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Original ArticleClinical Study Impact of Subtotal Parathyroidectomy on Clinical Parameters and Quality of Life in Hemodialysis Patients with Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
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Mohamed Mimi Abd Elgawwad El-kholey1
, Ghada El-said Ibrahim2, Osama Ibrahim Elshahat1, Ghada El-Kannishy2 -
Endocrinology and Metabolism 2019;34(4):367-373.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.4.367
Published online: December 23, 2019
1Nephrology Unit, Mansoura New General Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt.
2Mansoura Nephrology and Dialysis Unit (MNDU), Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
- Corresponding author: Ghada El-Kannishy. Mansoura Nephrology and Dialysis Unit (MNDU), Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, 60 Elgomhoria Street, Mansoura, Egypt. Tel: +20-1063388374, Fax: +20-502202772, ghadakan@mans.edu.eg
• Received: June 13, 2019 • Revised: July 30, 2019 • Accepted: September 24, 2019
Copyright © 2019 Korean Endocrine Society
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
ABSTRACT
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Background
- Impairment of quality of life (QOL) is a key clinical characteristic of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and can be especially severe in the presence of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). Despite the proven success of parathyroidectomy (PTX) in controlling biochemical parameters in patients with severe SHPT, evidence is lacking regarding the effects of PTX on various clinical outcomes, including QOL.
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Methods
- Twenty ESRD patients on maintenance hemodialysis with SHPT who underwent subtotal PTX were included in an observational longitudinal study. All studied patients underwent history-taking, clinical examinations, and laboratory investigations, including a complete blood count and measurements of serum calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and albumin levels preoperatively and at 3 months postoperatively. QOL was assessed before surgery and at 3 months after surgery using the Kidney Disease Quality of Life 36-Item Short-Form instrument.
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Results
- After PTX, significant decreases in serum PTH and phosphorus levels were observed, as well as a significant increase in serum magnesium levels. Significant weight gain and improvements of QOL were also detected postoperatively.
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Conclusion
- Subtotal PTX seems to be an efficient alternative to medical management in uncontrolled cases of SHPT, as it is capable of controlling the biochemical derangements that occur in hyperparathyroidism. Furthermore, PTX had a beneficial effect on clinical outcomes, as shown by weight gain and improvements in all QOL scales.
- Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT), which is a common problem in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is a major contributor to disability and functional decline in hemodialysis (HD) patients. SHPT has been found to be related to bone pain, fracture incidence, muscle function, cardiovascular disease, sexual function, haematopoiesis, immune function, pruritus, and calciphylaxis, all of which may influence the length and quality of life (QOL) [1]. Control of parathyroid function is one of the main targets of the management of mineral and bone disorders in chronic kidney disease (CKD) [2].
- The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes international guideline group recommends that patients with stages 3–5 CKD with severe hyperparathyroidism who do not respond to medical therapy should undergo parathyroidectomy (PTX) [3]. This procedure exerts an important beneficial effect by reducing the toxic effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Studies have primarily focused on the benefits of PTX by assessing postoperative improvements in laboratory parameters [4]. Recently, Valente-Da-Silva et al. [5] observed that improvements in survival in HD patients 1 year after PTX were associated with gains in weight and bone cell mass and improvements in health-related QOL. We hypothesized that the effects of PTX on improving QOL, clinical parameters, and biochemical parameters occur even earlier.
- The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of PTX on clinical and biochemical parameters, as well as on QOL, in patients on maintenance HD at 3 months after PTX. Predictors of the beneficial effects of PTX were investigated.
