Fig. 1Selection of the participants.
Fig. 2Comparison of mean (A) tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and (B) adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP) levels according to four groups divided by metabolic health and obesity. MHNO, metabolically healthy nonobese; MHO, metabolically healthy obese; MUHNO, metabolically unhealthy nonobese; MUHO, metabolically unhealthy obese. a,bDifferent letters denote significant differences between the designated groups in post hoc analyses. Otherwise, groups showed no significant differences between each groups with post hoc analyses.
Table 1General Characteristics of the Participants (n=456)
Characteristic |
Value |
Age, yr |
40.5±6.1 |
Male sex |
303 (66.4) |
Body weight, kg |
67.0±11.6 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
23.6±2.9 |
SBP, mm Hg |
113.1±12.0 |
DBP, mm Hg |
72.8±9.4 |
Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL |
93.2±7.6 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL |
201.1±35.8 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL |
133.7±114.7 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
54.1±11.5 |
LDL-C, mg/dL |
114.3±27.9 |
Fasting insulin, IU/L |
7.0±2.2 |
HOMA-IR |
1.61±0.6 |
Lean mass, kg |
48.4±9.0 |
Body fat mass, kg |
15.8±4.7 |
Percent body fat, % |
23.5±5.6 |
Waist-hip ratio |
0.86±0.05 |
IL-6, pg/mL |
5.06±6.8 |
MCP-1, pg/mL |
346.9±262.7 |
TNF-α, pg/mL |
3.4±1.7 |
A-FABP, ng/mL |
10.0±5.5 |
Table 2Comparison of Metabolic Parameters according to Metabolic Health and Obesity
Parameter |
MHNO (n=247) |
MHO (n=66) |
MUHNO (n=66) |
MUHO (n=77) |
P valuea
|
Age, yr |
40.0±6.2 |
41.1±6.8 |
40.4±5.1 |
41.6±6.1 |
0.193 |
Male sex |
128 (51.8) |
56 (84.4) |
49 (74.2) |
70 (90.9) |
<0.01 |
Fasting glucose, mg/dL |
90.9±6.3b
|
92.6±6.5b
|
96.4±8.2c
|
98.4±8.5c
|
<0.01 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL |
195.5±34.5b
|
208.8±28.8c,d
|
197.0±34.7b,c
|
216.3±40.8d
|
<0.01 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL |
94.8±40.3b
|
135.7±123.9c
|
168.0±94.5c
|
227.6±195.0d
|
<0.01 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
57.3±11.8b
|
52.2±8.7c
|
49.5±9.9c
|
49.5±10.5c
|
<0.01 |
LDL-C, mg/dL |
110.7±27.7b
|
123.4±23.7c
|
109.6±26.0b
|
122.1±30.0c
|
<0.01 |
Fasting insulin, IU/L |
6.4±1.9b
|
7.5±2.6c
|
6.8±1.5b
|
8.6±2.4d
|
<0.01 |
Body weight, kg |
61.1±8.8b
|
77.5±9.1c
|
64.6±8.3d
|
79.2±8.1c
|
<0.01 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
21.9±1.9b
|
26.8±1.6c
|
22.9±1.5d
|
27.3±1.8c
|
<0.01 |
SBP, mm Hg |
108.7±10.7b
|
113.9±10.5c
|
117.7±10.9d
|
122.9±10.9e
|
<0.01 |
DBP, mm Hg |
68.9±8.3b
|
72.7±8.0c
|
77.6±8.4d
|
81.0±7.5e
|
<0.01 |
Lean mass, kg |
44.8±8.2b
|
54.3±7.7c
|
47.7±7.5d
|
55.8±6.8c
|
<0.01 |
Body fat mass, kg |
13.6±3.5b
|
20.2±3.8c
|
14.1±2.7b
|
20.2±4.4c
|
<0.01 |
Percent body fat, % |
22.6±5.9b
|
26.2±4.6c
|
22.0±4.5b
|
25.6±4.9c
|
<0.01 |
Waist-hip ratio |
0.84±0.03b
|
0.91±0.03c
|
0.85±0.03d
|
0.91±0.03c
|
<0.01 |
HOMA-IR |
1.43±0.5b
|
1.71±0.6c,d
|
1.60±0.4c,e
|
2.10±0.6c,d,e
|
<0.01 |
IL-6, pg/mL |
5.3±7.5 |
4.6±5.0 |
4.7±6.7 |
5.0±6.3 |
0.845 |
MCP-1, pg/mL |
324.7±221.7 |
359.9±210.1 |
419.1±440.0 |
346.1±213.9 |
0.077 |
TNF-α, pg/mL |
3.1±1.7b
|
3.6±1.6a,b
|
3.9±2.2c
|
3.8±1.6c
|
0.002 |
A-FABP, ng/mL |
8.8±3.5b
|
12.1±4.4c
|
10.5±10.3c
|
11.4±5.1c
|
<0.01 |
Table 3Bivariate Correlation Analyses of Metabolic Parameters and Adipocytokines
Parameter |
IL-6, pg/mL |
MCP-1, pg/mL |
TNF-α, pg/mL |
A-FABP, ng/mL |
IL-6, pg/mL |
- |
0.309a
|
0.204a
|
0.086 |
MCP-1, pg/mL |
0.309a
|
- |
0.363a
|
0.161a
|
TNF-α, pg/mL |
0.204a
|
0.363a
|
- |
0.289a
|
A-FABP, ng/mL |
0.086 |
0.161a
|
0.289a
|
- |
Age, yr |
-0.195a
|
-0.042 |
0.026 |
0.072 |
Fasting glucose, mg/dL |
-0.069 |
0.039 |
0.023 |
0.068 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL |
-0.038 |
0.028 |
0.115b
|
0.209a
|
Triglyceride, mg/dL |
0.019 |
0.105b
|
0.270a
|
0.224a
|
HDL-C, mg/dL |
-0.099b
|
-0.147a
|
-0.174a
|
-0.145a
|
LDL-C, mg/dL |
0.008 |
0.074 |
0.151a
|
0.228a
|
Fasting insulin, IU/L |
-0.112b
|
-0.120b
|
0.060 |
0.129a
|
Weight, kg |
0.044 |
0.227a
|
0.276a
|
0.358a
|
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
0.034 |
0.131a
|
0.207a
|
0.439a
|
SBP, mm Hg |
0.059 |
0.167a
|
0.203a
|
0.177a
|
DBP, mmHg |
0.030 |
0.131a
|
0.185a
|
0.188a
|
Lean mass, kg |
0.027 |
0.259a
|
0.271a
|
0.226a
|
Body fat mass, kg |
0.072 |
0.005 |
0.102b
|
0.485a
|
Percent body fat, % |
0.060 |
-0.174a
|
-0.084 |
0.331a
|
Waist-hip ratio |
-0.008 |
0.096b
|
0.202a
|
0.445a
|
HOMA-IR |
-0.121b
|
-0.102b
|
0.064 |
0.139a
|