurses, diabetes educators, and hospital administrators to appropriately select and manage patients. Processes for collecting, reviewing, storing, and responding to CGM data must be established for such a program to be successful. CGM technology is advancing and we expect that CGMs will be increasingly used in the hospital for patients with diabetes.

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Close layer
Diabetes
Cardiorenal Protection in Diabetic Kidney Disease
Jason F. Lee, Ecaterina Berzan, Vikas S. Sridhar, Ayodele Odutayo, David Z.I. Cherney
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):256-269.   Published online April 19, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.987
  • 7,016 View
  • 315 Download
  • 10 Web of Science
  • 12 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Over the last 5 years there have been many new developments in the management of diabetic kidney disease. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors were initially used for glycemic control, but more recent studies have now shown that their benefits extend to cardiovascular and kidney outcomes. The recent addition of data on the novel mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) gives us another approach to further decrease the residual risk of diabetic kidney disease progression. In this review we describe the mechanism of action, key studies, and possible adverse effects related to these three classes of medications. The management of type 2 diabetes now includes an increasing number of medications for the management of comorbidities in a patient population at significant risk of cardiovascular disease and progression of chronic kidney disease. It is from this perspective that we seek to outline the rationale for the sequential and/or combined use of SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 RA and MRAs in patients with type 2 diabetes for heart and kidney protection.

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Close layer
Bone Metabolism
Operationalizing Treat-to-Target for Osteoporosis
E. Michael Lewiecki
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):270-278.   Published online March 24, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.970
  • 6,825 View
  • 344 Download
  • 6 Web of Science
  • 6 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Treat-to-target (TTT) for osteoporosis is a concept for individualizing patient treatment decisions that focuses on achieving an acceptable level of fracture risk rather than response to treatment alone. While a response to treatment is essential in order to achieve an acceptable level of risk, it is not necessarily sufficient. Some patients have a good response to treatment yet remain at high level of fracture risk. Since there is no way to directly measure bone strength in patients treated for osteoporosis, a surrogate measurement must be used. Bone mineral density (BMD) is commonly used to select patients for treatment and has emerged as the most useful surrogate for assessing reduction of fracture risk after treatment is started. Recent large meta-regression studies have shown a robust correlation between larger increases in BMD with treatment and greater reductions in fracture risk. Application of TTT for osteoporosis involves assessing fracture risk before starting treatment and initiating treatment with an agent that is most likely to reduce fracture risk to an acceptable level, represented by a target BMD T-score, over a reasonable period of time. This review offers suggestions for implementing TTT for osteoporosis in clinical practice and managing patients who fail or succeed in reaching the target. More study is needed to fully validate the use of TTT for osteoporosis for initiating and modifying treatments to reduce fracture risk.

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Close layer
Obesity and Metabolism
Role of PCSK9 Inhibitors in Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Brian Tomlinson, Nivritti Gajanan Patil, Manson Fok, Christopher Wai Kei Lam
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):279-295.   Published online April 19, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.964
  • 7,904 View
  • 324 Download
  • 17 Web of Science
  • 18 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) are at high or very high risk for cardiovascular disease. Those with heterozygous FH (HeFH) often do not reach low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) targets with statin and ezetimibe therapy, and those with homozygous FH (HoFH) usually require additional lipid-modifying therapies. Drugs that inhibit proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) offer a novel approach to reduce LDL-C. The monoclonal antibodies, alirocumab and evolocumab, given by subcutaneous injection every 2 or 4 weeks produce reductions in LDL-C of 50% to 60% in patients with HeFH, allowing many of them to achieve their LDL-C goals. Patients with HoFH show a reduced and more variable LDL-C response, which appears to depend on residual LDL receptor activity, and those with receptor-negative mutations may show no response. Inclisiran is a long-acting small interfering RNA therapeutic agent that inhibits the synthesis of PCSK9. Subcutaneous doses of 300 mg can reduce LDL-C by more than 50% for at least 6 months and the responses in HeFH and HoFH patients are similar to those achieved with monoclonal antibodies. These PCSK9 inhibitors are generally well tolerated and they provide a new opportunity for effective treatment for the majority of patients with FH.