INTRODUCTION
- This prospective cohort study included 20 patients with SHPT on maintenance HD hospitalized for PTX at the nephrology department of Mansoura New General Hospital between January 2017 and January 2018. All procedures performed in the study were in accordance with the Mansoura Faculty of Medicine Institutional Research Board (MS/17.01.71) and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. The indications for PTX were either: serum PTH levels ≥10 times the upper normal limit or a lack of response to oral medications, persistent hypercalcemia despite interruption of calcium and calcitriol, a calcium-phosphorus product >70 mg2/dL2, pathological fractures, bone deformities, ectopic calcification, disabling arthritis, intractable pruritus, or the presence of a brown tumour. The exclusion criteria included previous hospitalization within 1 month, active inflammation or infections, malignancy, and treatment with steroids and/or immunosuppressive agents. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The patients underwent history-taking, clinical examinations, and evaluations of laboratory parameters (complete blood count and serum calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, PTH, and albumin levels) preoperatively and at 3 months postoperatively. Clinical evaluations were carried out before surgery and at 3 months after surgery, with an emphasis on vital signs and body mass index (BMI).
- QOL was evaluated with the Kidney Disease Quality of Life 36-Item Short-Form (KDQOL-36) scale [6]. Patients were interviewed to assess their QOL before the operation and at 3 months postoperatively. The questionnaire consisted of 36 questions, divided into five sections: symptoms/problem list (12 questions), effects of kidney disease (eight questions), burden of kidney disease (four questions), the short form-12 (SF-12) physical composite score, and the SF-12 mental composite score. Patients' answers were documented in an Excel spreadsheet. The score was then calculated according to the recommendations of the KDQOL-36 Scoring Program. Each component was separately evaluated as the average of a predefined sum of questions, ranging from 0 to 3 or from 0 to 5, according to the number of possible answers. Each answer was converted to 0 to 100, with higher scores representing better QOL.
- To evaluate the impact of PTX on QOL in HD patients, the index of change of QOL for each patient was calculated for each of the five scales of QOL as follows: index of change of QOL= (postoperative score–preoperative score)/preoperative score.
- Preparations for surgery
- All patients were hospitalized 1 week before surgery. They were maintained on calcium tablets (500 mg three times daily) and alfacalcidol (1 µg daily). The patients had HD sessions for 4 hours without heparin 6 to 12 hours preoperatively, and blood samples were then collected for the analysis of the laboratory parameters. A central venous catheter was introduced for intravenous calcium infusion during surgery (two ampoules of 100% calcium gluconate and 200 mL of sodium chloride [0.9% NaCl]).
- Postoperative follow-up
- After surgery patients were maintained on alfacalcidol (1 µg daily), oral calcium tablets (400 mg; two tabs three times daily, in a combination containing magnesium hydroxide, zinc, and vitamin D), and intravenous calcium infusions (10 ampoules of calcium gluconate+100 mL of 0.9% NaCl at a rate 40 of mL/hr, which was reduced to 30, 20, and 10 mL/hr on the basis of serum calcium levels measured every 12 hours). After discharge, patients were continued on calcium tablets (500 mg, two tabs, three times daily) and alfacalcidol (1 µg daily) for approximately 3 months, guided by weekly measurements of calcium levels.
- Statistical analysis
- Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Mean values were compared using the paired-sample t test, independent-sample t test, chi-square test, Fisher exact test, and analysis of variance as appropriate. The results are presented as mean±standard deviation or median and range. Differences were considered significant when the P value was ≤0.05. Correlations between the index of change of QOL (as the dependent variable) and preoperative demographic and laboratory data were calculated. Regression analysis was conducted between the index of change of QOL (as the dependent variable) and preoperative demographic and laboratory data.
METHODS
- Twenty ESRD patients on maintenance HD were included in this study (13 males and seven females). The mean age of the patients was 47.2±11.7 years, their mean HD duration was 4.2±2.42 years, and their mean BMI was 19.6±2.3 kg/m2. Seven patients had diabetes, four had ischemic heart disease, and 10 had hypertension (Table 1).
- Nineteen patients underwent subtotal PTX (95%), and only one patient underwent an operation for the second time (i.e., a redo procedure). The pathology reports of all patients (100%) revealed hyperplasia of the tissue of the parathyroid gland. Itching was a universal symptom, as it occurred in all patients. Furthermore, 17 patients (85%) had generalized bone ache, and three patients (15%) had a pathological fracture as the main presentation (data not included).
