Fig. 1Prevalence of non-, micro-, and macroalbuminuria according to classes of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study and the Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formulas.
Fig. 2Prevalence of (A) previous cardiovascular disease (CVD) and (B) retinopathy according to degree of albuminuria and classes of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation.
Table 1Clinical Characteristics of Study Subjects with No CKD, Stages 1 to 2 CKD, Nonalbuminuric, and Albuminuric Stage ≥3 CKD
Variable |
No CKD |
Stages 1–2 CKD |
Nonalbuminuric stage ≥3 CKD |
Albuminuric stage ≥3 CKD |
P value |
Number |
321 (30) |
332 (31) |
98 (9) |
316 (30) |
|
Age, yr |
55.5±11.1 |
55.3±11.6 |
66.4±11.4 |
60.9±12.8 |
<0.001 |
Male sex |
189 (59) |
186 (56) |
60 (61) |
126 (40) |
0.016 |
DM duration, yr |
3.1±2.2 |
4.6±3.0 |
6.8 ±4.1 |
10.5±6.2 |
<0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2
|
24.6±3.8 |
25.6±4.1 |
24.1±4.2 |
24.7±4.7 |
0.752 |
SBP, mm Hg |
126±17 |
128±17 |
134±17 |
138±25 |
<0.001 |
DBP, mm Hg |
72±11 |
72±12 |
85±14 |
86±15 |
<0.001 |
BUN, mg/dL |
15.0±4.1 |
15.2±4.5 |
29.4±8.4 |
32.1±11.9 |
<0.001 |
Serum creatinine, mg/dL |
0.81±0.18 |
0.83±0.18 |
2.12±0.63 |
2.43±0.85 |
<0.001 |
HbA1c, % |
7.4±1.1 |
7.7±1.5 |
8.1±1.9 |
8.8±1.1 |
0.012 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL |
177±31 |
179±34 |
189±25 |
190±37 |
0.051 |
LDL-C, mg/dL |
91±19 |
94±28 |
110±30 |
109±28 |
0.109 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL |
185±99 |
188±83 |
192±103 |
190±93 |
0.256 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
49±7 |
48±6 |
41±7 |
43±10 |
0.010 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2
|
88.4±10.7 |
90.2±11.3 |
42.1±10.0 |
39.1±11.1 |
<0.001 |
Urine ACR, mg/g |
16.9±4.5 |
223.2±81.3 |
18.7±5.9 |
1,032.5±88.1 |
<0.001 |
hsCRP, mg/dL |
0.10±0.06 |
0.10±0.08 |
0.11±0.35 |
0.15±0.29 |
<0.001 |
Smoking |
144 (45) |
143 (43) |
38 (39) |
133 (42) |
0.249 |
Retinopathy |
9 (3) |
23 (7) |
27 (28) |
126 (40) |
<0.001 |
Previous CVD events |
16 (5) |
20 (6) |
19 (19) |
85 (27) |
0.002 |
Coronary artery diseases |
9 |
10 |
12 |
65 |
Cerebrovascular diseases |
7 |
8 |
7 |
16 |
Peripheral vascular diseases |
0 |
2 |
0 |
4 |
Statin |
144 (45) |
156 (47) |
59 (60) |
205 (65) |
<0.001 |
Antihypertensive drugs |
202 (63) |
225 (68) |
71 (72) |
246 (78) |
<0.001 |
ACEIs/ARBs |
173 (54) |
189 (57) |
67 (68) |
186 (59) |
<0.001 |
Table 2Logistic Regression Analysis of Previous Cardiovascular Disease Events with Categories of eGFR and Albuminuria as Covariates
Variable |
OR |
95% CI |
Albuminuria categories, mg/g |
|
|
<30 |
1.0 |
- |
30–299 |
1.199 |
1.126–1.272 |
≥300 |
1.329 |
1.215–1.443 |
eGFR categories, mL/min/1.73 m2
|
|
|
≥90 |
1.0 |
- |
60–89 |
1.085 |
0.968–1.202 |
30–59 |
1.438 |
1.285–1.591 |
<30 |
1.739 |
1.486–1.992 |
Table 3Logistic Regression Analysis of Previous CVD Events with Individual Categories as Covariates
Variable |
OR |
95% CI |
Age (1 year) |
1.065 |
1.047–1.083 |
Male sex |
1.167 |
1.138–1.196 |
DM duration (1 year) |
1.127 |
1.087–1.167 |
Smoking status |
|
|
Never |
1.000 |
- |
Ex/Current |
1.188 |
1.024–1.352 |
Hypertension |
1.998 |
1.785–2.211 |
Triglyceride (10 mg/dL) |
1.015 |
0.998–1.032 |
HDL-C (5 mg/dL) |
0.928 |
0.909–0.947 |
Retinopathy |
|
|
Absent |
1.000 |
- |
Present |
1.403 |
1.223–1.582 |
CKD categories |
|
|
No CKD |
1.000 |
- |
Stages 1–2 CKD |
1.217 |
1.091–1.343 |
Nonalbuminuric stage ≥3 CKD |
1.499 |
1.349–1.649 |
Albuminuric stage ≥3 CKD |
1.918 |
1.695–2.141 |