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Close layer
Obesity and Metabolism
An Update on Contraception in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Seda Hanife Oguz, Bulent Okan Yildiz
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):296-311.   Published online April 15, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.958
  • 15,786 View
  • 892 Download
  • 21 Web of Science
  • 24 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in reproductive-aged women, characterized by hyperandrogenism, oligo/anovulation, and polycystic ovarian morphology. Combined oral contraceptives (COCs), along with lifestyle modifications, represent the first-line medical treatment for the long-term management of PCOS. Containing low doses of estrogen and different types of progestin, COCs restore menstrual cyclicity, improve hyperandrogenism, and provide additional benefits such as reducing the risk of endometrial cancer. However, potential cardiometabolic risk associated with these agents has been a concern. COCs increase the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), related both to the dose of estrogen and the type of progestin involved. Arterial thrombotic events related to COC use occur much less frequently, and usually not a concern for young patients. All patients diagnosed with PCOS should be carefully evaluated for cardiometabolic risk factors at baseline, before initiating a COC. Age, smoking, obesity, glucose intolerance or diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, thrombophilia, and family history of VTE should be recorded. Patients should be re-assessed at consecutive visits, more closely if any baseline cardiometabolic risk factor is present. Individual risk assessment is the key in order to avoid unfavorable outcomes related to COC use in women with PCOS.

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Close layer
Miscellaneous
Clinical Characteristics, Management, and Potential Biomarkers of Endocrine Dysfunction Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Shintaro Iwama, Tomoko Kobayashi, Hiroshi Arima
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):312-321.   Published online April 27, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1007
  • 6,826 View
  • 288 Download
  • 22 Web of Science
  • 19 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) affecting the endocrine glands are among the most frequent irAEs induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and include hypopituitarism, primary adrenal insufficiency, thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Since the incidence and clinical features of endocrine irAEs vary according to the ICI used, it is important to understand the characteristics of these irAEs and to manage each one appropriately. Since some endocrine irAEs, including adrenal crisis and diabetic ketoacidosis, are potentially life-threatening, predicting the risk of endocrine irAEs before their onset is critical. Several autoantibodies have been detected in patients who develop endocrine irAEs, among which anti-thyroid antibodies may be predictive biomarkers of thyroid dysfunction. In this review, we describe the clinical features of each endocrine irAE induced by ICIs and discuss their potential biomarkers, including autoantibodies.

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    Charity Tan, Sarah Hendricks, Kristina Hernandez, Martha Benavides, Rupinderjit Samra
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Close layer
Special Article
Adrenal gland
Diagnosis for Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: A Joint Position Statement of the Korean Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Task Force
Eu Jeong Ku, Kyoung Jin Kim, Jung Hee Kim, Mi Kyung Kim, Chang Ho Ahn, Kyung Ae Lee, Seung Hun Lee, You-Bin Lee, Kyeong Hye Park, Yun Mi Choi, Namki Hong, A Ram Hong, Sang-Wook Kang, Byung Kwan Park, Moon-Woo Seong, Myungshin Kim, Kyeong Cheon Jung, Chan Kwon Jung, Young Seok Cho, Jin Chul Paeng, Jae Hyeon Kim, Ohk-Hyun Ryu, Yumie Rhee, Chong Hwa Kim, Eun Jig Lee
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):322-338.   Published online April 6, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.908
  • 9,692 View
  • 694 Download
  • 11 Web of Science
  • 15 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGLs) are rare catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumors but can be life-threatening. Although most PPGLs are benign, approximately 10% have metastatic potential. Approximately 40% cases are reported as harboring germline mutations. Therefore, timely and accurate diagnosis of PPGLs is crucial. For more than 130 years, clinical, molecular, biochemical, radiological, and pathological investigations have been rapidly advanced in the field of PPGLs. However, performing diagnostic studies to localize lesions and detect metastatic potential can be still challenging and complicated. Furthermore, great progress on genetics has shifted the paradigm of genetic testing of PPGLs. The Korean PPGL task force team consisting of the Korean Endocrine Society, the Korean Surgical Society, the Korean Society of Nuclear Medicine, the Korean Society of Pathologists, and the Korean Society of Laboratory Medicine has developed this position statement focusing on the comprehensive and updated diagnosis for PPGLs.