- The mean preoperative serum levels of PTH, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium were 2,214.55±468.07 pg/mL, 8.70±0.51 mg/dL, 7.82±1.50 mg/dL, and 1.99±0.15 mg/dL, respectively. After HD, the mean preoperative levels of serum albumin, haemoglobin, and urea were 3.98±0.33 g/dL, 9.40±0.89 g/dL, and 70.82±1.50 mg/dL, respectively.
- After PTX, there was a significant increase in BMI (P<0.001), as well as significant decreases in PTH and phosphorus levels (preoperative: 2,214.55±468.07 pg/mL vs. postoperative: 41.74±22.65 pg/mL; and preoperative: 7.82±1.50 mg/dL vs. postoperative: 4.96±0.80 mg/dL, respectively; P<0.001) and a significant increase in magnesium levels (preoperative: 1.99±0.15 mg/dL vs. postoperative: 2.04±0.13 mg/dL, respectively; P=0.041). The changes in haemoglobin levels, white blood cell count, platelets, calcium levels, and albumin levels were non-significant (Table 2).
- The preoperative scores for all the composite QOL scales were low. Three months after PTX, there was a significant increase in all scores (symptom/problem list, effects of kidney disease, and burden of kidney disease: P<0.001, P<0.008, and P<0.001, respectively). There was also a significant increase in the SF-12 physical health composite score (P<0.012) and the SF-12 mental health composite score (P<0.023) (Table 3).
- Regarding improvements in QOL, as quantified through the index of change, a significant negative correlation was found between the index of change of the symptoms/problem list scale and preoperative weight (Table 4).
- In the regression analysis, the index of change of QOL was included as the dependent variable, while the independent variables were age, weight, duration of HD, and preoperative serum calcium, PTH, albumin, phosphorus, magnesium, and hemoglobulin levels. Preoperative haemoglobin, PTH, and magnesium levels were found to be the only predictors of change (improvement) in the physical activity scale of QOL after PTX in the investigated group of HD patients (Table 5).
RESULTS
- SHPT is a common problem in the management of ESRD. Although hyperparathyroidism can be controlled medically or surgically, severe hyperparathyroidism may increase the difficulty of medical control. The present study investigated the effects of PTX in HD patients with severe SHPT on QOL, clinical parameters, and biochemical parameters. Twenty ESRD patients (65% males; mean age, 47.2±11.7 years) with SHPT who were on regular HD and hospitalized for PTX.
- In the current study, significant decreases in serum PTH and phosphorus levels were observed at 3 months postoperatively, but a non-significant change in calcium levels was found. These data are in agreement with a previous study conducted among 60 patients, in which the authors documented a decline of PTH serum levels from a mean preoperative level of 2,357 pg/mL (range, 819 to 4,697 ) to a mean postoperative serum level of 128 pg/mL (range, 1.3 to 967 ) during a mean follow-up of 36 months [7]. Peters et al. [8] found that significant decreases in serum phosphorus and intact PTH levels occurred after PTX, while there was a non-significant difference in serum calcium levels. On the contrary, in 2017, Valente-Da-Silva et al. [5] found significant decreases in PTH and phosphorus levels after total PTX with a forearm implant, in association with significant decreases in calcium levels 1 year after surgery. This documented decrease in serum calcium levels may have been related to reduced calcium intake or a longer effect of surgery [5]. It should be noted that the patients included in the current study continued to take calcium tablets and alfacalcidol, guided by calcium level measurements obtained every week.
