Endocrinology and Metabolism

Brief Report

Obesity and Metabolism
Overweight and Obesity are Risk Factors for Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Propensity Score-Matched Case-Control Study: Wonjun Ji, Rugyeom Lee, Kyungmin Huh, Minsun Kang, In Cheol Hwang, Munkhzul Radnaabaatar, Dae Ho Lee, Jaehun Jung; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(1):196-200. Published online February 24, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.856

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Although obesity is a risk factor for infection, whether it has the same effect on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) need confirming. We conducted a retrospective propensity score matched case-control study to examine the association between obesity and COVID-19. This study included data from the Nationwide COVID-19 Registry and the Biennial Health Checkup database, until May 30, 2020. We identified 2,231 patients with confirmed COVID-19 and 10-fold-matched negative test controls. Overweight (body mass index [BMI] 23 to 24.9 kg/m²; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1.03 to 1.30) and class 1 obesity (BMI 25 to 29.9 kg/m²; aOR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.42) had significantly increased COVID-19 risk, while classes 2 and 3 obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m²) showed similar but non-significant trend. Females and those <50 years had more robust association pattern. Overweight and obesity are possible risk factors of COVID-19.

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Original Article

Miscellaneous
Influence of Vitamin D Deficiency on Progression of Experimental Otitis Media in Rats: Hee-Bok Kim, So Hyun Lim, Chang Gun Cho, Han Seok Choi; Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(2):296-304. Published online June 21, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.2.296

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Background

Vitamin D plays an important role in the immune response against infection. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of vitamin D deficiency on the progression of otitis media (OM) using an experimental rat model.

Methods

Four-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=72) were divided into two groups based on their diet: a control diet group (n=36) and a vitamin D-deficient diet group (n=36). After 8 weeks of diet, experimental OM was induced by inoculation of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae in the middle ear cavity. The rats were evaluated with otomicroscopy to determine the inflammation in the middle ear mucosa on days 1, 2, 4, 7, and 14 post-inoculation. Bullae from sacrificed rats were collected and analyzed histologically.

Results

The middle ear mucosa from rats with vitamin D deficiency showed a significantly higher thickness than that of controls during the course of OM. The maximum mucosal thickness was 56.0±9.1 µm in the vitamin D deficiency group, and 43.9±9.8 µm in the control group, although there was no significant difference in the tympanic membrane score between the two groups evaluated with otomicroscopy. An immunohistochemical study showed increased expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α in rats manifesting vitamin D deficiency and decreased expression of IL-10 compared with controls.

Conclusion

Our results showed that vitamin D deficiency may exacerbate the pathophysiological changes of OM via altered cytokine production. Therefore, maintaining vitamin D status in the optimal range may be beneficial for proper management of OM.

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The role of vitamin D in subjective tinnitus—A case-control study
Magdalena Nowaczewska, Stanisław Osiński, Maria Marzec, Michał Wiciński, Katarzyna Bilicka, Wojciech Kaźmierczak, Rafael da Costa Monsanto
PLOS ONE.2021; 16(8): e0255482. CrossRef
Vitamin D and Otitis Media
Rebecca E. Walker, Jim Bartley, Carlos A. Camargo, Edwin A. Mitchell
Current Allergy and Asthma Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

Review Article

Thyroid
Clinical Relevance of Environmental Factors in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: Wilmar M. Wiersinga; Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(2):213-222. Published online May 13, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.2.213

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Genetic factors contribute for about 70% to 80% and environmental factors for about 20% to 30% to the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). Relatives of AITD patients carry a risk to contract AITD themselves. The 5-year risk can be quantified by the so-called Thyroid Events Amsterdam-score, based on serum thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroid peroxidase (TPO)-antibodies and family history. Subjects at risk may ask what they can do to prevent development of AITD. This review summarizes what is known about modulation of exposure to environmental factors in terms of AITD prevention. To stop smoking decreases the risk on Graves disease but increases the risk on Hashimoto disease. Moderate alcohol intake provides some protection against both Graves and Hashimoto disease. Low selenium intake is associated with a higher prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity, but evidence that selenium supplementation may lower TPO antibodies and prevent subclinical hypothyroidism remains inconclusive. Low serum vitamin D levels are associated with a higher prevalence of TPO antibodies, but intervention studies with extra vitamin D have not been done yet. Stress may provoke Graves hyperthyroidism but not Hashimoto thyroiditis. Estrogen use have been linked to a lower prevalence of Graves disease. The postpartum period is associated with an increased risk of AITD. Taking together, preventive interventions to diminish the risk of AITD are few, not always feasible, and probably of limited efficacy.

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Original Article

Obesity and Metabolism
Helicobacter pylori Stool Antigen Levels and Serological Biomarkers of Gastric Inflammation are Associated with Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: Zahra Bahadoran, Parvin Mirmiran, Maryam Zarif-yeaganeh, Homayoun Zojaji, Fereidoun Azizi; Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(3):280-287. Published online May 18, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.3.280

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Background

Helicobacter pylori infection and subsequent gastric inflammation have been proposed as risk factors for the development of insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. In this study we assessed the possible association of H. pylori bacterial load, and serum biomarker of gastric inflammation with cardiometabolic risk factors in diabetic patients.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, 84 H. pylori-infected type 2 diabetic patients were assessed for anthropometrics, biochemical and clinical measurements. Pearson correlation test, linear, and logarithmic regression curve estimation models were used to assess the association of H. pylori stool antigen (HpSAg) levels, and pepsinogen I (PGI) to pepsinogen II (PGII) ratio with fasting serum glucose, insulin, serum lipid and lipoprotein parameters, malondialdehyde, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body weight, waist circumference and lipid accumulation product (LAP) index.

Results

The mean age of participants was 54±10 years, and 44% were men. Mean HpSAg levels and PGI/PGII ratio were 0.24±0.23 µg/mL and 9.9±9.0, respectively. Higher HpSAg as well as lower PGI/PGII was correlated with higher anthropometric measures and LAP. A significant negative correlation between PGI/PGII ratio and blood pressure (r=-0.21 and r=-0.22, systolic and diastolic, respectively, P<0.05), serum insulin (r=-0.17, P=0.05), and hs-CRP (r=-0.17, P=0.05) was observed. A significant linear association between PGI/PGII ratio with serum triglycerides (β=-0.24, P<0.05), serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; β=0.43, P<0.01), and triglycerides/HDL-C ratio (β=-0.28, P<0.05) were observed.

Conclusion

Higher H. pylori bacterial load and lower PGI/PGII ratio was associated with higher levels of cardiometabolic risk factors in H. pylori infected type 2 diabetic patients.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Both diet and Helicobacter pylori infection contribute to atherosclerosis in pre- and postmenopausal cynomolgus monkeys
Traci L. Testerman, Cristina Semino-Mora, Jennifer A. Cann, Beidi Qiang, Edsel A. Peña, Hui Liu, Cara H. Olsen, Haiying Chen, Susan E. Appt, Jay R. Kaplan, Thomas C. Register, D. Scott Merrell, Andre Dubois, Xianwu Cheng
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Associations of Helicobacter pylori infection and peptic disease with diabetic mellitus: Results from a large population-based study
Saeda Haj, Gabriel Chodick, Rotem Refaeli, Sophy Goren, Varda Shalev, Khitam Muhsen, David M. Ojcius
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Journal of Diabetes Mellitus.2016; 06(03): 185. CrossRef
Update on prevention and treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection
Zhao-Chun Chi
World Chinese Journal of Digestology.2016; 24(16): 2454. CrossRef

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