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    Yin Young Lee, Seung Min Chung
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Editorial
Close layer
Original Articles
Clinical Study
Associations of GNAS Mutations with Surgical Outcomes in Patients with Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma
Hyein Jung, Kyungwon Kim, Daham Kim, Ju Hyung Moon, Eui Hyun Kim, Se Hoon Kim, Cheol Ryong Ku, Eun Jig Lee
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):342-350.   Published online March 23, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.875
  • 5,331 View
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  • 7 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
The guanine nucleotide-binding protein, alpha stimulating (GNAS) gene has been associated with growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenoma. We investigated the prevalence of GNAS mutations in Korean patients with acromegaly and assessed whether mutation status correlated with biochemical or clinical characteristics.
Methods
We studied 126 patients with acromegaly who underwent surgery between 2005 and 2014 at Severance Hospital. We performed GNAS gene analysis and evaluated age, sex, hormone levels, postoperative biochemical remission, and immunohistochemical staining results of the tumor.
Results
GNAS mutations were present in 75 patients (59.5%). Patients with and without GNAS mutations showed similar age distribution and Knosp classification. The proportion of female patients was 76.5% and 48.0% in the GNAS-negative and GNAS-mutation groups, respectively (P=0.006). In immunohistochemical staining, the GNAS-mutation group showed higher GH expression in pituitary tumor tissues than the mutation-negative group (98.7% vs. 92.2%, P=0.015). Patients with GNAS mutations had higher preoperative insulin-like growth factor-1 levels (791.3 ng/mL vs. 697.0 ng/mL, P=0.045) and lower immediate postoperative basal (0.9 ng/mL vs. 1.0 ng/mL, P=0.191) and nadir GH levels (0.3 ng/mL vs. 0.6 ng/mL, P=0.012) in oral glucose tolerance tests. Finally, the GNAS-mutation group showed significantly higher surgical remission rates than the mutation-negative group, both at 1 week and 6 months after surgical resection (70.7% vs. 54.9%, P=0.011; 85.3% vs. 82.4%, P=0.007, respectively).
Conclusion
GNAS mutations in GH-secreting pituitary tumors are associated with higher preoperative insulin-like growth factor-1 levels and surgical remission rates and lower immediate postoperative nadir GH levels. Thus, GNAS mutation status can predict surgical responsiveness in patients with acromegaly.

Citations

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  • Genetic diagnosis in acromegaly and gigantism: From research to clinical practice
    Claudia Ramírez-Rentería, Laura C. Hernández-Ramírez
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    Ioana Balinisteanu, Lavinia Caba, Andreea Florea, Roxana Popescu, Laura Florea, Maria-Christina Ungureanu, Letitia Leustean, Eusebiu Vlad Gorduza, Cristina Preda
    Current Issues in Molecular Biology.2024; 46(8): 9093.     CrossRef
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    Haruto Nishida, Yoshihiko Kondo, Takahiro Kusaba, Kazuhiro Kawamura, Yuzo Oyama, Tsutomu Daa, Avaniyapuram Kannan Murugan
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    Xiya Ma, Kun Zhang, Jing Xu, Hongjun Gao, Shaoxing Yang, Haifeng Qin, Hong Wang, Fang Gao, Xiaoqing Liu
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    Kyungwon Kim, Cheol Ryong Ku, Eun Jig Lee
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Close layer
Clinical Study
Radioactive Parathyroid Adenomas on Sestamibi Scans: Low Parathyroid Hormone Secretory Potential and Large Volume
Sung Hye Kong, Jung Hee Kim, Sang Wan Kim, Chan Soo Shin
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):351-358.   Published online April 6, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.823
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
We investigated the clinical characteristics of parathyroid adenomas according to radioactivity on 99mTc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (99mTc-MIBI) single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) patients.
Methods
The study included 217 patients diagnosed with PHPT from 2000 to 2019 at Seoul National University Hospital who underwent 99mTc-MIBI SPECT/CT scans. On SPECT/CT, the radioactivity of parathyroid adenomas was measured as the ratio of the mean radioactivity count of the parathyroid adenoma to that of the contralateral thyroid.
Results
Tumors were localized by MIBI scans in 190 patients (MIBI [+] group) and by ultrasound or parathyroid four-dimensional CT in 27 patients (MIBI [–] group). The mean age was 55 years, and mean body mass index was 23.4 kg/m2. Patients in the MIBI (+) group had higher parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and lower 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels than those in the MIBI (–) group (168.0 pg/mL [interquartile range, IQR, 111.0 to 250.7] vs. 134.7 pg/mL [IQR, 98.2 to 191.2], P=0.049; 15.4 ng/mL [IQR, 11.1 to 20.8] vs. 21.2 ng/mL [IQR, 13.9 to 24.8], P=0.012, respectively). Patients in the MIBI (+) group had larger tumor volumes, but lower iPTH/volume ratios than those in the MIBI (–) group (1,216.66 [IQR, 513.40 to 2,663.02], 499.82 mm3 [IQR, 167.77 to 1,229.80], P=0.002; 0.18 [IQR, 0.08 to 0.46], 0.40 pg/mL/mm3 [IQR, 0.16 to 1.29], P=0.016, respectively). Adenoma radioactivity was positively correlated with calcium, iPTH, and volume (r=0.180, P=0.020; r=0.208, P=0.006; r=0.288, P<0.001, respectively), but not with iPTH/volume.
Conclusion
Parathyroid adenomas with positive MIBI scans had larger volumes and higher iPTH than adenomas with negative scans, but lower iPTH per unit volume.