- The normal adult serum value for magnesium is 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L (1.7 to 2.4 mg/dL). Clinical and epidemiological studies have shown low serum magnesium levels to be associated with vascular calcification and cardiovascular mortality in ESRD patients, but the pathophysiology and the role of magnesium disturbances in CKD remain unclear, making further studies necessary [9]. In dialysis patients, an inverse relationship between serum magnesium concentrations and serum PTH levels was observed [1011]. However, Sanda et al. [12] stated that PTH could elevate serum magnesium levels by enhancing its gastrointestinal absorption and bone resorption. In 2015, Fang et al. [13] documented a case of preoperative hypermagnesemia. They suggested that magnesium liberated by PTH induced excessive osteoclastic bone resorption. PTX could stimulate hungry bone syndrome, causing a postoperative reduction of serum magnesium, which might be due to the movement of magnesium out of the extracellular space into the cells or to be deposited in the bones [13]. It was suggested that patients on dialysis are largely dependent on the magnesium concentration in the dialysate to maintain their serum magnesium levels. Katopodis et al. [14], in a 2003 study, found that mild hypermagnesemia occurred when using a dialysate magnesium concentration of 0.75 mmol/L in both peritoneal dialysis and HD patients, while the results were not as consistent when a lower dialysate concentration (0.5 and/or 0.25 mmol/L) was used. In the current study, the mean level of magnesium before surgery was within the normal range, despite the high mean PTH level. The dialysate used at our institution had a magnesium concentration of 0.5 mmol/L. According to the results of the present study, there was a significant increase in serum magnesium 3 months after surgery.
- PTH is considered to be a catabolic agent that plays a role in wasting syndrome and contributes in a modest manner to the accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood [15]. Three months postoperatively, clinical parameters were re-evaluated in the study population, and significant weight gain was noticed (preoperative BMI: 19.6±2.3 kg/m2 vs. postoperative BMI: 20.4±2.7 kg/m2, P<0.001). In agreement with these results, Valente-Da-Silva et al. [5] reported that PTX with forearm implantation performed in ESRD patients on regular HD was associated with weight gain. An increase in weight after PTX could be explained by the fall of serum phosphorus levels, which have a toxic cellular effect that causes the total body mass to decrease [16]. However, in 2006, Peters et al. [8] observed a negative correlation between intact PTH levels and total body fat before PTX. They concluded that weight and bioelectrical impedance parameters were unaffected by surgery.
- Serum albumin levels did not show any significant changes at 3 months post-PTX in the studied population. Valente-Da-Silva et al. [5] identified a non-significant decrease in the proportion of subjects with low albumin levels, from 33% before surgery to 26% at 1 year after surgery. In contrast, in 2006, Peters et al. [17] revealed that serum albumin levels significantly increased 6 months post-PTX in patients with SHPT on HD.
- Elevated PTH levels are associated with bone marrow fibrosis and systemic inflammation. PTX causes a rapid decrease in intact PTH levels, which can positively affect renal anaemia and nutritional status. Some previous reports documented a significant increase in haemoglobin levels after PTX [518]. Data from the present study documented an increase in haemoglobin 3 months after the operation; however, the difference was statistically non-significant.
- According to our results, poor QOL (including all composite scales of QOL) was evident before PTX. This is in agreement with Malindretos et al. [19], who studied health-related QOL using the KDQOL-36 questionnaire in ESRD patients on regular HD treatment at six dialysis clinics in Greece, and observed poor QOL before surgery that was not directly related to duration of the disease.
- In the current study, PTX yielded a significant improvement in all physical and mental items of the KDQOL-36. Significant improvements in all five scales (symptom/problem list, effects of kidney disease, burden of kidney disease, physical health composite score, and mental health composite score) were documented. This effect may have taken place because the toxic properties of PTH diminished. These results are in accordance with those of Cheng et al. [20], who performed a prospective study that included 49 patients who underwent PTX for SHPT. In that study, participants completed the SF-36 questionnaires before PTX and at 12 months postoperatively. The authors documented that PTX had a significant beneficial effect on all physical and mental items, and they concluded that PTX is indicated as early as possible in CKD patients with SHPT and poor QOL [20].
- In the patients recruited in the present study, QOL improvements were not correlated with age, duration of HD, or preoperative levels of calcium, phosphorus, and PTH. However, there was a significant negative correlation between improvement in the symptoms scale (expressed as its index of change) and preoperative weight. As a possible explanation for the latter relationship, those patients may have experienced particularly severe toxic effects of high PTH levels, resulting in more weight loss and greater improvements after the reversal of their PTH levels.
- Bratucu et al. [21] analysed 85 consecutive unselected patients who underwent total PTX for SHPT, and documented that there was no correlation between preoperative PTH or calcium levels and clinical symptoms. Their study also revealed that PTX clearly led to improvements in QOL in SHPT patients, with a durable effect at 6 months [21].
