Table 1Baseline Characteristics between Progressors and Non-Progressors to Diabetes
Characteristic |
Total (n=140) |
Non-progressor (n=110) |
Progressor (n=30) |
P value |
Age, yr |
48.8±10.3 |
47.8±9.8 |
52.2±11.0 |
0.009 |
Sex, female/male |
25.7/74.3 |
29.0/71.0 |
25.5/74.5 |
0.689 |
Follow-up interval, mo |
54.9±16.4 |
53.7±16.8 |
58.9±14.8 |
0.099 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
24.7±2.6 |
24.5±2.6 |
25.6±2.3 |
0.063 |
SBP, mm Hg |
122.2±14.0 |
121.3±13.6 |
126.1±15.2 |
0.122 |
DBP, mm Hg |
77.2±8.8 |
77.1±8.5 |
78.1±10.1 |
0.596 |
ALT, U/L |
33.9±17.0 |
32.8±16.4 |
37.5±18.8 |
0.156 |
GGT, U/L |
43.8±41.3 |
40.5±40.6 |
55.8±42.2 |
0.102 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L |
5.16±0.93 |
5.15±0.95 |
5.22±0.86 |
0.733 |
HDL-C, mmol/L |
1.33±0.25 |
1.35±0.24 |
1.24±0.27 |
0.028 |
LDL-C, mmol/L |
3.00±0.71 |
3.00±0.68 |
3.03±0.81 |
0.840 |
Triglycerides, mmol/L |
1.75±0.92 |
1.68±0.91 |
2.01±0.94 |
0.015 |
Uric acid, mmol/L |
0.339±0.086 |
0.335±0.088 |
0.344±0.081 |
0.638 |
hs-CRP, mg/L |
1.23±1.87 |
1.18±0.200 |
1.42±1.30 |
0.010 |
ApoA1, g/L |
1.558±0.256 |
1.558±0.208 |
1.553±0.383 |
0.140 |
ApoB, g/L |
1.052±0.218 |
1.042±0.212 |
110.1±24.4 |
0.231 |
Lp(a), mg/L |
203±144 |
214±156 |
161±214 |
0.697 |
HbA1c, % (mmol/mol) |
5.70±0.36 (38.8±3.9) |
5.63±0.31 (38.0±3.3) |
6.00±0.39 (42.0±4.2) |
<0.001 |
Glucose, mmol/L |
|
|
|
|
0 Minute |
5.68±0.57 |
5.60±0.55 |
6.03±0.56 |
<0.001 |
30 Minutes |
9.25±1.75 |
8.97±1.65 |
10.21±1.75 |
<0.001 |
120 Minutes |
7.46±1.75 |
7.17±1.65 |
8.61±1.72 |
<0.001 |
NGT |
44 (31.4) |
42 (38.2) |
2 (6.7) |
<0.001 |
Table 2Comparison between Insulin Based Index and C-Peptide-Based Index for Diabetes Progression
Variable |
Non-progressor |
Progressor |
P value |
Insulin based index |
|
|
|
Fasting insulin, pmol/L |
71.5±22.9 |
75.0±23.6 |
0.211 |
HOMA-IR |
2.35±1.00 |
2.56±0.94 |
0.141 |
30 Minutes insulin, pmol/L |
341.7±211.8 |
274.3±140.3 |
0.067 |
Δ Insulin, pmol/L |
275.0±29.8 |
182.0±133.3 |
0.063 |
Insulinogenic index, pmol/mmol |
103.2±91.2 |
36.6±28.1 |
0.003 |
Oral disposition index by insulin |
49.1±50.6 |
15.3±11.7 |
0.005 |
C-peptide-based index |
|
|
|
Fasting C-peptide, nmol/L |
1.06±0.65 |
1.10±0.32 |
0.038 |
HOMA-IR by C-peptidea
|
0.79±0.48 |
0.89±0.29 |
0.014 |
30 Minutes C-peptide, nmol/L |
2.79±1.79 |
2.09±0.68 |
0.018 |
Δ C-peptide, nmol/L |
1.81±1.60 |
1.02±0.64 |
0.001 |
C-peptidogenic indexb, nmol/mmol |
0.639±0.468 |
0.233±0.117 |
|
Oral disposition index by C-peptidec
|
0.954±0.725 |
0.324±0.257 |
<0.001 |
Table 3Multivariate Regression Analysis Results for Predicting Incident Diabetes in Nondiabetic Subjects
Variable |
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
OR (95% CI) |
P value |
OR (95% CI) |
P value |
OR (95% CI) |
P value |
OR (95% CI) |
P value |
C-peptidogenic index |
0.001 (0.000-0.051) |
0.001a
|
0.001 (0.000-0.063) |
0.002a
|
0.001 (0.000-0.258) |
0.014a
|
0.001 (0.000-0.258) |
0.014a
|
Insulinogenic index |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.989 |
0.531 |
Age |
|
|
1.011 |
0.731 |
0.992 |
0.921 |
0.990 |
0.882 |
Sex |
|
|
0.719 |
0.658 |
0.259 |
0.166 |
0.259 |
0.166 |
BMI |
|
|
1.024 |
0.856 |
0.927 |
0.747 |
0.984 |
0.956 |
ALT |
|
|
|
|
1.017 |
0.349 |
1.017 |
0.573 |
eGFR |
|
|
|
|
0.968 |
0.252 |
0.968 |
0.252 |
hs-CRP |
|
|
|
|
104.1 |
0.328 |
104.1 |
0.328 |
TC |
|
|
|
|
1.009 |
0.366 |
1.009 |
0.366 |
HDL-C |
|
|
|
|
0.917 |
0.151 |
0.917 |
0.151 |
HbA1c |
|
|
|
|
7.096 |
0.261 |
7.096 |
0.261 |
OGTT 120 minutes glucose |
|
|
|
|
1.030 (1.004-1.057) |
0.026a
|
1.030 (1.004-1.057) |
0.026a
|
Table 4Comparison between Glycemic and β-Cell Function Markers Future Development of Type 2 Diabetes
Variable |
AROC |
95% CI |
Cutoff |
Sensitivity, % |
Specificity, % |
Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L |
0.756 |
0.673-0.828 |
5.66 |
60.9 |
76.7 |
30 Minutes glucose, mmol/L |
0.734 |
0.639-0.815 |
9.27 |
64.4 |
75.0 |
120 Minutes glucose, mmol/L |
0.782 |
0.691-0.856 |
7.77 |
66.4 |
70.0 |
HbA1c, % (mmol/mol) |
0.789 |
0.699-0.862 |
5.9 (41.0) |
86.4 |
56.7 |
HOMA-IR |
0.641 |
0.542-0.732 |
2.818 |
79.5 |
47.6 |
HOMA-IR by C-peptide |
0.705 |
0.608-0.789 |
0.997 |
85.4 |
52.4 |
Insulinogenic index, pmol/mol |
0.731 |
0.629-0.817 |
30.4 |
68.8 |
61.1 |
C-peptidogenic index, nmol/mola
|
0.850 |
0.761-0.915 |
0.245 |
86.8 |
64.7 |