Citations

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  • Protein Signatures of Parathyroid Adenoma according to Tumor Volume and Functionality
    Sung Hye Kong, Jeong Mo Bae, Jung Hee Kim, Sang Wan Kim, Dohyun Han, Chan Soo Shin
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(2): 375.     CrossRef
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    Yeon-Hee Han, Hwan-Jeong Jeong, Sun Young Lee, Seok Tae Lim
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    Antonio Giulio Napolitano, Massimo Monacelli, Valeria Liparulo, Eleonora Coviello, Domenico Pourmolkara, Stefano Avenia, Andrea Polistena
    Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research.2023; 105(2): 76.     CrossRef
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    Guler Silov, Serpil Erdogan Ozbodur
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Close layer
Clinical Study
Protocol for a Korean Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study of Active Surveillance or Surgery (KoMPASS) in Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma
Min Ji Jeon, Yea Eun Kang, Jae Hoon Moon, Dong Jun Lim, Chang Yoon Lee, Yong Sang Lee, Sun Wook Kim, Min-Hee Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, Ho-Cheol Kang, Minho Shong, Sun Wook Cho, Won Bae Kim
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):359-364.   Published online March 23, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.890
Correction in: Endocrinol Metab 2022;37(1):181
  • 6,711 View
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  • 20 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
A Korean Multicenter Prospective cohort study of Active Surveillance or Surgery (KoMPASS) for papillary thyroid microcarcinomas (PTMCs) has been initiated. The aim is to compare clinical outcomes between active surveillance (AS) and an immediate lobectomy for low-risk PTMCs. We here outline the detailed protocol for this study.
Methods
Adult patients with a cytopathologically confirmed PTMC sized 6.0 to 10.0 mm by ultrasound (US) will be included. Patients will be excluded if they have a suspicious extra-thyroidal extension or metastasis of a PTMC or multiple thyroid nodules or other thyroid diseases which require a total thyroidectomy. Printed material describing the prognosis of PTMCs, and the pros and cons of each management option, will be provided to eligible patients to select their preferred intervention. For the AS group, thyroid US, thyroid function, and quality of life (QoL) parameters will be monitored every 6 months during the first year, and then annually thereafter. Disease progression will be defined as a ≥3 mm increase in maximal diameter of a PTMC, or the development of new thyroid cancers or metastases. If progression is detected, patients should undergo appropriate surgery. For the lobectomy group, a lobectomy with prophylactic central neck dissection will be done within 6 months. After initial surgery, thyroid US, thyroid function, serum thyroglobulin (Tg), anti-Tg antibody, and QoL parameters will be monitored every 6 months during the first year and annually thereafter. Disease progression will be defined in these cases as the development of new thyroid cancers or metastases.
Conclusion
KoMPASS findings will help to confirm the role of AS, and develop individualized management strategies, for low-risk PTMCs.

Citations

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  • Active Surveillance for Low-Risk Thyroid Cancers: A Review of Current Practice Guidelines
    Min Joo Kim, Jae Hoon Moon, Eun Kyung Lee, Young Shin Song, Kyong Yeun Jung, Ji Ye Lee, Ji-hoon Kim, Kyungsik Kim, Sue K. Park, Young Joo Park
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    Jee Hee Yoon, Wonsuk Choi, Ji Yong Park, A Ram Hong, Hee Kyung Kim, Ho-Cheol Kang
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