- To the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have investigated predictors of improvement in QOL post-PTX. The present study demonstrated that preoperative levels of PTH, haemoglobin, and magnesium were the only predictors of improvement in the physical activity scale of QOL after PTX in HD patients.
- In conclusion, PTX is an efficient alternative for the management of SHPT in selected patients, as it is capable of controlling the biochemical derangements that occur in hyperparathyroidism. PTX also had a beneficial effect on clinical outcomes, as shown by improvements in QOL and weight gain. However, this study was observational and non-controlled, making it difficult to fully establish the possible association between PTX and QOL in this series of patients with SHPT on HD. Prospective studies with a larger sample size are needed to provide evidence regarding this possibility and to investigate the causes of the observed changes in QOL. Comparing the effects of different strategies of SHPT treatment in HD patients on QOL appears to be a promising topic for further investigations.
DISCUSSION
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CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
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AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS:
Article information
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References
Table 1
![enm-34-367-i001.jpg]()
Preoperative Demographic and Clinical Data of the Study Participants (n=20)
Table 2
![enm-34-367-i002.jpg]()
Comparison of BMI and Laboratory Parameters (Preoperative and at 3 Months Postoperatively)
Table 3
![enm-34-367-i003.jpg]()
Comparison of Quality of Life Scores (Pre-PTX and at 3 Months Post-PTX)
Table 4
![enm-34-367-i004.jpg]()
Correlations between the Index of Change of Quality of Life and Preoperative Demographic and Laboratory Parameters
Table 5
![enm-34-367-i005.jpg]()
Regression Analysis with Index of Change of Quality of Life Scores as the Dependent Variable
Figure & Data
References
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by 
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Impact of Subtotal Parathyroidectomy on Clinical Parameters and Quality of Life in Hemodialysis Patients with Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Male, sex | 13 (65) |
| Age, yr | 47.2±11.7 |
| Duration of hemodialysis, yr | 4.2±2.42 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 19.6±2.3 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 7 (35) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 4 (20) |
| Systemic hypertension | 10 (50) |
| Variable | Preoperative | 3 mo postoperatively | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| BMI, kg/m2 | 19.6±2.3 | 20.4±2.7 | <0.001a |
| PTH, pg/mL | 2,214.55±468.07 | 41.74±22.65 | <0.001a |
| Calcium, mg/dL | 8.70±0.51 | 8.79±0.54 | 0.731 |
| Phosphorus, mg/dL | 7.82±1.50 | 4.96±0.80 | <0.001a |
| Magnesium, mg/dL | 1.99±0.15 | 2.04±0.13 | 0.041a |
| Albumin, g/dL | 3.98±0.33 | 3.99±0.30 | 0.418 |
| Haemoglobin, g/dL | 9.40±0.89 | 9.63±0.49 | 0.410 |
| WBCs, ×103/mm3 | 6.18±1.60 | 6.03±1.30 | 0.735 |
| Platelets, ×103/mm3 | 249.70±60.38 | 256.95±62.74 | 0.510 |
| Variable | Pre-PTX | Post-PTX | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Symptom/problem list | 58.23±7.63 | 77.66±6.22 | <0.001a |
| Effects of kidney diseases | 28.44±3.78 | 45.72±7.16 | <0.008a |
| Burden of kidney diseases | 4.69±7.55 | 39.8±20.01 | <0.001a |
| SF-12 physical health composite | 25.65±4.53 | 44.32±4.98 | <0.012a |
| SF-12 mental health composite | 31.88±1.72 | 49.83±3.32 | <0.023a |
| Variable | Symptoms | Effects | Burden | Physical | Mental | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| r | P value | r | P value | r | P value | r | P value | r | P value | |
| Age | −0.235 | 0.332 | −0.155 | 0.527 | 0.034 | 0.889 | −0.106 | 0.666 | 0.141 | 0.566 |
| Weight | −0.589 | 0.008 | −0.032 | 0.898 | −0.225 | 0.354 | −0.204 | 0.403 | 0.142 | 0.561 |
| Duration of hemodialysis | 0.197 | 0.420 | −0.029 | 0.906 | −0.265 | 0.273 | 0.001 | 0.998 | −0.226 | 0.352 |
| Preoperative serum calcium levels | 0.149 | 0.542 | 0.006 | 0.981 | −0.416 | 0.077 | 0.087 | 0.724 | 0.019 | 0.937 |
| Preoperative serum PTH levels | −0.349 | 0.143 | 0.321 | 0.180 | 0.144 | 0.557 | −0.165 | 0.499 | 0.258 | 0.286 |
| Preoperative serum albumin levels | −0.425 | 0.070 | 0.060 | 0.809 | 0.254 | 0.294 | −0.207 | 0.396 | 0.212 | 0.383 |
| Preoperative haemoglobin | −0.026 | 0.914 | 0.272 | 0.259 | −0.036 | 0.885 | −0.231 | 0.342 | 0.273 | 0.259 |
| Preoperative phosphorus levels | −0.323 | 0.177 | 0.437 | 0.061 | −0.086 | 0.727 | −0.311 | 0.195 | 0.314 | 0.190 |
| Preoperative magnesium levels | 0.040 | 0.871 | 0.461 | 0.05 | −0.162 | 0.508 | −0.191 | 0.433 | 0.122 | 0.618 |
| Variable | Symptoms | Effects | Burden | Physical | Mental | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| r | P value | r | P value | r | P value | r | P value | r | P value | |
| Age | 0.644 | 0.586 | 0.761 | 0.526 | 1.373 | 0.304 | 3.364 | 0.078 | 0.102 | 0.928 |
| Weight | 0.684 | 0.565 | 0.180 | 0.874 | 1.998 | 0.184 | 2.309 | 0.147 | 0.773 | 0.520 |
| Duration of hemodialysis | 0.634 | 0.591 | 0.071 | 0.950 | 1.655 | 0.240 | 3.154 | 0.088 | 0.866 | 0.478 |
| Preoperative serum calcium levels | 0.316 | 0.782 | 1.091 | 0.389 | 1.620 | 0.247 | 3.219 | 0.084 | 0.145 | 0.898 |
| Preoperative serum PTH levels | 0.076 | 0.946 | 1.913 | 0.196 | 0.138 | 0.903 | 8.892 | 0.012 | 0.780 | 0.517 |
| Preoperative serum albumin levels | 1.029 | 0.412 | 1.914 | 0.196 | 2.998 | 0.096 | 0.613 | 0.602 | 0.570 | 0.626 |
| Preoperative haemoglobin | 0.964 | 0.437 | 0.464 | 0.688 | 2.783 | 0.108 | 4.863 | 0.040 | 0.070 | 0.951 |
| Preoperative phosphorus levels | 1.111 | 0.382 | 1.653 | 0.240 | 1.522 | 0.267 | 1.114 | 0.381 | 0.183 | 0.871 |
| Preoperative magnesium levels | 0.455 | 0.694 | 1.067 | 0.398 | 3.173 | 0.087 | 5.382 | 0.033 | 0.676 | 0.569 |
Table 1 Preoperative Demographic and Clinical Data of the Study Participants (n=20)
Values are expressed as number (%) or mean±standard deviation.
Table 2 Comparison of BMI and Laboratory Parameters (Preoperative and at 3 Months Postoperatively)
Values are expressed as mean±standard deviation. BMI, body mass index; PTH, parathyroid hormone; WBC, white blood cell. aSignificant at
Table 3 Comparison of Quality of Life Scores (Pre-PTX and at 3 Months Post-PTX)
Values are expressed as mean±standard deviation. PTX, parathyroidectomy; SF, short form. aSignificant at
Table 4 Correlations between the Index of Change of Quality of Life and Preoperative Demographic and Laboratory Parameters
PTH, parathyroid hormone.
Table 5 Regression Analysis with Index of Change of Quality of Life Scores as the Dependent Variable
PTH, parathyroid hormone.
